Search

In Armstead v Royal Sun Alliance Insurance Company Ltd, the Court of Appeal considered the limits of the 'proprietary fiction' established by The Winkfield, allowing bailees to recover loss through their possessory title of bailment property against a wrongdoer. Despite the decision being defensible on its facts, the Court of Appeal failed to clarify: (i) whose consequential loss the bailee can recover, or whether the bailee and bailor possess 'one set of rights'; (ii) the interface between the recoverability of third‐party contractual liabilities in tort and the rules of bailment; and (iii) the nature and scope of the 'proprietary fiction' established by The Winkfield. This note argues that the bailee's claim against the wrongdoer arises solely from the possessory title (without reference to the bailor) and the ordinary rules of tort should apply after establishing such title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal liability is important to parties but complicated to litigate, with multiple types of claims falling within the municipal liability realm. This Article is a roadmap for litigators and judges in municipal liability cases in the Tenth Circuit. It clarifies the pleading requirements and elements for various types of municipal liability claims. It also highlights some unresolved issues in municipal liability litigation and tensions within the Tenth Circuit and among the other circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bank of Canada's purchases of securities under quantitative easing are tantamount to an exchange of a fixed interest rate expense for a floating rate paid on certain liabilities of the Bank of Canada. They also imply that the Government of Canada remains liable for potential losses on these assets. This significantly increases the proportion of federal government debt financed in the money market, exposing the Government of Canada to higher interest rate risk than indicated in the budget documents and has resulted in significant losses to date. The exit from quantitative easing in an anti-inflationary environment poses significant challenges for monetary policy and points to a difficult fiscal situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the Form I-9 or employment eligibility verification which is described as a complex legal form. Topics discussed include suggestions to minimize business disruptions and mistakes, how fines for I-19 violations are determined, and application of statutory penalty factors to mitigate the employer's liability.

This article considers the development of hospitals and their funding mechanisms across the Ottoman imperial (ca. 1516–1830) and French colonial (1830–1962) states in Algeria. The first section of the article describes Islamic welfare structures introduced under the stewardship of the Ottoman Empire, and explains how these were appropriated, outlawed and reconfigured in the wake of the French invasion of Algiers. The second section discusses French and colonial policies on assistance publique (public assistance) and their implementation in rural zones of Algeria in the early decades of the twentieth century to create segregated infirmeries indigènes ('native' infirmaries). The third section of the article examines how officials contrived to limit the role of the state in financing hospitals by increasing taxes on ordinary Algerians, especially taxes based on Ottoman precedents. The final section uses financial audits conducted by the Cour des comptes (Court of Audit) in Paris, along with other administrative records, to reveal how revenues misrepresented as Islamic were spent, including their use to reduce the tax liabilities of elites associated with the French colonial state. This case shows the enduring importance of Ottoman and Islamic infrastructures to French colonial welfare in Algeria and helps open Algeria up for comparison with the politics of welfare provision in other imperial and post-imperial states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laws can address harms in two distinct yet intersecting ways. They may intervene to prevent harms from occurring, or they may allow harms to arise and then try to cure them. Whether operating separately or in tandem, prevention and cure approaches pervade laws, policies, and individual actions. A landlord may exercise prevention via a "no pets" policy, or she may opt for cure by requiring pet owners to pay a damage deposit and cleaning fee. Alternatively, a combination of prevention and cure governs motorist behavior. Speed limits seek to prevent accidents while negligence liability provides compensation for accident victims. Further, climatechange policies seek to prevent climate-impacts by curtailing greenhouse-gas emissions, and they attempt to cure climate-harms via disaster assistance. Prevention and cure are ubiquitous, but their features and relationship are underexplored. This Article changes that. It investigates prevention and cure to provide a novel framework for assessing and enhancing the structure of law and policy. This informs policy design across a range of substantive areas. It identifies situations that counsel predominant prevention or cure approaches, and it uncovers mutually reinforcing prevention-and-cure combinations. Further, the Article applies the prevention-and-cure framework to explain and critique policy domains ranging from motorist behavior to climate change. This perspective particularly illuminates how the various legal and policy responses to climate change interrelate, and how they miss opportunities to align complementary prevention and cure measures. It identifies how relatively small structural changes can conjoin seemingly disparate climate-change regulations, liabilities, programs, and precautions into a cohesive policy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Art of Council Directive on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to liability for defective products in the area defined by Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 10 and the version amended in 1999 is to be interpreted in the light of Art.

