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• Bayesian calibration of multi-level model with unobservable and distributed outputs • Simultaneous model parameter estimation and model discrepancy quantification • A two-phase estimation method to overcome computational challenge • Practical application of the proposed approach to miter gate Bayesian calibration plays a vital role in improving the validity of computational models' predictive power. However, the presence of unobservable distributed responses and uncertain model parameters in multi-level models poses challenges to Bayesian calibration, due to the lack of direct observations and the difficulty in identifying the hidden and distributed model discrepancy under uncertainty. This paper proposes a Bayesian calibration framework for multi-level simulation models to calibrate an unobservable distributed model using measurements of an observable model. In the proposed framework, the distributed model discrepancy of an unobservable model with distributed response is first represented as a series of orthogonal polynomials, with the polynomial coefficients modelled by surrogate models with unknown hyper-parameters. A two-phase machine learning method is then developed to construct surrogate models of the polynomial coefficients based on measurements of an observable model. The constructed model discrepancy is finally used to update the uncertain model parameters by following a modularized Bayesian calibration scheme. The developed framework is applied to the joint Bayesian calibration of the uncertain gap length and unobservable and distributed boundary condition model for a miter gate problem. Results of the miter gate application demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) micromesh surface was obtained by a solution-dipping template strategy. A deposition mask was formed on the silicon substrates by the self-assembly of monolayer polystyrene colloidal particles with a diameter of 1 μm, then the TiO2 film was deposited on the mask using a TiO2 sol, and the micromesh structure was produced by high temperature heat treatment (HTT) and ultrasonic cleaning. The structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the wettability was evaluated by water contact angle measurement. The blood platelets adhesion test was also performed to study the hemocompatibility of the micromesh structure. The XRD result showed that the TiO2 film prepared by sol-dipping method was composed of anatase phase. The water contact angle measurement showed that the TiO2 micromesh surface was more hydrophobic than the flat TiO2 surface. The platelets adhesion test showed that the TiO2 micromesh surface could effectively inhibit platelets adhesion. It is highlighted that this TiO2 micromesh surface may have potential application for the blood contact implanted devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of elemene intrapleural injection in the treatment of lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion by meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: PubMed (1960-2014.4), EMBASE (1980-2014.4) and CNKI (1979-2014.4) data bases were searched to identify the randomized controlled trials about elemene intrapleural injection in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion caused by lung cancer. The relativel risk (RR) was used to evaluated the the clinical efficacy of elemene intrapleural injection in the treatment of pleural effusion compared to other drugs. Results: A total of 1298 subjects with 14 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that the objective response rate (ORR) in elemene group was much higher than that in other drugs group (RR =1.20, 95% CI:1.05-1.37, P = 0.008). We performed the sub-groups analysis according to the drugs used in the control group. And the subgroup analyzed demonstrated that the ORR in elemene group was higher than that in Cisplatin (DDP) and high sugar group with statistical difference (P < 0.05). But no statistical difference was found in the bleomycin and interleukin-2 [IL-2] subgroups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: High clinical efficacy of elemene was found in the treatment malignant pleural effusion in patients with lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary function of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is to insulate the underlying metal from high temperature gases in gas turbine engines. As a consequence, low thermal conductivity and high durability are the primary properties of interest. In this work, the solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process was used to create layered porosity, called inter-pass boundaries, in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) TBCs. IPBs have been shown to be effective in reducing thermal conductivity. Optimization of the IPB microstructure by the SPPS process produced YSZ TBCs with a thermal conductivity of 0.6 W/mK, an approximately 50% reduction compared to standard air plasma sprayed (APS) coatings. In preliminary tests, SPPS YSZ with IPBs exhibited equal or greater furnace thermal cycles and erosion resistance compared to regular SPPS and commercially made APS YSZ TBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a probabilistic harmonic simulation method to study the power-quality impact of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed method takes into account the random operating characteristics of the vehicles, such as random charging time, charging duration, and vehicle locations. A multiphase model of the primary and secondary systems is used to represent the study system. Extensive case studies have been conducted using the method and the measured EV data. The results reveal that the current versions of plug-in hybrid EVs have no significant harmonic impact on power systems. However, the Level 1 charger can increase the neutral-to-earth voltage at homes which could lead to increased stray voltage incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is Pulmonary Vein Firing an Epiphenomenon? Introduction Rapid firing in pulmonary veins (PVs) is a leading cause of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. We hypothesized that PV firing (PV-F) should continue after circumferential PV isolation (CPVI) because the PV tissue responsible for PV-F remains intact. Methods and Results In Group-1 (n = 92), isoproterenol (ISP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were co-administered to provoke PV-F before and after CPVI. The site of rapid focal discharge that initiated atrial fibrillation (AF) defined PV-F versus non-PV-F. Additional 17 patients with PV-F induced by ISP+ATP before CPVI were enrolled into Group-2 and various pacing maneuvers were used in conjunction to ISP+ATP to provoke PV-F after CPVI. In Group-1, AF was induced in 47/81 (58.0%) and 16/88 (18.2%) patients before and after CPVI, respectively (P < 0.01). Before CPVI, 43/47 (91.5%) of the rapid firing originated from PV. After successful CPVI, 88/92 patients were in sinus rhythm and non-PV-F was induced in 14/88 patients. PV-F was induced in 2/88 patients, which was eliminated by ganglionated plexus ablation outside the CPVI line. In Group-2, various pacing maneuvers with ISP+ATP only induced PV-F in 1/17 patients after CPVI. Conclusion