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The transport sector plays an important role in society at large. This article aimed to provide a state-of-the-art literature review in the area of sustainable transport. Data for the analysis were collected from the Web of Science database from 2000 to 2022. A total of 1238 bibliometric records of publications were collected. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were undertaken in the article. The analysis results showed five main research areas: 1—sustainable urban/public transport and mobility; 2—transport emissions and fuels; 3—sustainable supply chain/logistics management models; 4—performance and metrics in sustainable transport; and 5—future and policy. The limitations of the research carried out, which mainly concern the methodological section, should also be borne in mind. These include the selected publication base and search criteria, such as the year or language of publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological innovation and its paradigm, that is, the Fourth Industrial Revolution-4IR, have shown strong impact on income levels of adopters across the globe. To this end, this analysis examines the impact of bank funding and institutional quality on technological advancement. This study adds additional variables such as high-technology exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) as control variable. Our study period spans from 2000 to 2018 on an annual frequency for E7 economies (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, India, Turkey, Russia, and China). This study leverages on cross-sectional ARDL, Augmented Mean Group (AMG), and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group Estimates (CCEMG) estimation techniques to examine long-run relationship between the outlined variables. Empirical findings show that institution quality, bank finance, income, high-technology exports, and foreign direct investments exert a positive effect on advancements in technology. Furthermore, the interaction between bank finance and institution quality on technological advancement is also positive and statistically significant. Based on the findings, it is concluded that large-scale funding is crucial for businesses to leverage revolutionary technology. Likewise, access to large capital sources if made easier encourages technology affordance as well as innovation and operational excellence. Thus, economies with established legal and financial systems stand to offer businesses such security, which encourages business innovation. Consequently, E7 economies ought to improve their financial and legal systems to boost financial security, creativity, and competitiveness of businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of materials' value in past societies have examined a wide variety of causes for value including, but not limited to, labor, skill, access, cultural associations, and scarcity and abundance. This article examines how scholars can determine which of these causes of value relate to values of landscapes and the materials extracted from those locations, particularly for abundant materials. It draws on an archaeological case study of the availability of chert raw materials for making lithic, or stone, tools for the Late Classic period Maya of western Belize (600–900 CE). In western Belize, chert resources are common but distributed unevenly across the landscape. Despite the ease of access, chert was a valued raw material, and households relied on its extraction as a key economic activity. The economic logic behind resource value can be examined based on a lithic extraction and production area, Callar Creek Quarry. This article, based on excavations of quarry and household contexts and analysis of the resultant materials, finds that the widespread availability of chert resources in the Maya lowlands did not result in these resources being less valuable but that the skill added to the materials through extraction and production increased their value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism was of critical economic importance in Pacific SIDS until COVID-19 border closures cut off international ties. The virus did not reach Vanuatu and Samoa, and few cases occurred in Fiji. The collapse of tourism, on land and from cruise ships, resulted in increased unemployment and the closure of hotels and tourism-oriented businesses with multiplier effects throughout the island economies. Many people returned to home islands, putting pressure on local land resources. Diverse local markets, exchange and bartering increased. Women were most affected in terms of lost jobs, more domestic burdens and a rise in domestic violence. This article argues that tourism is unlikely to restart in the immediate future, but may be initiated through small elite ventures. In response, regional metropolitan states – Australia and New Zealand – have increased aid to what is increasingly a strategically important region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Tradition of writing about what came to be called The Scientific Revolution developed in the mid-twentieth century and helped to shape what came to be termed "early modern" Europe. At least two fundamental structural elements of the framework were that a small group of independent minds had been set free to grasp new truths, and that rivalries among many groups in Europe never allowed "European civilization" to achieve homeostasis, thus continuing to encourage innovation in conditions of freedom. It is worth noting, however, that the first of these structural elements had religious overtones that were important in the early stages of the Cold War, and that the second placed innovation within a tradition of great texts rather than material culture and practice. Both changed the earlier conversation of the 1930s, which had been about political economies, connecting the new history of science to a history that offered to explain European superiority on the basis of the search for truth. Recent developments in global history, which are rooted in economic histories, challenge such a framing. The brandname of The Scientific Revolution is common and will remain a useful short-hand, but its meaning requires major revision and should not be limited to the history of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text we are reporting back on the practice-based research project Precarity Pilot. The starting point for this research is the fact that in today's Europe, design graduates are entering into a landscape of precarious work. This research-in-progress thus enquires into how formal and informal design education can be a space where to empower young designers to transformatively engage with the precarious work politics of their profession. As a mid-way result, here we present a series of didactic proposals and strategic questions for how issues of socio-economic precariousness can be transformatively addressed. This result is based on a series of half-day workshops we have been running between 2014 and 2016 with design students, recent graduates and design educators in the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland and Italy. We address these proposals to educators, managers and students alike as we are convinced that everyone involved in education has agency over how the learning process unfolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In April 2015, the Society of Economic Anthropology held its annual conference, hosted at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, to discuss the theme “Technologies and the Transformation of Economies.” The articles in this volume examine the multifaceted relationship between people and technology across different societies and at different periods in the history of social and economic transformations. This introduction to the volume (1) contextualizes the conference and frames the discussion of social transformations and technology within the larger debates on people and technology, (2) introduces the different articles from archaeology and ethnography that may potentially contribute to the scholarly debates on people and technology within anthropology and related social sciences, and (3) suggests new areas for future research on people and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on economic aspects of applied theater, as of August 2015. It states the notion of people on management, and mentions economic factors associated with management of applied theaters like aesthetic, political and ethical commitments of practitioners. It notes business practices related to ethos of theater companies, and cites that art-making organizations should have a proper conception on management.

