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The gadolinium isotopes can be used as target material to produce the medical radioisotopes like 161Tb, and are produced only by electromagnetic separation method due to the lack of efficient photoionization path. The spectrum data such as high-lying energy level are needful for multistep photoionization of gadolinium. The scanning experiment, based on the homemade high-resolution resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, is conducted by the two-color three-step photoionization method for the 36900～37700 cm-1 energy region of gadolinium. 7 odd-parity high-lying energy levels are identified for the first time, and the accuracy is up to ±0.1 cm-1. The possible J-values of these levels are assigned based on the J-momentum selection rule. Meanwhile, one-color photoionization transitions are revealed, which can be used to test the performance of mass spectrometry. The gadolinium isotopes can be used as target material to produce the medical radioisotopes like 161Tb, and are produced only by electromagnetic separation method due to the lack of efficient photoionization path. The spectrum data such as high-lying energy level are needful for multistep photoionization of gadolinium. The scanning experiment, based on the homemade high-resolution resonance ionization mass spectroscopy, is conducted by the two-color three-step photoionization method for the 36900～37700 cm-1 energy region of gadolinium. 7 odd-parity high-lying energy levels are identified for the first time, and the accuracy is up to ±0.1 cm-1. The possible J-values of these levels are assigned based on the J-momentum selection rule. Meanwhile, one-color photoionization transitions are revealed, which can be used to test the performance of mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an hourly precipitation data fusion model was proposed based on the framework of XGBoost-based machine learning algorithm and geostatistical theory. The model integrated the multisource hourly precipitation data, including gauge, radar, Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and gridded precipitation data. The gridded precipitation data recorded in the previous two hours were analyzed to summarize the temporal correlation characteristics of precipitation in the proposed hourly precipitation data fusion model. The 1 km IMERG and GSMaP precipitation data were downscaled by using the area-to-point Kriging method. The proposed hourly precipitation data fusion model was built using hourly precipitation data from 200 rain gauges and tested with three regional rainstorm events occurred during April 23 to 28, May 7 to 11, and September 16 to 17, 2018 in northern Guangdong. The results were compared with the results estimated from the XGBoost and Random Forest (RF) algorithms without considering the temporal correlation characteristics of precipitation. The results showed that: (1) For the three regional rainstorm events, the three models reported similar spatial distribution of hourly precipitation. (2) Compared with the XGBoost and RF models, the proposed model that integrated the temporal correlation of hourly precipitation data could significantly improve the accuracy of estimated precipitation data. (3) The XGBoost model showed better performance than the RF model in capturing the nonlinear relationship between gauge precipitation data and independent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of an autophagy-related gene (ARG) in the occurrence and development of multiple myeloma (MM) was explored and a related prognostic model was established. On the basis of the MMRF and HADb databases, the differential expression of ARGs in MM was determined by R language, the relationship between ARGs and the occurrence and development of MM was analyzed by GO and KEGG, the multi-gene prognostic model was established by COX regression algorithm, the survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method, and the reliability of the prognostic model was evaluated by ROC curve. Finally, a total of 104 differentially expressed ARGs were extracted from bone marrow samples of 764 MM patients and four normal bone marrow samples. It was found that there were significant differences in the expression of 104 genes in MM samples, including 46 up-regulated genes and 58 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment mainly focused on ontology annotations such as macrophagy, autophagy regulation, and cell response to external stimuli. KEGG enrichment was mainly concentrated in autophagy, apoptosis, NOD-like receptor signal pathway, and PI3K-Akt signal pathway. Univariate COX analysis showed that 33 ARGs were significantly correlated with the overall survival of MM patients. Thirteen prognostic ARGs (NKX2-3, NCKAP1, BIRC5, PEX3, HGS, RUBCN, PARP1, ARSA, DNAJB9, HSP90AB1, EEF2, FKBP1B, and CD46) were selected by multivariate COX regression to establish ARGs prognostic model for MM. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed a significant difference in survival rate between high risk group and low risk group (P <0.001). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that age, ISS stage, and risk value were independent prognostic indicators of MM patients (P<0.005). The area under the ROC curve was 0.561, 0.685, and 0.719. The following conclusions are drawn: the ARGs prognostic model of MM can be used to predict the survival of patients with MM, but it needs to be verified by further clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we all know, heavy metal ions are difficult to degrade in nature, and a certain amount of heavy metal ions will be enriched in living organisms, which seriously threatens the health of life. Yunnan Province has abundant freshwater resources in plateau lakes. The research on heavy metal pollution in plateau lakes is conducive to in-depth understanding of the current situation of heavy metal pollution in plateau lakes, which can provide a basis for its comprehensive control. Fluorescent