Marked suppression of PV-F after CPVI strongly suggests that the real source of PV-F is located in the atrium. PV-F may be an epiphenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disabling autoimmune disease with characteristics of chronic, progressive inflammatory joint synovial damage, which mainly encroaches upon the synovium of the joint. The use of traditional medicine to treat RA slows the development of RA to a certain extent; however, it often has numerous side-effects. Therefore, the focus of RA research is the identification of a new, safe and effective medicine. The aim of the present study was to use an ultra performance liquid chromatography and photo diode array (UPLC-PDA) method to detect the paeoniflorin component in a Radix Paeoniae Alba decoction and in rat plasma following the oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba decoction. In addition, the effects of paeoniflorin on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats were investigated. The results indicate that a UPLC-PDA method for determining the presence of paeoniflorin in the Radix Paeoniae Alba decoction was successfully established. The method was fast, simple, sensitive, precise and valid. Paeoniflorin was shown to be a bioactive component of the Radix Paeoniae Alba decoction that was absorbed into rat plasma. Paeoniflorin significantly improved the disease resistant ability of RA rats and reduced the levels of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, thereby inhibiting inflammation and bone erosion in the rats with CIA. The observations are likely to lay the foundation for further study of the mechanism of paeoniflorin in the treatment of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Taking into account the load, the load redistribution, and the node capacity, we study the robustness of two interdependent networks and against cascading failures, where each node in network depends on one node in network , and vice versa. We adopt three kinds of link patterns between two interdependent networks, i.e., the assortative link (AL), the disassortative link (DL), the random link (RL), where the RA refers to connect randomly two nodes in networks and , the AL refers to that high-degree (low-degree) nodes in network link high-degree (low-degree) nodes in network, while the DL refers to the fact that high-degree nodes in network link low-degree nodes in network. We investigate the robustness of the interdependent networks constructed by two artificial networks and the power grid, taking into account two stages of the cascading propagation. We numerically find that both the different link patterns and the parameters in the cascading model have important effects on dramatically improving the robustness of the interdependent networks against cascading failures. In addition, we obtain the better link pattern and the matching network structure to effectively avoid the cascading propagation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We give an optimal upper bound for the anti-canonical volume of an ϵ-lc weak log del Pezzo surface. Moreover, we consider the relation between the bound of the volume and the Picard number of the minimal resolution of the surface. Furthermore, we consider blowing up several points on a Hirzebruch surface in general position and give some examples of smooth weak log del Pezzo surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in late pregnancy and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation before delivery. In this prospective observational study, prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation within one week before delivery was compared between 163 pregnant women with depressive symptoms at 33 to 34 weeks of gestation and a computer-generated control group of 163 pregnant healthy women without depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms at 33 to 34 weeks of gestation were significantly related to the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation before delivery after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted OR52.74, 95%CI: 1.23-6.08). Compared to that in the control group, the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was higher in women with depressive symptoms accompanied by higher negative coping (24.2% compared with 7.9%; adjusted OR53.67, 95%CI: 1.47-9.16). Maternal depressive symptoms in late pregnancy are associated with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, and this association could be moderated by maternal coping style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many real-world networks interact with other networks by only several links, for example, transportation networks and aviation networks among cities, internet router network among the different regions, power supply network among cities and so on. Understanding how to protect these coupled networks and improve their robustness against cascading failures is very important. By protecting the edges between coupled networks, we investigate its efficiency on improving the robustness of coupled networks against cascading failures. Fixing the total protective cost of coupled networks, we find that adjusting the capacities of the edges among coupled networks can better improve the robustness of coupled networks against cascading failures and observe that the more uniform the distribution of the edge load, the more effective the protection strategy. In addition, by immunizing the edges among coupled networks, we compare two protecting methods and find that the immunization strategy can better protect coupled networks. Our results are useful not only for how to protect coupled networks from the local perspective, but also for significantly improving the robustness of a single network by protecting some key edges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Fibronectin (FN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is a key factor in the compatibility of dental implant materials. Our objective was to determine the optimal dimensions of microgrooves in the transmucosal part of a dental implant, for optimal absorption of plasma FN and expression of cellular FN by human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Methods: Microgroove titanium surfaces were fabricated by photolithography with parallel grooves: 15 μm, 30 μm, or 60 μm in width and 5 μm or 10 μm in depth. Smooth titanium surfaces were used as controls. Surface hydrophilicity, plasma FN adsorption and cellular FN expression by HGFs were measured for both microgroove and control samples. Results: We found that narrower and deeper microgrooves amplified surface hydrophobic- ity. A 15-mm wide microgroove was the most hydrophobic surface and a 60-mm wide microgroove was the most hydrophilic. The latter had more expression of cellular FN than any other surface, but less absorption of plasma FN than 15-mm wide microgrooves. Variation in microgroove depth did not appear to effect FN absorption or expression unless the groove was narrow (~15 or 30 μm). In those instances, the shallower depths resulted in greater expression of cellular FN. Conclusions: Our microgrooves improved expression of cellular FN, which functionally compensated for plasma FN. A microgroove width of 60 μm and depth of 5 or 10 μm appears