The countries with transition economies are under pressure to increase entrepreneurial activities that will enable fast growth with minimum impact on natural resources. Despite specific challenges the economies in transition face, development of (sustainable) entrepreneurship has not been in focus of the academic research. This leaves some open questions such as those concerning the role and mode of operation of public policies, level of risk and its influence on entrepreneurship creativity, role of knowledge in diffusing entrepreneurial values and fostering aspirations, externalities created for the society and the connection between sustainability and entrepreneurship. This paper aims to introduce a discussion on sustainable entrepreneurship in countries with economies in transition. The research carried out included (i) review of literature and statistical data on entrepreneurial environment, (ii) structured interviews with representatives of government, civil society, business sector and academia to understand the society's perception of green entrepreneurship and (iii) analysis of case studies on green entrepreneurs. It can be concluded that entrepreneurs in economies in transition do not seem to be ready to respond to the challenges or to take any risks by investing in green business, but also that the government and educational institutions do not recognize their own role and fail to support the development of green entrepreneurship. For those “green oriented” businesses, the key sociological constructs are personal motivation and mission, locality, and a forward-thinking orientation in terms of sustainability. All businesses managed to achieve the economic, environmental and social value creation without any support from the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the excise taxes (Ungeld) paid by town residents on the consumption of beer, wine, mead and brandy represented the single most important source of civic revenue for many German cities. In a crisis, these taxes could spike to 70–80% of civic income. This paper examines civic budgets and ‘behind-the-scenes’ deliberations in a sample of towns in southern Germany in order to illuminate how decisions affecting consumer taxes were made. Even during the sobriety movements of the Reformation and post-Reformation period, tax income from drinkers remained attractive to city leaders because the bulk of the excise tax burden could easily be shifted away from privileged members of society and placed on the population at large. At the same time, governments had to maintain a careful balance between what they needed in order to govern and what the consumer market could bear, for high taxes on drinks were also targeted in many popular revolts. This led to nimble politicking by those responsible for tax decisions. Drink taxes were introduced, raised, lowered and otherwise manipulated based not only on shifting fashions and tastes but also on the degree of economic stress faced by the community. Where civic rulers were successful in striking the right balance, the rewards were considerable. The income from drink sales was a major factor in how the cities of the Empire survived the wars and other crises of the early modern period without going into so much debt that they lost their independence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article I aim to accomplish three things: first, I wish to explore the case for taking imagined economies seriously; second, I want to examine the austerity politics and policies of the U.K. Coalition government as one particular site of economic imagining; third, I will use this example to trace some of the ways in which imagined economies imply other relationships and orderings, not least of which is what E. P. Thompson (1963) called "moral economy." I end by claiming that imagined economies need to be analyzed conjuncturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional forestry education schemes are no longer sufficient to train professional foresters to manage the forest resources in a changing world. Even in forest-rich nations such as Malaysia, the challenges faced by forestry education are growing. The declining student enrolment and interests in the field must be stopped, if the field is to remain viable. The roles played by the forest have shifted from purely commercial products exploitation to environmental and social centric. In this context, forestry education will need to be restructured to impart the necessary knowledge and skills to the foresters to enable them to perform up to expectation in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how contemporary conditions of production have resulted in a reconfiguration of the artwork at the outset of the twenty-first century. It offers a detailed analysis of the entrepreneurial output of Anton Vidokle, artist and co-founder of e-flux, focusing on the video A Crime Against Art (2007) which documents Vidokle's mock trial at the hands of invited ‘artworld agents’. This complex work encapsulates dominant tendencies in recent art, namely the turns towards the social, knowledge production, performative documentary and education. Situating it in relation to Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello's consideration of the evolving structures of capitalism, the article argues that this is an exemplary instance that illustrates how the artwork itself has been radically reformulated. As part-and-parcel of this transformation it frames the recent rise to prominence of the curator and, by extension, the curatorial function so often appropriated by artists, as a symptom of economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although geographers have recognized that economic systems are embedded in the particularities of place, much of the work on place in contemporary economic geography has limited itself either to the study of Western monetized economies or to the ways non-Western monetized economies are enmeshed in those of the West. Underlying such work is a preoccupation with the power of money to dissolve local economies and render them vulnerable to global forces. Although the local and global are entwined, in recognizing and exploring this relationship, economic geography has tended to privilege the global at the expense of the local, while in tandem demonstrating a fundamental preoccupation with Western, monetized economies. In this article I argue that a careful phenomenological analysis of places with distinctive economic practices can make significant contributions