The moral importance of liability to harm has so far been ignored in the lively debate about what self‐driving vehicles should be programmed to do when an accident is inevitable. But as discussions in the context of self‐defense have highlighted, liability matters a great deal to just distribution of risk of harm. While it is sometimes morally required simply to minimize the risk of relevant harms, this is not so when one party is responsible for creating the risky situation, which is common in real‐world traffic scenarios. In particular, insofar as possible, those who have voluntarily engaged in activity that foreseeably poses the risk of harm should be the ones who bear it, other things being equal. This should not be controversial when someone intentionally or recklessly creates a risky situation. But I argue that on plausible assumptions, merely choosing to use a self‐driving vehicle typically gives rise to a degree of liability, so that such vehicles should be programmed to shift the larger share of the risk from innocent outsiders to users by default. Insofar as automated vehicles cannot be programmed to take all the factors affecting liability into account, there is a pro tanto moral reason to restrict their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounting literature has identified fundamental conceptual issues and uncertainties regarding the financial reporting treatment of liabilities. This paper assesses whether the underlying concepts for the definition of a liability are robust and sufficiently developed in the 2018 Conceptual Framework of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to create a conceptual foundation to identify, recognise, measure and derecognise liabilities. Doctrinal research is applied to evaluate the proposed concepts by using authoritative interpretation. The outcome of the authoritative interpretation is the contribution to the accounting literature. The paper finds that the 2018 Conceptual Framework significantly improves the conceptual foundation of the identification, recognition, measurement and derecognition of liabilities. The 2018 Conceptual Framework clarifies the obligation and past event criteria of the definition of a liability and, as a result, has paved the way for removing the reference to future outflow or sacrifices in both the definition and the recognition criteria of a liability. The 2018 Conceptual Framework also implies that when meeting the definition of a liability, in principle, it appropriately triggers recognition. It also clearly defines the different measurement bases and clarifies the measurement decision process regarding liabilities, which are sufficiently based on the nature and benefits of different measurement bases and the factors of useful information. The uncertainty about the existence of a liability for incorporation in financial statements is, however, still problematic and could create uncertainty in developing related International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Article provides a law-and-economics analysis of the question of liability for online republication. Its main thesis is that liability for republication generates a specter of multiple defendants which might dilute the originator's liability and undermine its deterrent effect. The Article concludes that, subject to several exceptions and methodological caveats, only the originator should be liable. This seems to be the American rule, as enunciated in Batzel v. Smith and Barrett v. Rosenthal. It stands in stark contrast to the prevalent rules in other Western jurisdictions and has been challenged by scholars on various grounds since its very inception. Following the Introduction, Part II presents the legal framework. It first discusses the rules applicable to republication of self-created content, focusing on the emergence of the single publication rule and its natural extension to online republication. It then turns to republication of third-party content. American law makes a clear-cut distinction between offline republication which gives rise to a new cause of action against the republisher (subject to a few limited exceptions), and online republication which enjoys an almost absolute immunity under § 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Other Western jurisdictions employ more generous republisher liability regimes, which usually require endorsement, a knowing expansion of exposure or repetition. Part III offers an economic justification for the American model. Law-andeconomics literature has showed that attributing liability for constant indivisible harm to multiple injurers, where each could have single-handedly prevented that harm ("alternative care" settings), leads to dilution of liability. Online republication scenarios often involve multiple tortfeasors. However, they differ from previously analyzed phenomena because they are not alternative care situations, and because the harm--increased by the conduct of each tortfeasor--is not constant and indivisible. Part III argues that neither feature precludes the dilution argument. It explains that the impact of the multiplicity of injurers in the online republication context on liability and deterrence provides a general justification for the American rule. This rule's relatively low administrative costs afford additional support. Part IV considers the possible limits of the theoretical argument. It maintains that exceptions to the exclusive originator liability rule should be recognized when the originator is unidentifiable or judgment-proof, and when either the republisher's identity or