to be optimal for the transmucosal part of the dental implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ideal transformer-like (IT-like) magnetic coupling wireless power transfer system is proposed in this article, which can achieve a large constant power and efficiency output over a wide transfer range. First, the general circuit model is presented along with the analysis of fundamental and harmonic current characteristics. Then, the IT-like operation mechanism with a fixed desired secondary-primary current amplitude ratio independent of mutual inductance is proposed, based on which the transfer range capable of both power and efficiency is greatly improved. The corresponding parameter criteria and implementation methods, including the zero-phase-angle mode and the zero-voltage-switching mode are derived and verified in a practical prototype. The experimental results show that the proposed system can take the output power, transfer efficiency, transfer range, and current characteristic into account at the same time, with strong position robustness and high tolerance to variable couplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Morphological novelties, including formation of trait combinations, may result from de novo gene origination and/or co‐option of existing genes into other developmental contexts. A variety of shape–color combinations of capitular florets occur in Chrysanthemum and its allies. We hypothesized that co‐option of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene into the floral symmetry gene network would generate a white zygomorphic ray floret.We tested this hypothesis in an evolutionary context using species in Chrysanthemum sensu lato, a monophyletic group with diverse floral shape–color combinations, based on morphological investigation, interspecific crossing, molecular interaction and transgenic experiments.Our results showed that white color was significantly associated with floret zygomorphy. Specific expression of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene CCD4a in marginal florets resulted in white color. Crossing experiments between Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and Ajania pacifica indicated that expression of CCD4a is trans‐regulated. The floral symmetry regulator CYC2g can activate expression of CCD4a with a dependence on TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING (TCP) binding element 8 on the CCD4a promoter.Based on all experimental findings, we propose that gene co‐option of carotenoid degradation into floral symmetry regulation, and the subsequent dysfunction or loss of either CYC2g or CCD4a, may have led to evolution of capitular shape–color patterning in Chrysanthemum sensu lato. See also the Commentary on this article by Zhang, 236: 800–802. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrated the fabrication of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) in the tapered single-mode fiber by CO 2 laser. The phase-matching curves of the LPFGs inscribed in the tapered fiber with different waist diameters have been studied theoretically and experimentally. When the waist diameter of the tapered fiber decreased from 90 μm to 22 μm, the slope of the phase-matching curve changed dramatically. The refractive index sensitivity can be increased by inscribing the LPFGs in the tapered fiber around the dispersion turning point. A maximum refractive index sensitivity of 21702.78 nm/RIU has been achieved in the range of 1.445–1.457 for the LPFG inscribed in the tapered fiber with a waist diameter of 50 μm. This kind of LPFGs inscribing in the tapered fiber may be a good candidate for the development of refractive index based chemical and biological sensors. • The phase-matching curves of the LPFGs inscribed in the tapered fiber with different waist diameters from 90 μm to 22 μm have been studied. • The maximum SRI sensitivity of 21702.78 nm/RIU in the range of 1.445–1.457 was achieved by the LPFG with a DTP. • The waist length of the tapered fiber can reach 60 mm, enabling the fabrication of tapered fiber LPFGs with high repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor chemoresistance, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is indispensable for maintaining CSC characteristics. Here, we aimed to investigate how the interaction between progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and AHR contributes to the maintenance of CSC phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical data and tissue microarray analyses indicated that patients with elevated PGRMC1 expression had poorer prognoses. Moreover, PGRMC1 overexpression enhanced CSC phenotypes and chemotherapy resistance in vitro and in vivo by modulating AHR ubiquitination. We then determined the specific interaction sites between PGRMC1 and AHR. Mass spectrometry screening identified tripartite motif containing 56 (TRIM56) as the E3 ligase targeting AHR. Notably, PGRMC1 overexpression inhibited the interaction between TRIM56 and AHR. Overall, our study revealed a regulatory mechanism that involves PGRMC1, AHR, and TRIM56, providing insights for developing CSC-targeting strategies in NSCLC treatment. • PGRMC1 promotes stemness phenotypes in NSCLC, leading to poor prognosis. • PGRMC1 interacts with AHR and enhances cancer stem cell markers ABCG2, ALDH1A1 and CD44 via the AHR pathway. • PGRMC1 maintains AHR protein levels by inhibiting its ubiquitination. • TRIM56 is a specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for AHR. • PGRMC1 overexpression inhibits TRIM56 and AHR interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A coupled S-FEM and Lagrangian particle tracking model is presented for the solution of 3D dilute particle-laden flows. • The unified solution of particle-fluid systems on unstructured meshes with multi-type elements based on S-FEM. • A completely new application of S-FEM on multiphase flows. In this study, a coupled solution algorithm for three-dimensional dilute particle-laden flows is proposed by integrating the Lagrangian particle tracking model into the smoothed finite element method (S-FEM). Initially, an unstructured mesh fluid solver with multi-type elements is developed using the cell-based S-FEM (CS-FEM) in the Eulerian framework. Subsequently, a fluid force-driven strategy is employed to trace the particle trajectories based on the Lagrangian approach. Moreover, a one-way coupling strategy is designed to perform the solution of the particle-fluid system. To ensure accurate computation of fluid information at the particle positions, we introduce the spherical mean value interpolation algorithm that is compatible with polyhedral elements, enabling uniform interpolation across different types of elements. The correctness of both the Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers is validated independently using benchmarks. Numerical results, validated by references and the finite volume method (FVM) software Fluent, demonstrate the effective prediction of particle trajectories and distributions by the proposed algorithm. Overall, this algorithm expands the application of CS-FEM to multiphase flows and exhibits its capability to handle practical particle-laden flow problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is potentially fatal, and