nanoprobes exhibit advantages such as high sensitivity, good selectivity and simple operation in the detection of heavy metal ions. Three nanomaterials with different fluorescence-emission including carbon dots (CDs, blue), quantum dots (CdTe QDs, green), and gold nanoclusters (Au NCs, red) were successfully synthesized. Then, the above three fluorescent nanoprobes and the mixed ratiometric probes of CDs and Au NCs were added into the 96-well plate to form a 5 × 12 array which was used to detect Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in the plateau lake water sample based on the fluorescence quenching and ratiometric fluorescence. In addition, the RGB values of the above solution in 96-well plate were recorded by APP-Colorimeter X in smartphone under the ultraviolet lamp. This proposed method exhibited superior testing performances toward Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+, including portability, high-throughout, sensitivity, good visual effect, miniaturization, and small volume. Finally, this newly created experiment can solve the shortage problems of experimental instruments in some universities, boring undergraduate experiments, and derailment with the frontier of scientific research, which can facilitate the development of comprehensive experiments in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation is a vital physical parameter of the earth surface system, and accurate estimation of spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation is essential for flood disaster monitoring, drought monitoring, and water management. However, regional precipitation, which is derived solely from rain gauges, remote sensing, and weather radar, is subject to large uncertainties, especially for topographically complex mountain areas. Multisource precipitation data fusion is a practical method for achieving high-accuracy and high-resolution precipitation information. This study proposes an XGBoost-based geostatistical fusion method (XGBoost) for combining information from ground-based measurements, radar precipitation, and other auxiliary parameters, to improve the accuracy of the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in geographically complex mountain areas. In the XGBoost-based geostatistical fusion model, radar precipitation and terrestrial parameters, which include longitude, latitude, digital elevation model data, aspect, slope, enhanced vegetation index, and distance from the coastline, are considered as the independent variables. The XGBoost-based geostatistical fusion model was applied to a regional rainstorm event that lasted from August 26th to 30th, 2018, in northern Guangdong using daily measurements from 206 rain gauges and 51 stations for model training and validation. The fused results were further compared with the results obtained from the multiple linear regression kriging method (LM). Validation using ground-based precipitation measurements was applied for different data fusion methods based on the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE). The experimental results indicated that: (1) The ground-based precipitation data were positively associated with radar precipitation, and the correlation coefficient between the ground-based precipitation data and the terrestrial parameters varied significantly with measurement time over the regional rainstorm event. (2) The XGBoost produced 1 km precipitation prediction with higher accuracy than the LM before residual correction. (3) The accuracy of fused precipitation with the XGBoost-based geostatistical method was reduced after residual correction, but the accuracy of the LM was increased. The XGBoost-based geostatistical method produced 1-km precipitation with lower accuracy than the TsHARP utility on August 27th and 29th; however, in general, the XGBoost-based geostatistical method outperformed the LM because the nonlinear relationships between the ground-based precipitation data and the independent variables were considered in XGBoost. (4) The XGBoostbased geostatistical method captured the differences in precipitation for different land cover patterns and produced the spatial details of fused precipitation over the complex mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and timely regional crop growth monitoring will be of great benefit to the establishment and adjustment of agricultural planning and policies. Remote sensing technology as an effective measure for collecting crop growth information across large areas has been receiving increasing attention nowadays. To enhance the accuracy and comprehensiveness of remote sensing monitoring winter wheat growth, a physico-chemical composite parameter (PCCP) was constructed using field measurements of aboveground fresh biomass (AFB), leaf area index (LAI), soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) of winter wheat at jointing stage. This construction was achieved through the utilization of the entropy weight method (EWM). Based on individual and community characteristics, winter wheat growth at jointing stage was divided into 3 levels in the study area, which were poor (Ⅰ), medium (Ⅱ) and well (Ⅲ). On this basis, the differences of each parameter under different growth levels were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. To further validate the reliability of the composite parameter, linear regression models between grain yield of winter wheat and each parameter were constructed. Then, Sentinel-2A was used as the data source to analyze the correlation between different remote sensing indexes and LAI、SPAD、AFB、LNC、PCCP of winter wheat at jointing stage. Remote sensing indexes with high correlation were selected as inputs of back propagation (BP) artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate PCCP. The 10-fold cross-validation method was used to obtain the optimal parameters of the BP-ANN model. The best model was selected to simulate values of the PCCP and to map the regional winter wheat growth conditions pixel by pixel at jointing