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The wood chemical composition was determined for five tree species that cohabitate in the forest of Ixtlán de Juárez (Oaxaca, Mexico). These species were Alnus acuminata, Arbutus xalapensis, Myrsine juergensenii, Persea longipes, and Prunus serotina. The chemical composition was then correlated with the higher heating value of the wood. The chemical components determined were total extractives, ash, lignin, and holocellulose (alpha cellulose and hemicelluloses). The extractives were separated using Soxhlet equipment, and the ash obtained was analyzed via atomic absorption spectrometry. On average, the species presented 8.26 to 19.64% of total extractives, 0.56 to 1.50% of ash, 23.1 to 37.2% of lignin, 74.0 to 79.5% of holocellulose, 56.3 to 66.3% of α-cellulose, and 12.3 to 21.0% of hemicelluloses. In the ash, higher percentages of calcium, potassium, and magnesium were detected. The amount of chemical components was different between species (p ≤ 0.05). The higher heating value showed a positive correlation with the extractives content (r = 0.582), while with the ash content it was negative (-0.575). The high proportions of polysaccharides predict good performance of these species in pulp production, and the calorific value indicates that they have the potential for use as fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the outcomes of a bibliographic revision made to identify the main financial problems that small and medium-size companies face in some Latin- American countries. For this reason, a qualitative descriptive research study is made, from which three problematic areas are defined: capital structure, financing access and strategic planning management. It was found that a high percentage of these pymes have similarities in the way they manage their resources, the way they make financial decisions and the daily problems they face. One of these issues is the educational level of the company chief executive because it turns to be the most relevant factor at the time of taking advantage from financial tools and allowing company growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The wMel strain of Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and has been shown to reduce the transmission of dengue and other Aedes-borne viruses. Here we report the entomological results from phased, large-scale releases of Wolbachia infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes throughout three contiguous cities located in the Aburrá Valley, Colombia. Methodology/principal findings: Local wMel Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were generated and then released in an initial release pilot area in 2015–2016, which resulted in the establishment of Wolbachia in the local mosquito populations. Subsequent large-scale releases, mainly involving vehicle-based releases of adult mosquitoes along publicly accessible roads and streets, were undertaken across 29 comunas throughout Bello, Medellín and Itagüí Colombia between 2017–2022. In 9 comunas these were supplemented by egg releases that were undertaken by staff or community members. By the most recent monitoring, Wolbachia was found to be stable and established at consistent levels in local mosquito populations (>60% prevalence) in the majority (67%) of areas. Conclusion: These results, from the largest contiguous releases of wMel Wolbachia mosquitoes to date, highlight the operational feasibility of implementing the method in large urban settings. Based on results from previous studies, we expect that Wolbachia establishment will be sustained long term. Ongoing monitoring will confirm Wolbachia persistence in local mosquito populations and track its establishment in the remaining areas. Author summary: The introduction of the naturally occurring wMel Wolbachia strain into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes has been shown to reduce the ability of the mosquitoes to transmit dengue and other viruses. Following engagement with communities to gain acceptance and support, a series of large-scale releases of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes that contained wMel Wolbachia, were undertaken across the cities of Bello, Medellín and Itagüí in Colombia. These releases were undertaken under operational conditions with the aim of rapidly scaling the intervention in response to the Zika virus crisis. Mosquito populations were monitored during and after releases to determine the levels of Wolbachia and whether it persisted in the local mosquitoes. Wolbachia was found to be stable and established at consistent levels in local mosquito populations in the majority of areas. On-going monitoring in these areas will determine whether Wolbachia persists and also whether it establishes at a high level in the remaining areas. This intervention forms the basis of an epidemiological study to assess the impact of operational deployment of wMel Wolbachia on the reduction of the incidence of notified dengue cases and virologically-confirmed dengue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]