as society ages, its effects on human health are predicted to deteriorate. The potential function of m6A modifications within COPD has become a hot topic recently. This study was conducted to clarify the function and related mechanisms of the m6A methylation transferase ZC3H13 in COPD. The expression of m6A-associated protease and ITGA6 in COPD tissues was assessed using GEO data, qRT-PCR, and western blot. COPD models in cells and mice were established through cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and smoke exposure. Inflammatory marker levels were measured by ELISA, apoptosis by flow cytometry, and mRNA stability with Actinomycin D assay. m6A modification levels were checked by MeRIP-PCR. HE and Masson staining evaluated lung pathology, and alveolar lavage fluid analysis included total cell count and Giemsa staining. ZC3H13 and METTL3 were differentially expressed m6A regulators in COPD, with ZC3H13 being more significantly upregulated. Further analysis revealed the ZC3H13 expression-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) functions were enriched in the immunoinflammatory pathway, indicating ZC3H13's involvement in COPD pathogenesis through inflammation, and immune responses. Knockdown studies in cellular and mouse models demonstrated ZC3H13's role in exacerbating COPD symptoms, including inflammation, apoptosis, and EMT, and its suppression led to significant improvements. The identification of ITGA6 as a target gene further elucidated the mechanism, showing that ZC3H13 enhances ITGA6 expression and mRNA stability through m6A modification, influencing bronchial epithelial cell inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, targeting ZC3H13/ITGA6 could be an underlying therapeutic approach for treating COPD. • ZC3H13 was upregulated in COPD lung tissues and CSE-stimulated pulmonary cells. • Knockdown of ZC3H13 suppresses m6a levels, inflammation and EMT in COPD mouse model and cellular model. • ZC3H13 promotes m6A modification and stability of ITGA6 mRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Benzothiazole was firstly combined with 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile. • The rupture of "C-CN" and the formation of hydrazone were the sensing mechanism of the probe. • The colorimetric and ratiometric probe could detect hydrazine with good sensitivity and selectivity. • The probe was successfully applied to filter paper for the detection of hydrazine and the imaging of living HepG-2 cells and mouse. Hydrazine plays an important role in chemistry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and aerospace. However, it is not to be underestimated and has been identified as harmful to the human body. Therefore, it is significant and urgent to develop the detection of hydrazine in vivo and in vitro. Here, the probe TAN was synthesized by using benzothiazole derivatives as the fluorophore and 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile as the identified group to detect hydrazine. The presence of hydrazine resulted in a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence response of the probe based on the formation of hydrazone. The detection limit of TAN was 0.31 µM for hydrazine. In addition, the probe TAN was successfully used to visualize hydrazine in living HepG-2 cells and mouse with low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni amorphous filler metal was fabricated and applied to vacuum brazing of TiAl alloy and Ni-based superalloy (GH536). The effects of brazing temperature on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were analyzed. Three different regions, the isothermal solidification layer Ⅰ, continuous reaction layer Ⅱ and continuous diffusion layer Ⅲ, were formed in the joints after brazing. The SEM and EDS results show that brazing temperature plays an important role in element diffusion, microstructure evolution and metallurgical quality of brazed joints, while the thickness of layer Ⅱ and Ⅲ was basically not affected by brazing temperature. The obtained joints showed excellent shear strength both at room temperature and elevated temperature. With the increase of brazing temperature, the shear strength of joints at room temperature firstly increased and then decreased. The optimal shear strength of 279 MPa was obtained after brazing at 1100 °C for 10 min. With the increase of test temperature, the shear strength of joints obtained at 1110 °C/10 min firstly decreased, then increased, and decreased again, with the maximum value of 156 MPa at 600 °C. The shear fracture mainly occurred in the thinnest layer Ⅱ and the fracture morphology exhibited typical cleavage fracture characteristics. • A novel Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni amorphous filler metal was fabricated to vacuum braze TiAl alloy and Ni-based superalloy (GH536). • The joints brazed at 1110 °C for 10 min obtain the maximum shear strength of 279 MPa at room temperature. • The cracks mainly originate between AlNi2Ti and Al3NiTi2 phases owing to their non-coherent relationship, and propagate along Al3NiTi2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HOCl, as one of reactive oxygen species, could cause tissue damage and induce various disease when it is at abnormal level or improper location. To monitor HOCl, we developed a near infrared ratiometric fluorescence probe C3H, which is capable to detect HOCl in real time. This probe gives two emission signals with no cross-talk in the process of monitoring HOCl, accompanied by a considerable variation (up to 348-fold) in its fluorescence intensity ratio (F 480 nm /F 750 nm). Additionally, probe C3H exhibited excellent properties such as fast response (<10 s), high sensitivity with a low detection limit (about 22.6 nM), high selectivity and anti-interference. Moreover, the probe possesses the capability of monitoring exogenous and endogenous HOCl in mitochondria. Finally, nude mouse imaging experiments show that the probe can detect exogenous ClO− in vivo. • A NIR fluorescence probe C3H for ratiometric detection of ClO- in mitochondria was synthesized. • C3H displayed two emissions at 480 nm and 750 nm with zero cross-talk. • C3H has ability to fast (response time <10 s) and sensitively (LOD = 22.6 nm) detect ClO-. • C3H could be applied for monitoring exogenous and endogenous ClO-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Unmodeled dynamics recovery of a hidden degradation model. • Improving the accuracy of model-based failure prognostics. • Integrating data-driven model with physics-based degradation model. • Practical application to failure prognostics of miter gates. Understanding the degradation of the quoin block is vital for failure prognostics in miter gates. Due to the complicated degradation mechanism, degradation models based on simplifications and assumptions cannot accurately describe the damage evolution. It is observed that small errors in a simplified degradation model can lead to a large discrepancy in the remaining useful life estimation attributed to error accumulation over time. Aiming to address this issue in failure prognostics, this paper presents a dynamic model correction framework for a simplified degradation model using strain measurements. In the proposed framework, a polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) model