the republication's audience was unforeseeable. It also explains that the rule does not preclude liability for positive endorsement with a substantial addition, which constitutes a new original publication, or for the dissemination of illegally obtained content, which is an independent wrong. Lastly, Part IV addresses possible challenges to the main argument's underlying assumptions, namely that liability dilution is a real risk and that it is undesirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the problematic aspects of criminal liability for fraudulent accounting. The author examines the relationship between fraud and criminal consequences, reveals the incompatibility of the delimitation of criminal and administrative liability for the management of fraudulent accounting. Forms of accounting fraud, connection with criminal consequences and evaluation are analyzed. Based on the case law of Lithuanian courts, the evaluative criteria for the consequences of fraudulent accounting are summarized. The article analyzes the concept of accounting error and its influence on the assessment of violations of legal acts regulating accounting, as well as the difference from fraud in accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the problematic aspects of criminal liability for fraudulent accounting. The author examines the relationship between deception and harm as elements of fraudulent accounting, and reveals the incompatibility of the delimitation of criminal and administrative liability for the management of fraudulent accounting. Forms of accounting fraud, deception, and harm, and the main elements of fraudulent accounting are considered. Based on the case law of Lithuanian courts, the evaluative criteria for the consequences of fraudulent accounting are summarized. This article analyzes the concept of accounting error and its influence on the assessment of violations of legal acts regulating accounting, as well as its differentiation from deception in accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the features of accounting for long-term liabilities under national and international accounting standards. The common and distinctive features of accounting for long-term liabilities in domestic and international standards are summarized according to such criteria as the interpretation of the concept, recognition and evaluation of the object of accounting. The main differences in the structure of national and international standards are revealed. The information on long-term liabilities specified in the international standards is considered and investigated. The main regulatory changes in the accounting of long-term liabilities are highlighted and the method of reflecting these changes in the accounting policy of the enterprise is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with a burning issue, namely, liability for offenses committed with the use of artificial intelligence and methods of compensating the damage caused by such illegal actions. The study aims at analyzing several legal acts that regulate the possible application of A.I., reveal problems in this field and suggest possible solutions. The authors of the article use theoretical and general philosophical methods of cognition, as well as traditional legal methods. The main method is analogy that highlights the need to eliminate gaps in the current Russian legislation. Based on the concepts of A.I. formed by scholars from different countries and using the method of comparative analysis, the authors attempt to consider offenses committed with the use of A.I. in the territory of Russia. To determine A.I. as a subject of legal relations, different scholars developed original concepts. The authors of the article have studied some hypotheses regarding the development of technologies that increase the interaction between people and computers and its possible danger since it might blur the borders between A.I. and its operators. The study results can be useful for the theory of civil and administrative law in determining the person responsible for the harm caused by A.I. and for the application of liability rules in relation to a new road user. Such conclusions might be of interest to the legislator to fill in the gaps in the legal regulation of compensation for the harm caused by A.I. The authors are the first to draw a certain parallel between the sources of administrative and civil law regarding legal liability for the commission of an offense and compensation for the damage caused by A.I. In addition, they have analyzed the current legislation of the Russian Federation governing liability for the violation of traffic rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An influential view in the ethics of self‐defence is that causal responsibility for an unjust threat is a necessary requirement for liability to defensive harm. In this article, I argue against this view by providing intuitive counterexamples and by revealing weaknesses in the arguments offered in its favour. In response, adherents of the causal view have advanced the idea that although causally inefficacious agents are not liable to defensive harm, the fact that they may deserve harm can justify harming them in the course of defending oneself. I argue that this strategy is ad hoc and leads to more problems than it solves. Once we allow normative facts outside our account of liability to affect a person's moral protection against harm, the lieability verdicts cannot tell us whether there is a relevant moral asymmetry between the victim and the target of defence. In conclusion, the causal