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This research unveils a transformative methodology for fabricating flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs), focusing on the unique attributes of filter paper substrates. A meticulous parametric exploration scrutinizes critical aspects such as buckling resistance, charging current, plating time, and electrode configurations for copper electroplating. Key findings highlight the exceptional stability of copper electroplating on filter paper, exhibiting robust resistance against environmental variations and bending angles spanning +180° to −180°. Utilizing higher pencil grade material and maintaining a minimum 4 cm distance with a voltage range of 3 to 1.44 V ensures uniform, controlled plating without burning, optimizing the electrode area below 1 cm2 for enhanced practicality. The research underscores the longevity and durability of copper‐plated filter paper, with negligible resistance changes even after 1000 folds. Over a year, the shelf‐life assessment emphasizes the excellent stability of electroplated filter paper. Practical applications, including fully functional circuits and a bio‐degradable piano, underscore the versatility and real‐world feasibility of the proposed electroplating technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An invisible layer of knowledge is progressively growing with the emergence of situated visualizations and reality-based information retrieval systems. In essence, digital content will overlap with real-world entities, eventually providing insights into the surrounding environment and useful information for the user. The implementation of such a vision may appear close, but many subtle details separate us from its fulfillment. This kind of implementation, as the overlap between rendered virtual annotations and the camera's real-world view, requires different computer vision paradigms for object recognition and tracking which often require high computing power and large-scale datasets of images. Nevertheless, these resources are not always available, and in some specific domains, the lack of an appropriate reference dataset could be disruptive for a considered task. In this particular scenario, we here consider the problem of wine recognition to support an augmented reading of their labels. In fact, images of wine bottle labels may not be available as wineries periodically change their designs, product information regulations may vary, and specific bottles may be rare, making the label recognition process hard or even impossible. In this work, we present augmented wine recognition, an augmented reality system that exploits optical character recognition paradigms to interpret and exploit the text within a wine label, without requiring any reference image. Our experiments show that such a framework can overcome the limitations posed by image retrieval-based systems while exhibiting a comparable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li–O2 batteries have garnered significant attention owing to an ultrahigh theoretical energy density; however, practical applications remain hindered by sluggish cathode reaction kinetics. Among various strategies to overcome these limitations, conductive metal–organic frameworks (c-MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation electrocatalysts due to abundant active metal sites, high electrical conductivity, and ordered in-plane porous structures. In this study, a bimetallic Ni1.5Cu1.5(HHTP)2 framework was grown in situ on carbon paper (CP), yielding a cathode with exceptional performance. Specifically, the Ni1.5Cu1.5(HHTP)2/CP cathode exhibits a high specific discharge capacity of 8367 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and demonstrates excellent stability by sustaining for over 40 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g−1 with a cut-off specific capacity of 500 mA h g−1. This bimetallic c-MOF strategy offers a novel pathway and deeper insights into the design and development of MOF-based electrocatalysts for Li–O2 batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vicenta Maturana (1793–1859) was a Spanish writer who published most of her work, both in prose and verse, in the first half of the nineteenth century. Scholars, who have rescued the author from oblivion in recent years, have considered her a transitional poet and writer between the poetry of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and the form of romanticism that emerged in the first third of the following century. Despite the new contributions, her poetic work has not yet been studied as a whole in order to clarify the author's stylistic affiliations. This paper addresses the themes and style of this writer in her poetry in verse through the three editions she published during her lifetime. This aims to clarify the assumed poetic evolution of the author from the models of the mature Enlightenment to the first manifestations of romanticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings to light a forgotten Latin poem, 'In quendam qui ebrius in vrbe Moscua periculū fecerit fortitudinis in imagines camini'/ 'On a Certain Man Who, While Being Drunk in the City of Moscow, Tested His Mettle Against Some Images on a Stove' by