is employed to compensate the missing physics in a simplified stochastic degradation model. A maximum likelihood estimation method is developed to estimate the uncertain parameters of the simplified physics-based degradation model along with the unknown PCE model parameters using strain measurements as the observables. The updated damage degradation model is then applied to failure prognostics of a miter gate. Results of a case study show that the proposed approach can effectively improve the accuracy of failure prognostics in miter gates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic metal, capable of severely damaging several organs, including the brain. Studies have shown that Cd disrupts intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis, leading to apoptosis in a variety of cells including primary murine neurons. Calcium is a ubiquitous intracellular ion which acts as a signaling mediator in numerous cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival/death. However, little is known about the role of calcium signaling in Cd-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells. Thus we investigated the role of calcium signaling in Cd-induced apoptosis in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons. Consistent with known toxic properties of Cd, exposure of cerebral cortical neurons to Cd caused morphological changes indicative of apoptosis and cell death. It also induced elevation of [Ca2+]i and inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities. This Cd-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i was suppressed by an IP3R inhibitor, 2-APB, suggesting that ER-regulated Ca2+ is involved. In addition, we observed elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, dysfunction of cytochrome oxidase subunits (COX-I/II/III), depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) during Cd exposure. Z-VAD-fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor, partially prevented Cd-induced apoptosis and cell death. Interestingly, apoptosis, cell death and these cellular events induced by Cd were blocked by BAPTA-AM, a specific intracellular Ca2+ chelator. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed an up-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulated expression of Bax. However, these were not blocked by BAPTA-AM. Thus Cd toxicity is in part due to its disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, by compromising ATPases activities and ER-regulated Ca2+, and this elevation in Ca2+ triggers the activation of the Ca2+-mitochondria apoptotic signaling pathway. This study clarifies the signaling events underlying Cd neurotoxicity, and suggests that regulation of Cd-disrupted [Ca2+]i homeostasis may be a new strategy for prevention of Cd-induced neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To machine a noncoaxial nonaxisymmetric aspheric lens, a new parallel grinding method that employs a fixture with an adjustable gradient (AGF) is proposed. The AGF is developed for a three-axis computer numerically controlled grinding machine. The grinding method is presented according to the proposed grinding system. To ensure the machining accuracy, the main machining errors and the compensation algorithm are discussed for the grinding method using the AGF. Simulation results show that the AGF rotation errors are crucial factors affecting the profile error of the machined workpiece. Experimental results show that employing the compensation algorithm increases machining accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From roughly 1985 through the start of the new millennium, the cutting edge of solution protein nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was to a significant extent driven by the aspiration to determine structures. Here we survey recent advances in protein NMR that herald a renaissance in which a number of its most important applications reflect the broad problem-solving capability displayed by this method during its classical era during the 1970s and early 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) was initiated by rapid firing from left superior pulmonary vein (PV) by administration of isoproterenol (ISP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) before ablation. After successful isolation of all PVs, ISP and ATP were administered again. PVs were still isolated but an episode of rapid firing was observed inside the left PV isolation line during sinus rhythm. Radiofrequency energy was then delivered to the areas of superior left ganglionated plexus (GP) and inferior left GP. Then, PV firing could no longer be initiated. It suggests additional GP ablation may have additional benefit to circumferential PV isolation, to reduce the incidence of AF recurrence. (PACE 2012; 35:e316-e319) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To search for factors promoting bone fracture repair, we investigated the effects of extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) on the adhesion, spreading, and migration of osteoblasts and its specific underlying cellular mechanisms. After a single period of stimulation by 10 kV (500 impulses) of shock wave (SW), the adhesion rate was increased as compared with the vehicle control. The data from both wound healing and transwell tests confirmed an acceleration in the migration of osteoblasts by SW treatment. RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and Western blotting showed that SW rapidly increased the surface expression of β5 andβ1 subunit integrins, indicating that integrin β1 acted as an early signal for ESW-induced osteoblast adhesion and migration. It has also been found that a significant elevation occurred in the expression of phosphorylated β-catenin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at the site of tyrosine 397 in response to SW stimulation after the increasing expression of the integrin β1 molecule. When siRNAs of integrin α5 and β1 subunit were added, the level of FAK phosphorylation elevated by SW declined. Interestingly, the adhesion and migration of osteoblasts were decreased when these siRNA reagents as well as the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059, were present. Further studies demonstrated that U0126 could inhibit the downstream integrin-dependent signaling pathways, such as the FAK signaling pathway, whereas it had no influence on the synthesis of integrin β1 molecule. In conclusion, these data suggest that ESW promotes the adhesion and migration of osteoblasts via integrin β1-mediated expression of phosphorylated FAK at the Tyr-397 site; in addition, ERK1/2 are also important for osteoblast adhesion, spreading, migration, and integrin expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of ovanectomy (OVX) on rat mandibular bone, the physicochemical compositions of mandibular cortical bone of ovariectomy and sham operated rats 2, 4, and 8 months after surgery were compared using Raman spectroscopy. With principal component analysis and linear discrianinant analysis based on the Reman spectra, the mandibular cortical bone of the OVX group was dearly distinguished from that of the sham-operated group 8 months after surgery with no overlap. Specifically, significant reductions in the mineral-to-matrix ratio and