view is wrong and causal responsibility for an unjust threat is not a necessary requirement for liability to defensive harm. This article links to the Symposium on Causation in War [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological profit and loss accounting is an important part of the natural resources balance sheet and it is an extension and supplement to the classification of natural resources. This study combs the general idea of ecological profit and loss accounting, systematically summarizes the ecological profit and loss accounting technology, and takes the Weichang county as an example. Following the principle of accounting for values after the physical quantity, the forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems are selected, the service indicator carries out the accounting of the physical quantity and the value quantity, and calculates the physical quantity parameter and the value quantity parameter of each type of ecosystem based on the existing accounting, so as to make a quick and simple accounting comparison based on the area statistics. The study found that, in 2015, the total value of the ecosystem service function value of Weichang county was 33.899 billion, an increase of 0.04% compared with 2013. The value of ecosystem services functioned from grassland to forest and wetland. The values of forest and grassland ecosystems decreased by 0.06% and 0.22%, respectively, and the value of wetland ecosystem increased by 4.47%. The results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the ecological effects brought by the changes in the quantity and quality of natural resources, and provide a data base for liability accounting in natural resource balance sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisher wurde die Musterfeststellungsklage lediglich in Angelegenheiten erhoben, denen Streitigkeiten aus dem Kauf-, Miet- oder Darlehensvertragsrecht zugrunde lagen. Sie wurde am 1.11.2018 zum Schutz der Verbraucher im Bereich standardisierter Massengeschäfte eingeführt. Die individuelle medizinische Behandlung ist ein solches Geschäft auf den ersten Blick nicht. Dennoch gibt es auch im Arzthaftungsrecht Bereiche, in denen sie auf den zweiten Blick eine Rolle spielen könnte. Insbesondere wenn viele Patienten in gleicher Weise betroffen sind. Das ist z.B. bei Hygienemängeln und standardisierter Aufklärung der Fall. Dennoch ist nicht zu erwarten, dass sich die Musterfeststellungsklage im Arzthaftungsrecht im großen Umfang durchsetzen wird. Sie ist nicht geeignet, den individuellen Schaden für den betroffenen einzelnen Patienten abschließend, verbindlich und befriedigend festzustellen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the probation practices in Rutherford County, Tennessee violating the U.S. Constitution, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). It mentions the history and contractual implementation of user-funded probation monitoring and contextualizes its use within the larger picture of mass incarceration in the U.S. It also analyzes the liabilities associated with practice and shows how ubiquity undermines economic & logistic goals.

In the face of a scenario marked by numerous corruption scandals, this research aimed to identify the perception of the accountants of Campina Grande-PB about the accounting and liability of the accounting professional as instruments of prevention and fight against corruption. This was a descriptive survey in which 5- point Likert-scale questionnaires were used in which the knowledge of 110 accountants was identified, 57.73% of the female gender and 42.73% of the male gender, most of whom had aged between 26 and 35 years and had up to 5 years of professional practice. As for tools that assist accountants in preventing and combating corruption, 81.81% recognize the Anti-Corruption Law as a strong ally in the exercise of the accounting profession and 78.18% of the sample understands the importance of COAF as a tool for preventing and combating corruption to money laundering. Likewise, it was evidenced that for more than 86% of the sample, the joint and several liability of the accountant, both in the civil and criminal spheres, contributes to his action in order to prevent crimes of this nature, that is, such responsibilities determine the ethical stance of the accounting officer. Finally, based on the analysis of the collected data, it was concluded that the respondents perceive the accounting and accountability of the accountants as importants instruments of prevention and fight against corruption. However, it was evidenced that the impunity, something common in our country, is one of the causes of the involvement of accounting professionals in crimes of corruption, fraud, money laundering and two cash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo se centra en leyes y casos judiciales sobre procedimiento penal en España, La Unión Europea y Portugal. Los temas discutidos incluyen el fallo de violación de las leyes por parte del Tribunal Supremo de España, su sentencia sobre multas impuesta a pagos conjuntos y directos, el sistema de responsabilidad de las empresas y las leyes penales en el país.