stage. The weighting results showed that the weight of crop physical parameters was greater than biochemical parameters, among which LAI had the largest weight (0.387), followed by AFB and SPAD, and LNC had the least weight (0.105). The performance evaluation results of PCCP showed that the difference of PCCP under different growth levels was the most significant. The correlation between PCCP value and grain yield was closer than that between grain yield and LAI, SPAD, AFB, or LNC alone. The coefficient of determination was increased by 0.035 to 0.468, and the root-mean-square error is reduced by 46.2 kg/hm² to 520.0 kg/hm². During remote sensing monitoring, the correlation among the PCCP constructed by LAI, SPAD, AFB, and LNC and remote sensing indexes were all improved to different degrees compared with the single parameter. The accuracy of PCCP simulation by BP-ANN remote sensing monitoring model was high, which the coefficient of determination and the root mean square error were 0.830 and 0.080 in the test set, respectively. The overall growth of winter wheat at jointing stage in the study area was stable and concentrated, showing the spatial distribution characteristics of "the middle bad and the north-south well". Therefore, the construction of PCCP is an effective way to improve the reliability and accuracy of growth remote sensing monitoring, which can provide scientific basis for field management of winter wheat and serve the strategic needs of developing intelligent agriculture and building an agricultural power in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractured coal rocks in underground coal mine has a characteristic of low mechanical strength and poor pourability. A new polymer foam plugging material with the characteristics of low viscosity,proper expansion multiple and high mechanical strength of consolidation was developed,which used the organic resin as frame material,and added a little crosslinking agent,foaming agent and other additives. By studying the effect of different foaming agent additions on the performance of the material and the change characteristics of gel property,the optimum mixture ratio of each component of the plugging material was obtained. And then the plugging simulation experiments were also conducted, the results show that the plugging material can penetrate into the microfractures with the aperture below 10 μm and combine with coal mass stably,which has a significant plugging effect compared with the traditional materials. Finally, the engineering test results also show that the boreholes gas drainage effect has significantly improved by taking leakage treatment with the polymer foam plugging material,and it can prolong the drainage period of the boreholes, which has an extensive engineering application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration data of PM2. 5 from 2014 to 2016 is obtained on the "China Air Quality Online Monitoring and Analysis Platform". The pollution status in Jiangsu area is evaluated and analyzed on the aspects of air quality, daily maximum, annual average concentration and daily average frequency of PM2. 5. Based on the research of three years data, "guarantee rate" is used to calculate and plot the PM2. 5 guarantee rate curve of 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu. The outdoor design concentration of PM2. 5 is confirmed by that curve, which has significant engineering reference value for the filter design in air condition system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the exergy loss of fuel rod during converting nuclear energy into thermal energy, the partial differential equations of steady heat transfer of pressurized water reactor fuel rods and the first and second laws of thermodynamics were used. The exergy analysis method was innovatively combined with the numerical calculation of temperature field. The numerical calculation program was compiled to simulate the fuel rods and heat transfer channels and analyze the temperature distribution, the exergy loss distribution and the energy utilization efficiency during converting nuclear energy into heat energy and during coolant heat transfer. The results show that the fuel rod exergy loss is increased with latter decreasing in the axial direction and increased in the radial direction with the maximum exergy loss coefficient of 0.207 at the edge of fuel core. The exergy loss in the convective heat transfer process is mainly related to the heat transfer temperature difference and increased with latter decreasing along the thermal channel with the total exergy loss coefficient of 0.304. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Hippo-YAP signaling pathway is a signaling cascade that is highly conserved across species and has attracted widespread attention in the study of physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Studies have found that many pathways such as mechanical force, autophagy, and energy metabolism are involved in the regulation of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. These pathways may interact with the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway after exercise, thereby affecting the formation and development of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects of exercise on Hippo-YAP signaling pathway, and describe the potential mechanism of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in regulating exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS: “Hippo-YAP signaling pathway, YAP/TAZ, exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, heart, exercise” were used as keywords in Chinese and English. Relevant literatures included in CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from 1983 to 2022 were retrieved, and 70 articles that met the screening criteria were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hippo-YAP signaling pathway is affected by exercise and has a certain regulatory role in exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy. (1) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway induces mechanical stimulation triggered by exercise, which leads to changes in the activity and expression of YAP/TAZ, and mediates the response of cardiomyocytes to mechanical signals. (2) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway regulates autophagy in cardiomyocytes and maintains the homeostasis, normal structures and physiological functions of cardiomyocytes during exercise. (3) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway may mediate the oxidation and glycolysis of energy substances during exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and may also be affected by energy changes during exercise. (4) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway may strengthen the connection with some non-coding RNAs related to physiological cardiac hypertrophy under the action of exercise, and multiple non-coding RNAs may jointly regulate Hippo-YAP signaling. (5) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway interacts with the classic pathways of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Exercise promotes the signaling interaction between them and participates in the regulation of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. (6) To deeply study the regulatory role of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy will help deepen the understanding of exercise-promoting heart health, and provide new ideas and strategies for the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiac diseases and myocardial tissue construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

肿瘤耐药严重影响临床疗效和患者预后，是肿瘤靶向治疗失败的主要原因之一。糖酵解在肿瘤的发生发 展中起着至关重要的作用。大量研究表明，糖酵解与肿瘤靶向药物耐药的产生密切相关。肿瘤糖酵解活性增强可 引起乳酸脱氢酶水平升高，导致抗肿瘤免疫抑制剂效果减弱。糖酵解过程中的转运蛋白（葡萄糖转运蛋白）、关键限 速酶（己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶1、丙酮酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶）及代谢产物（丙酮酸、乳酸及ATP等）可通过不同机制影 响肿瘤进展及耐药的产生，主要机制包括抑制细胞凋亡、促进肿瘤细胞上皮—间质转化、诱导自噬等。深入了解糖 酵解过程中诱导肿瘤耐药的相关分子及机制，或可为肿瘤靶向药物的基础研究和临床治疗研究提供参考。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a hot research topic in the mechanism of pathological cardiac remodeling and plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the possible mechanism by which m6A modification in non-coding RNAs regulates the main processes of pathological cardiac remodeling, such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, myocardial fibrosis and vascular remodeling. METHODS: “m6A, non-coding RNA, pathological cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, cardiomyocyte ferroptosis, myocardial fibrosis, vascular remodeling” were used as search terms in Chinese and English. Relevant literature from CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science databases published from January 1974 to April 2023 was retrieved, and finally 86 eligible articles were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: m6A modification is a highly dynamic and reversible modification. Pathological cardiac remodeling mainly involves pathological cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, cardiomyocyte ferroptosis, myocardial fibrosis and vascular remodeling. m6A-related enzymes can regulate pathological cardiac remodeling processes through various non-coding RNAs and different signaling pathways, which can be used as a new potential intervention for cardiovascular diseases. In pathological cardiac remodeling, research on the regulatory relationship between m6A modification and non-coding RNAs is still in its infancy. With the development of epigenetics, m6A modification in non-coding RNAs is expected to have a new development in the regulation of pathological cardiac remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous Ni0 nanofilms with different surface morphologies have great potential for application in the field of elect rochromism. This article reports the preparation of porous Ni0 thin films by ad ding non ionic surfactant TX-1 00 to NiSO-i • 6H2 0 aqueous solution. The morphology and composition of Ni0 thin films without surfactants and with TX-1 00 were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical workstation and UV visible spectrophotometer were used to test the electrochromic performance. The results indicate that the addition of TX-100 can reduce the pore size and make the surface of porous Ni0 films denser, providing a larger specific surface area and more active sites, improving optical properties, and to some extent enhancing the cyclic stability of Ni0 films. At the wavelength of 600 nm, the maximum light modulation amplitude of the Ni0 film with TX-1 00 added is 68.88%, which is 8. 58% higher than that of the Ni0 film without surfactant added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The relationship between land use changes and water conservation function in Xinbin County in water conservation area of upper reaches of Hunhe River was charified in order to guide the optimal management of land use and water resources in local or similar areas. [Methods] Based on ArcGIS platform, land use transfer matrix was used to study land use changes in Xinbin County in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015; on this base, the InVEST model was applied to evaluate the water production function and water conservation function of the region and different land use types from 1995 to 2015. [Results] From 1995 to 2015, the land use type of Xinbin County had always been dominated by woodland and grassland. In the past 21 years, the areas of woodland, other land (mainly wetland), water bodies and construction land had increased, among which the area of woodland had increased the most, and the areas of cultivated land and grassland were decreasing. From 1995 to 2015, the increase of woodland, other land, construction land and water bodies came from cultivated land and grassland. The average annual water yield of Xinbin County was 1.564×109 m³, water conservation capacity was 6.2×108 m³. As a key water conservation area, the average water conservation capacity of Xinbin County was 193.62 mm, showing a