full width at half~maximum as well as a significant increase in the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio were observed in the mandibular cortical bone of the OVX group. Results support the hypothesis that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive enough to distinguish between OVX and sham-operated mandibles with multivariate analysis by detecting the chemical composition of the mandibular cortical bone. The parameters mineral-to- matrix ratio, carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, and full width at halimaximum can appropriately characterize changes in the chemical composition of the mandibular cortical bone after OVX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A bridged azobenzene was recently found by Siewertsen et al. to exhibit highly efficient photoisomerization through nπ∗ absorption. In the work of the present Letter, cis-to-trans photoisomerization of this molecule in the gas phase was examined in detail via density-functional-based dynamical simulations. Our results indicate that rotation around the central NN bond is the dominant mechanism when this reaction proceeds via nπ∗ excitation, and the bridging feature was found not to hinder the rotation. Nonadiabatic de-excitation occurred at an avoided crossing between the ground state and lowest singlet excited state near the midpoint of the rotational pathway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For nonresonant femtosecond-scale laser pulses, we showed earlier that the optimum FWHM pulse duration is 0.42 T if one wishes to achieve maximum relative excitation of a specific vibrational mode with period T. Here we show that much greater enhancement of a specific mode can be achieved with a sequence of laser pulses which have both this optimized duration and optimized delays between pulses. One can thus enhance a selected set of modes that are particularly useful in identifying or characterizing a chemical system, to lift them out of the background of less informative modes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Conclusion: Fas ligand (FasL) gene therapy may provide a new efficient therapeutic model for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Acid ceramidase (AC) may not play an important role in the sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines to Fas-induced apoptosis. Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of FasL gene therapy for HNSCC in vitro and to determine whether the expression of AC in different kinds of HNSCC cell lines is related to the sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines to Fas-mediated apoptotic induction. Methods: Three HNSCC cell lines (Hep-2, MMSI, and SCCVII) were transfected with pEGFP-FasL, a plasmid containing a modified human FasL gene fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). pEGFP-C1, a plasmid containing the GFP gene alone, was used as a control. Cell death was observed by fluorescence imaging and quantified using a tetrazolium-based (MTS) assay. SCCVII cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the presence of apoptotic induction. Hep-2 and MMSI cells were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate the expression of AC. Results: Transfection of pEGFP-FasL plasmid was shown to be able to induce cell death, the sensitivity of Fas-mediated apoptosis in HNSCC was different, and the level of AC did not correlate with the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent breakthroughs in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided a novel renewable source of cells with embryonic stem cell-like properties, which may potentially be used for gene therapy and tissue engineering. Although iPSCs have been differentiated into various cell types, iPSC-derived keratinocytes have not yet been obtained. In this study, we report the in vitro differentiation of mouse iPSCs into a keratinocyte lineage through sequential applications of retinoic acid and bone-morphogenetic protein-4 and growth on collagen IV-coated plates. We show that iPSCs can be differentiated into functional keratinocytes capable of regenerating a fully differentiated epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands in an in vivo environment. Keratinocytes derived from iPSCs displayed characteristics similar to those of primary keratinocytes with respect to gene and protein expression, as well as their ability to differentiate in vitro and to reconstitute normal skin and its appendages in an in vivo assay. At present, no effective therapeutic treatments are available for many genetic skin diseases. The development of methods for the efficient differentiation of iPSCs into a keratinocyte lineage will enable us to determine whether genetically corrected autologous iPSCs can be used to generate a permanent corrective therapy for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic disorder in women. To identify causative genes, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PCOS in Han Chinese. The discovery set included 744 PCOS cases and 895 controls; subsequent replications involved two independent cohorts (2,840 PCOS cases and 5,012 controls from northern Han Chinese; 498 cases and 780 controls from southern and central Han Chinese). We identified strong evidence of associations between PCOS and three loci: 2p16.3 (rs13405728; combined P-value by meta-analysis Pmeta = 7.55 × 10−21, odds ratio (OR) 0.71); 2p21 (rs13429458, Pmeta = 1.73 × 10−23, OR 0.67); and 9q33.3 (rs2479106, Pmeta = 8.12 × 10−19, OR 1.34). These findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of PCOS. Follow-up studies of the candidate genes in these regions are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A composite coagulant was prepared by magnetic nanoparticles and polyferric chloride (PFC) for Microcystis aeruginosa removal. The magnetic nanoparticles and composite coagulant were characterized in terms of typical properties, structure and morphological analysis (TEM, XRD and FTIR). The coagulation performances of magnetic nanoparticles/PFC (MPFC) and PFC were compared under different pH conditions and coagulant dosages. Natural water spiked with M. aeruginosa cells was also investigated to study the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on the function of magnetic nanoparticles. The results show that the composite coagulant exhibits improved coagulation efficiency with higher removal values and slighter pH dependence. The better performance could be attributed to the co-effect of PFC and magnetic nanoparticles. The newly added magnetite acts as an adsorber, which favors the M. aeruginosa removal by facilitating the formation of settleable flocs and reducing the negative influence of NOM at optimal dosages. In addition, settling kinetic studies present accelerated settling velocity of MPFC under external magnetic field, emphasising the role plays by magnetic nanoparticles in promoting the coagulation efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case study of a 12-year-old girl with giant herniation of an intervertebral disc calcification in the thoracic spine. The girl had tenderness at the spinous processes of T2 and T3 with paraspinal muscle spasm and the spinal motions were extremely painful. She was initially treated with bed rest for three months and the pain disappeared completely in ten months. It discusses intervertebral disc calcification in childhood as an uncommon and distinct disease of unknown cause.