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study which analyzes the use of liquidity management among municipalities within the Czech Republic. A research carried out by the Faculty of Management and Economics of TBU in Zlín found that the use of liquidity management in Czech cities is still relatively low. Two basic data collection methods were applied: the use of accounting information from the public database (260 municipalities) and a questionnaire survey implemented in the form of controlled interviews (167 respondents). Applying the accounting data database, we sought to determine whether the recommended values of individual liquidity ratios are also valid in the public sector, specifically among municipalities. Based on the data analysis, we ascertained that most liquidity values of municipalities indicate higher values than those stated as recommended for the private sector, but based on this statistical evaluation, it is not possible as of yet to positively confirm this hypothesis at the significance level 0.05. The results of the study showed that municipalities use liquidity management within a limited scope. Non-profit organizations are recommended to control their liquidity according to general rules, whereas for municipalities it is most advantageous to use the quick ratio and cash position ratio. Each municipality can therefore determine the mutual relationship between components of short-term assets and short-term liabilities according to their own conditions and limitations, e.g. when handling flow transfers, money in funds, or tax income and expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role and importance of the brand, in addition to better distinguishing the services or products of a modern organization from those of another, and to create a strong reputation, is also to protect the investments made in the name under which that organization carries on the business and to offer the premises for long-term profitability. The current paper discusses brand value related issues of modern organizations also in regard to their online presence strategies and makes a survey that analyses the top ten companies in Romania that have the strongest brand value. This analysis aims to identify the most important aspects that contribute in building the value of the respective brands from digital marketing tools and techniques (DMTTs) usage perspective. After processing and analysing the results, some observations are made in order to consolidate and improve the current methods of enhancing the value of a brand through DMTTs type of strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses potential unfairness that may result in genetic malpractice cases due to statutory timing constraints. Topics discussed include background on litigating timing limitations, solutions that recognizes the legitimate need of health care providers to not face open-ended liability while protecting injured patients from being blocked from seeking legal remedy, and examples of unjust outcomes in genomic malpractice cases.

Equity-linked insurance policies are one of the most widespread insurance products. In many cases such contracts have guarantees like a minimum return over the lifetime of the policy. Liabilities arising from such guarantees must be hedged by suitable investments. There are restrictions on hedging strategies in many jurisdictions but with the more flexible regulatory framework of Solvency 2 there are alternative ways to hedge certain guaranteed products using derivative securities. In this paper we investigate when it is optimal to switch to hedging liabilities with derivative securities in the framework of the Cox–Ross–Rubinstein model. This leads to optimal stopping problems that can be solved explicitly. Mortality is also incorporated in the model. The results may indicate the level of reserves necessary to meet obligations with the desired level of confidence. In particular the strategy may be applicable in adverse market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a universal bedrock principle of corporate law, corporations have separate legal personality and limited liability. These principles apply equally to corporate groups. Accordingly, a parent company is normally not liable for legal infractions and unpaid debts of its subsidiaries. In relation to torts and other misconduct committed by corporations, however, the bedrock principles of corporate law are increasingly subject to criticism, in particular where such claims cannot be brought by tort victims due to undercapitalization of subsidiaries, among other problems. While the doctrine of veil piercing may allow for relief in certain scenarios, this practice has fallen out of favour with many courts and the legal requirements for doing so have become increasingly strict. Thus, courts have developed new approaches to holding parent companies liable such as holding the parent directly liable. In view of these significant shifts, this article examines the law and policy considerations governing parent company and—more broadly—group liability. It argues that reform is necessary, which may be found in a model that involves combinations of voting equity ownership-based enterprise liability concepts with modified vicarious liability for corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's Civil and Commercial Code, introduced in 1925, represents a voluntary major legal transplantation by which Thailand adopted a complete new code based on foreign models. This article traces the development of Section 425, which confers liability on employers vicariously for the wrongful acts of their employees, and reveals that the concepts present in the stated sources of the provision do not match those represented by the section in its final form. Rather, the concepts hint at another source, unstated and hitherto uncredited as a source of this part of the Code, the English law doctrine of vicarious liability. This conclusion sheds new light on the complex process of legal transplantation