Richard James (1592–1638), a Jacobean traveller, diplomat and polymath. Between 1618 and 1620 James participated in an English legation to Muscovy. The main product of his extensive stay was his diary, containing the first Russian–English dictionary, remarks about Russian culture and six Russian folk songs. However, James' contribution to Russian–English literary relations – which was greater than is usually cited – includes a connection to Spain. His notebook also contained English and Latin poems, some dealing with Russia and Russian affairs, among them the epigram cited above, a facetious, mock-epic description of the wanton acts of some Russian drunkard, who attacked an image with a sword. The poet likens him to 'pistilli equitem' (the Knight of the Burning Pestle) and 'Iberum Kishotum' (Don Quixote) an allusion that can be safely placed among the top 40 earliest literary references to Don Quixote in England, and is definitely the earliest reference to Cervantes' character on Russian soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the contamination of paper and board (P&B) food packaging materials poses significant challenges due to the sensitivity limits of analytical methods and the low precision of sampling processes. This study aims to enhance the understanding of P&B food packaging contamination by investigating the distribution of contaminants at different scales using a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. A total of 36 substances were targeted, including phthalates, photoinitiators, and bisphenol A. Key findings reveal that intra-packaging variability can lead to concentration variations by a factor of 2–7. Recycled materials generally exhibit higher contamination levels, with concentrations of certain contaminants reaching up to 700 mg/kg. Microscopy, including confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Raman micro-spectroscopy, enabled the identification and differentiation of contaminants, highlighting specific marker molecules and characteristic Raman bands. The study underscores the necessity of comprehensive sampling strategies, advocating for the grinding of entire packaging to obtain representative samples. The introduction of contamination "fingerprints," based on occurrences and correlations between concentrations, offers a promising approach for hazard identification and risk assessment. Overall, the findings contribute to the development of safer and more sustainable food packaging solutions, emphasizing the need for improved analytical techniques and standardized sampling methods in the context of increasing use of recycled materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation disorders can lead to dangerous bleeding or clot formation. Since centralized laboratories cannot provide rapid results for timely treatment intervention in patients with coagulation disorders, the existence of coagulation sensors for the general public is necessary. The purpose of the present research is to design and fabricate a novel, portable, low-cost, paper-based colorimetric sensor for measuring blood prothrombin time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decision-making in emergency settings is inherently complex, requiring surgeons to rapidly evaluate various clinical, diagnostic, and environmental factors. The primary objective is to assess a patient's risk for adverse outcomes while balancing diagnoses, management strategies, and available resources. Recently, indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has emerged as a valuable tool to enhance surgical vision, demonstrating proven benefits in elective surgeries. Aim: This consensus paper provides evidence-based and expert opinion-based recommendations for the standardized use of ICG fluorescence imaging in emergency settings. Methods: Using the PICO framework, the consensus coordinator identified key research areas, topics, and questions regarding the implementation of ICG fluorescence-guided surgery in emergencies. A systematic literature review was conducted, and evidence was evaluated using the GRADE criteria. A panel of expert surgeons reviewed and refined statements and recommendations through a Delphi consensus process, culminating in final approval. Results: ICG fluorescence imaging, including angiography and cholangiography, improves intraoperative decision-making in emergency surgeries, potentially reducing procedure duration, complications, and hospital stays. Optimal use requires careful consideration of dosage and timing due to limited tissue penetration (5–10 mm) and variable performance in patients with significant inflammation, scarring, or obesity. ICG is contraindicated in patients with known allergies to iodine or iodine-based contrast agents. Successful implementation depends on appropriate training, availability of equipment, and careful patient selection. Conclusions: Advanced technologies and intraoperative navigation techniques, such as ICG fluorescence-guided surgery, should be prioritized in emergency surgery to improve outcomes. This technology exemplifies precision surgery by enhancing minimally invasive approaches and providing superior real-time evaluation of bowel viability and biliary structures—areas traditionally reliant on the surgeon's visual