Background: This study aims to describe significant left atrial appendage activation following ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation, and explore its relationship with aggressive septal ablation. Methods and Results: Significant left atrial appendage activation delay was found in 23 out of 201 patients undergoing persistent atrial fibrillation ablation. Of them, 14 were found in their index procedures, of whom septal line ablation was performed in nine (odds ratio 15.2, 95% confidence interval 4.6–50.8, P < 0.001). Another nine were found during their redo procedures (including two with biatrial activation dissociation), all of whom received extensive left septal complex fractionated electrograms ablation in their prior procedures (P = 0.002) . Electrocardiograph showed split P wave with the latter component merged into the QRS wave. Activation mapping demonstrated the earliest breakthrough of the left atrium changed to coronary sinus in 18 (85.7%) patients. After 1 month, the mitral A wave velocity was 18.2 ± 17.0 cm/s, and decreased significantly as compared with preablation (20.2 ± 19.1 vs 58.2 ± 17.9 cm/s, P = 0.037) in patients undergoing redo procedures. Fourteen (60.9%) remained arrhythmia-free during follow-up for 10.6 ± 6.2 months. Conclusion: Septal line ablation and extensive septal complex fractionated electrograms ablation are correlated with significant left atrial activation delay or even biatrial activation dissociation, and should be performed with prudent consideration. (PACE 2010; 33:652–660) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We predict that photocyclization of trans-stilbene to 4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) can be achieved with a femtosecond-scale laser pulse. Specifically, we have performed dynamical simulations in which the original trans-stilbene molecule is observed first to isomerize to cis-stilbene (as an excited-state intermediate) after more than one picosecond, and then to form a new bond to become DHP, after a few hundred additional femtoseconds. The process is initiated by excitation from the electronic state to , with subsequent de-excitation at avoided crossings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Noninducibility of atrial fibrillation (AF) by additional electrograms-guided ablation may benefit the clinical outcome. This report illustrates the effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) injection on AF inducibility after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation. AF was triggered twice by ATP without PV reconnection. Meanwhile, complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) were observed, and ablation targets on these sites appeared to be essential to the AF elimination. It suggests that CFAEs may contribute to the initiation of some AF. ATP may be useful to induce AF after proven PV isolation, and further ablation might be necessary to ensure efficacy after circumferential PV isolation. (PACE 2010; 33:248–251) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unique and novel octanuclear silver(I) cluster compound, [Ag 8 (ADC) 4 ] n ( 1 ) (H 2 ADC = 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic acid), has been synthesized and characterized. Compound 1 exhibits significant Ag–Ag interactions to form 2D infinite silver layers with multiple unsaturated Ag atoms. Moreover, Luminescent investigations show that 1 can exhibit highly selective response to Cr 2 O 7 2 − through luminescence quenching effect in aqueous solution, which make its good candidate as luminescent sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF (PAF) is limited by an unacceptable recurrence rate, mainly due to pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection. Strategies to minimize reconnection include adenosine infusion and also a waiting period of 30 minutes after PV isolation. The aim of the present study was to assess whether these two strategies revealed the same conduction gap. Methods and Results: In total, 88 consecutive patients (54 males, mean age of 60 years) with drug refractory PAF underwent circumferential PV isolation (CPVI). After isolation of ipsilateral PVs, with entry and exit block checked using a circular mapping catheter, 20 mg ATP was injected during isoproterenol infusion to reveal dormant conduction gap(s). Unless the reconnection revealed by ATP persisted, PVs were further remapped with the circular mapping catheter at 30 minutes postisolation. Totally, PV reconnection was observed in 56 (64%) patients. 24.3% veins (80/329) were found reconnected. Reassessment at 30 minutes postablation was more efficient as compared to ATP induction (19.8% vs 14.6% for ATP). The agreement between these 2 methods is moderate (kappa value = 0.50). In veins that transiently reconnected after ATP administration and later observed at 30 minutes postablation, 94% (17 of 19) of them were found being reconnected with the same gap. Conclusion: Acute PV reconnection is common, occurring in 64% of patients, as detected by adenosine infusion and waiting time. Each shows a unique quality as compared to one another. The combined use of these 2 methods may reduce the AF recurrence rate after CPVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the 3D structures of active and inactive cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2) are available, neither the X-ray crystal nor the cryo-EM structure of CB2-orthosteric ligand-modulator has been resolved, prohibiting the drug discovery and development of CB2 allosteric modulators (AMs). In the present work, we mainly focused on investigating the potential allosteric binding site(s) of CB2. We applied different algorithms or tools to predict the potential allosteric binding sites of CB2 with the existing agonists. Seven potential allosteric sites can be observed for either CB2-CP55940 or CB2-WIN 55,212-2 complex, among which sites B, C, G and K are supported by the reported 3D structures of Class A GPCRs coupled with AMs. Applying our novel algorithm toolset-MCCS, we docked three known AMs of CB2 including Ec2la (C-2), trans-β-caryophyllene (TBC) and cannabidiol (CBD) to each site for further comparisons and quantified the potential binding residues in each allosteric binding site. Sequentially, we selected the most promising binding pose of C-2 in five allosteric sites to conduct the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on the results of docking studies and MD simulations, we suggest that site H is the most promising allosteric binding site. We plan to conduct bio-assay validations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN, Heterodera schachtii) is an important nematode that causes significant yield losses of 25–50% or more in most areas of sugar beet production worldwide. Rapid and accurate identification of this species is essential to support decisions on pest management. However, the difference between H. schachtii and other Heterodera spp. based on morphology is a challenging task. In the present study, a SCAR-PCR assay was developed to identify and differentiate H. schachtii in infected