and legal reform in Thailand during the early twentieth century, challenging the orthodox view, and has wider implications for those considering the societal factors which guide and shape legal reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzed the Intellectual Capital (IC) in churches, noting the contextually specific elements tied to unique definitions of success. It aimed to open up to questioning the traditional classifications of IC, while considering the importance of context. American churches were chosen to uncover unique layers and attributes of IC, as they represent a very different organization from those typically studied in IC research. The leadership teams of four churches engaged in 90-minute focus groups, where they discussed success, assets, liabilities, and attempts to leverage value from assets. By approaching it qualitatively, and without prompting participants about the traditional definitions of IC, a more valid and natural discussion revealed unique assets not found in other contexts. Analysis validated the traditional three-part classification of IC into human, relational, and structural assets, yet it showed unique subcategories not captured by previous research. It outlined unique relationships among asset classifications, and revealed areas of missed opportunity and leakage of assets. This adds to the growing list of possible specific IC assets that can be considered by other organizations, as well as ways to leverage these assets. Analysis also found that assets can easily become liabilities if not properly managed and maintained. This approach can be used in future research to uncover additional layers of IC that can be used by other organizations not previously aware of the existence or potential value of such assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current studyaims to determine the current situtation of financial assets and liabilities of household sector in India. Researchers have also measured the relationship between household sector savings and the changes in financial assets or financial liabilities of the household sector. Study was based on the secondary data derived from the annual publication of Reserve Bank of India tittles 'Statistics of Indian Economy'. Study covered the period from 2011-12 to 2016-17. In order to determine the current situtaion of the financial assets and liabilities of household sector in India, researchers have used graphical and tabular form of data representation while for measuring the impact of changes in financial assets or financial libaiities of the household sector on the savings of houshold sector, linear regression analysis has been used. It was found that the changes in financial assets of the household sector has a positive and significant impact on the savings of household sector while changes in financial liabilities has a negative and insignificant impact on the savings of household sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Changing a country's currency involves a redenomination risk arising due to assets and liabilities that are impossible to redenominate because of contracts governed by foreign law. Depreciation or appreciation of the new currency could, therefore, result in losses or gains, thus creating a risk for economic agents. The risk can be estimated by splitting the economy into public, private, banking and central banking sectors, and summing up exposed aggregate assets and liabilities. This method is applied to Greece showing that exiting the EMU would certainly entail forbidding redenomination losses for the Greek public sector, leading to default. Surprisingly, however, the impact on the private and the banking sectors would actually be positive (gain). The impact on the Bank of Greece would be ambiguous depending primarily on the legal status of TARGET2 liabilities. It is notable that even the Bank of Greece possesses a significant cushion in the form of bonds under foreign law. In all, the redenomination risk for the Greek economy is modest, with the exception of the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise operating liabilities refers to the debt involved in sale of goods or services; they are one of the most important external financing resources for enterprises. Based on the theory of industry economics and corporate finance, using data of A-share listed companies from year 2000 to 2014, this paper discusses two mechanisms product market competition and enterprise asset strategy, and their influence on enterprise operating liabilities. It finds out that, when the product market competition is fiercer, the operating liabilities are more; when the enterprise implements "heavy" assets strategy, the operating liabilities are more; when the enterprise is in the fierce market competition, and the heavy-asset enterprise's operating liabilities become lower. The further research tests the relationship and the changing speed of the operating liabilities and financial liabilities of firms, by contrast, it finds out the financial liabilities have totally different features and characteristics from operating liabilities. With panel data, hybrid recommender systems method using for reference to our model design, thus, this paper starts from an innovative research perspective, and the research findings have broadened and enriched the strategic theory research, and have some kind of practical significance to the enterprise financing decision in practice for them to achieve the maximum value of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the current accounting approaches