to our understandings of the assumptions that underpin global economic processes. Using the case of the Inuit, this article discusses some of the implications of presuming that economics and money are synonymous. The article explores how economic processes may be understood as manifestations of deeper spatio-temporal orderings that ultimately reflect embedded existential understandings. Through an exploration of the interrelations amongst the experience of place, perceptions of existence, and collective temporal orderings, it becomes apparent that existential notions of control are deeply inscribed within, and reproduced by, people's economic behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – This paper seeks to focus on identifying the need for education to enhance awareness of the e-mail phishing threat as the most effective way to reduce the risk of e-mail phishing in one of the fastest growing economies in the world, the State of Qatar. Design/methodology/approach – A survey comprising a questionnaire and interviews was used to investigate the awareness of phishing among Qatari citizens, their susceptibility to phishing and their views on the best method of defence against this attack, and this was compared to other developed nations, the UK in particular. Findings – The paper concludes that phishing is becoming common and very successful because of people's susceptibility to such attack, largely due to insufficient awareness of the threat. Comparing Qatar with the UK, there were significant differences between responses in each country in most questionnaire variables, especially those identifying the vulnerability to phishing which was found to be very high in Qatar. Research limitations/implications – The paper shows that there is a particular need for education on phishing in this fast developing country. Practical implications – There is a growing threat in the use of phishing by hackers and some businesses to obtain information on individual users on the internet through e-mail or the web. In some cases this has led to identity thefts and related illogical operations online both within and across countries. This paper has compared level of awareness of phishing in two countries and has the potential to shed light on attitudes and present status of e-mail phishing with a view to developing ways of dealing with it and improving cyber security and international operations. Originality/value – The paper adopts an innovative approach to study e-mail phishing and compares results from two diverse countries. New ideas are advanced from the findings which are useful for understanding some operations in cyber space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uses data from a cross section of southeastern hospitals to examine which activities are profitable for hospitals. The analysis suggests that hospitals may operate at less than profit-maximizing levels of output. In addition, contrary to popular belief emergency rooms are shown to be profit generating centers for hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the current economic impact and future potential of cold-water marine finfish aquaculture in Maine. Salmon farming currently accounts for nearly 86% of the total value of state production. In 2001, 13,202 mt of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were produced in Maine, generating US$63.7 million in revenue and an additional US$32.7 million in indirect and induced economic activity. In addition, alternative cold-water finfish species are under evaluation for commercial aquaculture including haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and Atlantic halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Important constraints to culture of alternative species are identified through an ex-ante assessment of the early culture of haddock. Overall, capital formation is the most important constraint due to high risk and uncertainty on the rate of return to investment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Osteoporosis is a condition that will pose an increasing burden on health systems as populations age.Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the net 'per case' direct medical cost of fracture of indigent women age 50 years or greater and describe the cost of fracture for Medicaid and Medicare payers by inpatient hospital, physician, long-term care, prescription and miscellaneous expenditures.Methods: This study utilized a quasi-experimental retrospective interrupted time series design to isolate the economic impact of fracture. Administrative claims data for a continuous period of 24 months (12 months prior to fracture and 12 months after fracture) describing the Medicaid and Medicare expenditures for a cohort of women suffering from femur or other fracture in 1993 was abstracted and analyzed. ICD-9CM and CPT-4 codes were used to identify incident cases of fracture. Interrupted time series regression models were estimated using monthly expenditures.Results: A total of 765 Medicaid eligible women 50 years of age or greater experienced a fracture in the base year and met inclusion criteria. Of these, 226 experienced a femur fracture. The time series models detected significant increases in expenditures the month of fracture, however, total Medicaid expenditures returned to baseline trend charge in 7 and 5 months for femur and nonfemur fracture, respectively. Increases in long-term care expenditures persisted throughout the time series, but were offset by reductions in other categories of service.Conclusion: The net per case costs of femur and nonfemur fracture are about USD 3,300 and USD 1,300, respectively. The impact of fracture on Medicaid expenditures is temporary as costs rise sharply and return to baseline trend charges within a 12-month period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests for the existence and magnitude of economies of scale and scope as possible explanations for the recent observed trends in increasing health maintenance organization (HMO) scale (through merger and acquisition) and scope (through greater participation in public enrollee markets) using firm level data from a sample of California HMOs for the time period 1986-1992. The results suggest that economies of scale provide a strong justification for mergers only in the case of relatively small HMOs (i.e. those with fewer than 115,000 enrollees), and economies of scope do not explain the increasing HMO enrollment of public enrollees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]