root and soil samples. H. schachtii-species-specific SCAR-PCR primers OPA06-HsF and OPA06-HsR were designed from the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker amplified with random primer OPA06. The developed primers specifically amplify a 922-bp fragment from the target populations but did not amplify DNA from non-target cyst nematodes including Heterodera, Globodera, Cactodera, and other related species tested in this study. The sensitivity detection indicated that 5 × 10−4 of a single cyst, 1/320 of a single second-stage juvenile (J2), or 10 pg of genomic DNA could be detected. The assay accurately identifies the different stages of H. schachtii in sugar beet and oilseed rape roots as well as a single J2 in 10 g of soil. Finally, the SCAR-PCR assay detected H. schachtii in seven samples out of the fifteen field samples. The assay will not only be useful for differentiating H. schachtii from mixed populations of Heterodera spp. but also for effective detection of the species directly from infested samples. The assay also requires no expertise in the taxonomy and morphology of the species but serves to improve the diagnosis of H. schachtii in infested fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viscosity of crude oil is extremely high at low temperature and transporting crude oil through pipelines consumes a lot of energy. Reducing the viscosity of crude oil can save a large amount of energy and have significant economic benefits. In this study, the viscosity reduction effects of four types of crude oils by applying an external magnetic field at 5 °C was studied. Experimental results show that at low temperature, high intensity magnetic field can not only reduce the viscosity of high waxy crude oil, but also decrease the viscosity of heavy oil with high content of heavy components. When the maximum magnetic flux density is 1T, the maximum viscosity reduction rates of the four crude oils was 13.29%, 26.88%, 14.44% and 18.72%, respectively. An empirical formula was proposed to describe the variation of crude oil viscosity with magnetic field and to predict the existence of viscosity reduction limit. The mechanism of viscosity change is ascribed to the change of microscopic aggregation of suspended particles in oil. The thickening phenomenon of some crude oils under magnetic field is due to the polarized chains of aggregation crosses the upper and lower plates. This research shows that it has great potentials of utilize magnetic field viscosity reduction to help crude oil pipelines transportation at low temperature. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a fiber torsion sensor based on double-helix long-period grating (DH-LPG) written in a tapered polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF). A series of DH-LPGs were fabricated in the tapered PMFs with waist diameters of 85 to 67 μ m by a CO 2 -laser heating and twisting system. The torsion, temperature and surrounding refractive index sensing characteristics were investigated experimentally. Thanks to the special structures combined DH-LPGs with tapered PMFs, the proposed sensor can realize directional torsion measurement. The maximum torsion sensitivity of the proposed grating could be up to -2.28 nm/(rad/m) when the tapered waist diameter was 67 μ m. The DH-LPGs have potential application in field of all-fiber high sensitivity directional torsion sensing. • Novel and repeatable fabrication methods for double-helix long-period gratings. • Detailed analysis in the sensing characteristics with various waist diameters. • Available for vector torsion measurements. • High torsion sensitivities and wide measurable twist rate ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) is a genetically heterogenous disorder that leads to hypergonadotropic ovarian failure and infertility. We screened 100 Chinese women with POF for mutations in the oocyte-specific gene FIGLA and identified three variants in four women: missense mutation c.11C → A (p.A4E) was found in two women; deletion c. 15-36 del (p.G6fsX66), resulting in a frameshift that leads to haploinsufficiency, was found in one woman; and deletion c.419-421 delACA (p.140 delN) was found in one. Functional analyses by the yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that the p.140 delN mutation disrupted FIGLA binding to the TCF3 helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain. Our findings show that a subset of Chinese women with sporadic, premature ovarian failure harbor mutations in FIGLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A sensitive and novel DNA electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the transgenic plants gene fragment by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was presented. The well-dispersed carboxylic group-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were dripped onto the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface firstly, and poly-l-lysine films (pLys) were subsequently electropolymerized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to prepare pLys/SWNTs/CPE. The morphology of pLys/SWNTs films was examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pLys/SWNTs films modified electrode exhibited very good conductivity. DNA probes were easily immobilized on the poly-l-lysine films via electrostatic adsorption. The hybridization events were monitored with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as indicator. The PAT gene fragment from phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene was detected by this DNA electrochemical sensor. The dynamic detection range of this sensor to the PAT gene fragment was from 1.0×10−12 to 1.0×10−7 mol/L. A detection limit of 3.1×10−13 mol/L could be estimated. The PCR amplification of NOS gene from the sample of a kind of transgenic modified bean was also detected satisfactorily by EIS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

KRT75 (formerly known as K6hf) is one of the isoforms of the keratin 6 (KRT6) family located within the type II cytokeratin gene cluster on chromosome 12 of humans and chromosome 15 of mice. KRT75 is expressed in the companion layer and upper germinative matrix region of the hair follicle, the medulla of the hair shaft, and in epithelia of the nail bed. Dominant mutations in members of the KRT6 family, such as in KRT6A and KRT6B cause pachyonychia congenita (PC) -1 and -2, respectively. To determine the function of KRT75 in skin appendages, we introduced a dominant mutation into a highly conserved residue in the helix initiation peptide of Krt75. Mice expressing this mutant form of Krt75 developed hair and nail defects resembling PC. This mouse model provides in vivo evidence for the critical roles played by Krt75 in maintaining hair shaft and nail integrity. Furthermore, the phenotypes observed in our mutant Krt75 mice suggest that KRT75 may be a candidate gene for screening PC patients who do not exhibit obvious mutations in KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT16, or KRT17, especially those with extensive hair involvement.Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2008) 128, 270–279; doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701038; published online 13 September 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]