to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In particular, it explores and critically discusses the treatment of emission rights (ER) under carbon trading schemes from two distinct angles. On the one hand, it reviews the domestic solutions adopted by accounting bodies and, on the other, it examines current practices followed by firms in the European Energy Exchange (EEX). Regarding the former group, there are substantial differences, which would suggest some potential difficulties in finding a common solution for the future. Not surprisingly, there is still a diversity of approaches with regard to how firms report ER. Although the most common practice is not to include free ER in the main financial statements, the proportion of firms that recognize both ER and liabilities is larger than in prior studies (Warwick and Ng, 2012; Lovell et al., 2010; Ascui and Lovell, 2012; Black, 2013). Leaving aside sample differences, the new auctioning system introduced by Phase 3 of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) may have affected firm behavior. Furthermore, it is also worth pointing out the decrease in non-disclosure. Interestingly, we show that local accounting rules on ER issued by EU bodies do not generally affect corporate financial reporting. To the extent this study updates the knowledge about current institutional developments and company practices on ER, it could help the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) to develop a standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This objective of this article is to analyze the, transformation of environmental impacts into some amount of sustainable and socioeconomic improvements within the Supply Center Hortifrutigranjeiro - CEASA MA from 2016 to 2017. Using data processing, the analytic approach of action research, described in comparison to an exploratory analysis of the field to meet the guidelines of the national policy on solid waste. The results showed that food waste still lacks proper control and treatment, and generates express environmental and accounting liabilities, given that some of it is are thrown into enclosure, which is difficult for needy families to access, what is not segregated, turns to slurry, damaging the soil and the nearby water table; the remainder of the waste is routed to landfill, sites, which generates transportion costs. Given, this context, it was to concluded that the applicable public policies the state and local management will need to be integrated, these should aim primarily at raising environmental awareness of the importance of waste management, in the purpose of Converting soil degradation and accounting for damage to a sustainable form of, development thereby emphasizing environmental preservation and combating social inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of asset-based approach for business valuation in family law. Topics discussed include valuation of liabilities and income taxes for analyzing the same; an account of adjusted net asset valuation method for the same; and net book value describes the mathematical relationships between the assets and the liabilities recorded in the company's balance sheet.

Abstract: Following the recent update of the international System of National Accounts (2008 SNA), internationally comparable estimates of accrued‐to‐date pension liabilities (ADL) of unfunded social security pension schemes will soon be available in the supplementary table to the National Accounts. Against this background, this article analyzes the medium‐term sustainability of the Swiss old‐age pension scheme (Alters‐ und Hinterlassenenversicherung – AHV). This is achieved by estimating a “Swedish” actuarial balance sheet, which compares pension liabilities with the explicit and implicit assets of the pension scheme. Our results show that the current financing of the AHV is unsustainable, with about 30 per cent of the liabilities not backed by corresponding assets. In order to close this financing gap either the contribution rate should rise from 8.4 per cent to 12 per cent or all pension liabilities should be cut by about 38 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Portuguese Bank Levy has been raising several legal issues, among which we highlight the non-conformity between the system of proportional rates implemented by the Ministerial Order and the legislator's guidelines. Furthermore, the recent extension of the subjective scope of this tax to Portuguese branches of credit institutions whose main and effective management is located in the European Union, and the attempt to extend the scope of the Bank Levy to the liabilities related to the financing obtained by a branch from its parent company have raised further legal questions that we intend to analyse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 'safe harbour carve out' from insolvent trading liability is intended to encourage directors, particularly of large companies, not to prematurely liquidate financially troubled companies which could be rescued. While the federal government has been successful in introducing this measure, which was part of its 2016 National Science and Innovation Agenda, this article argues that some of the underlying justifications for the safe harbour are flawed and that it may not be effective. A more significant objection is that the safe harbour could lead to a greater prevalence of illegal phoenix activity, sheltering under the appearance of business rescue. The benefit of the liability carve out to the 'big end of town' is not worth this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]