fluctuating trend of first decreasing, then increasing and then decreasing over the years. The change and distribution of water yield and land use directly affected the water conservation capacity of the region. From 1995 to 2015, the water conservation capacity of different land use types changed significantly, and the order of average annual water conservation capacity of different land types was woodland ＞ other land ＞ grassland ＞ water area ＞ cultivated land ＞construction land. [Conclusion] High forest and grass coverage is the basis of water conservation in this area. Special attention should be paid to the forestland with the largest contribution to the total amount of water conservation in Xinbin County and the other land with the smallest area but strong water conservation capacity (mainly wetland). Meanwhile, attention should also be paid to the negative impact of the expansion of construction land on the area and quality of forest and grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) clinical data and multi-omics database, the role of ferroptosis-related genes in AML was explored, and a prognostic model related to gene expression of ferroptosis was established. The clinical and transcriptomic datasets of AML and controls were obtained from TCGA [AML (n=151)] and GTEx [whole blood (n=337)]. The Wilcoxon test and univariate Cox analysis results were intersected to screen out differentially expressed genes(DEGs) related to prognosis, and Lasso regression was used to build a gene signature prognostic model. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of the model, the Kaplan-Meier method was utilized for survival analyses, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of clinical data were performed, and differential gene expression analysis and other methods were adopted to compare transcriptomic differences between high and low risk patients. Finally, the gene signatures were validated using the BeatAML database. Results of differential gene expression analysis and univariate analysis were intersected to obtain 13 prognosis-related DEGs. A prognostic scoring model of eight genes was constructed, and the patients were divided into high and low risk groups. ROC curve analysis confirmed the good predictive performance of the model, survival analysis showed that the survival rates of patients in the high and low risk groups were significantly different, univariate analysis revealed that age and risk score were significantly associated with overall patient survival, and multivariate analysis demonstrated that age and risk score were independent prognostic indicators. A total of 384 DEGs were screened between the two risk groups. The GO enrichment analysis showed that most of the enriched genes were related to immune-related molecules and pathways such as chemotaxis and migration of neutrophils and leukocytes. The KEGG enrichment pathway was mainly related to the TNF signaling pathway, cytokine and cytokine receptor interaction. The validation using the BeatAML database showed that five genes were significantly associated with prognosis. Ferroptosis-related genes are significantly expressed in AML, and high risk patients have a poor prognosis. This study lays a foundation for the discovery and application of potential biomarkers related to ferroptosis in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A dual channel TaqMan real-time fluorescent PCR method was developed for the rapid detection of HLA-B*58:01 genes associated with the adverse reaction of allopurinol. The sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and reliability of the method were verified. Methods: Primers and Taqman probes were designed for HLA-B*58:01 allele sequences to establish a dual channel TaqMan real-time fluorescent PCR detection method. A double-blind controlled experiment was conducted to collect peripheral blood samples from 1158 patients clinically diagnosed with gout or high serum uric acid who were admitted to Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Zhejiang University. Dual channel TaqMan real-time fluorescent PCR was used to detect all specimens together with the approved commercial kit,and the results of the two methods were compared to evaluate the clinical performance of the TaqMan real-time fluorescence PCR method. Results: Dual channel TaqMan real-time fluorescent PCR method has high specificity, stability and reliability, and can detect positive samples as low as 1 ng/μL. The positive and negative HLA-B*58:01 samples were the same in 1158 patient samples by dual channel TaqMan real-time fluorescent PCR and approved commercial kit, with 147 positive samples, and 1011 negative samples. The carrying rate of HLA-B*58:01 gene in this group was 12.69%. The coincidence rate of the two methods was 100% (1158/1158). SPSS was used to analyze the experimental data of the two groups, P=1.000, and the difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence of HLA-B* 58:01 in all subjects was 12.69 % (147/1158). Conclusion: The dual channel TaqMan real-time fluorescent PCR can be used as a rapid, specific and sensitive HLA-B*58:01 gene detection method, it is used for the risk assessment of related adverse reactions before allopurinol administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer electrolyte as a conductive medium between electrodes is the key material for electrochromic devices (ECD), which provides compensation ions for electrochromic reactions. The gel polymer electrolyte prepared with different polymer matrices has an important effect on the performance of electrochromic devices. In this paper, the conductive mechanism of PEO, PAN, PMMA, PVDF, PVDF-HFP, PVB and biomaterials as polymer matrices for gel electrolyte are introduced. Furthermore, the effect of the electrolyte layer in electro- chromic devices on the ionic conductivity, transmittance, and electrochromic properties is reviewed. Finally, the future development of gel polymer electrolyte is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]