assessment. Its adoption in emergency settings requires proper training, equipment availability, and standardized protocols. Further research is needed to evaluate cost-effectiveness and expand its applications in urgent surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "A Joke in a German Paper" delves into a neglected reference in D. H. Lawrence's essay "Do Women Change," exploring Lawrence's reassurance to male readers about women's fundamental character amidst societal transformations. The research uncovers Lawrence's reference to a comic in the German magazine Jugend, shedding light on his inspiration and writing process. By examining archival materials, the study highlights the lasting impact of Jugend on Lawrence's journalistic work and calls for a deeper exploration of his engagement with such texts for a comprehensive understanding of his ideas and writings. [Extracted from the article]

BackgroundMethodsFindingsThe rapid growth of artificial intelligence in healthcare is transforming how nurses deliver care and make clinical decisions. From supporting diagnostics to providing virtual health assistants, artificial intelligence offers new ways to enhance patient outcomes and streamline healthcare processes. However, these advancements also bring challenges, particularly around ethics, potential biases, and ensuring technology complements rather than replaces human expertise.A discussion paper designed to break down key artificial intelligence terms and demonstrate real-world applications to guide nurses to develop the skills needed to navigate this evolving technological landscape.This discussion emphasises the importance of maintaining the critical role of human clinical judgment, highlighting that artificial intelligence should support nurses’ expertise rather than diminish it. The need for continuous education to keep nurses equipped with the knowledge to effectively integrate artificial intelligence into their practice is argued. With an inclusive approach, artificial intelligence has the potential to become a powerful tool that supports nurses in improving patient care while preserving the essential human touch in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Blastomycosis is an environmentally acquired fungal infection that can result in severe pulmonary illness and high hospitalization rates. In 2023, a blastomycosis outbreak was detected among workers at a paper mill in Delta County, Michigan. Methods We included patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of blastomycosis who had spent ≥40 hours in Delta County since 1 September 2022 and had illness onset 1 December 2022–1 July 2023. We assessed epidemiological and clinical features of patients and evaluated factors associated with hospitalization. We performed whole-genome sequencing to characterize genetic relatedness of clinical isolates from 8 patients. Results In total, 131 patients were identified; all had worked at or visited the mill. Sixteen patients (12%) were hospitalized; 1 died. Compared with nonhospitalized patients, more hospitalized patients had diabetes (P =.03) and urine antigen titers above the lower limit of quantification (P <.001). Hospitalized patients were also more likely to have had ≥1 healthcare visits before receiving a blastomycosis diagnostic test (P =.02) and to have been treated with antibiotics prior to antifungal prescription (P =.001). All sequenced isolates were identified as Blastomyces gilchristii and clustered into a distinct outbreak cluster. Conclusions This was the largest documented blastomycosis outbreak in the United States. Epidemiologic evidence indicated exposures occurred at or near the mill, and genomic findings suggested a common exposure source. Patients with diabetes may have increased risk of hospitalization, and elevated urine antigen titers could indicate greater disease severity. Early suspicion of blastomycosis may prompt earlier diagnosis and treatment, potentially reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI models are criticized as being black boxes, potentially subjecting climate science to greater uncertainty. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has been proposed to probe AI models and increase trust. In this review and perspective paper, we suggest that, in addition to using XAI methods, AI researchers in climate science can learn from past successes in the development of physics-based dynamical climate models. Dynamical models are complex but have gained trust because their successes and failures can sometimes be attributed to specific components or sub-models, such as when model bias is explained by pointing to a particular parameterization. We propose three types of understanding as a basis to evaluate trust in dynamical and AI models alike: (1) instrumental understanding, which is obtained when a model has passed a functional test; (2) statistical understanding, obtained when researchers can make sense of the modeling results using statistical techniques to identify input–output relationships; and (3) component-level understanding, which refers to modelers' ability to point to specific model components or parts in the model architecture as the culprit for erratic model behaviors or as the crucial reason why the model functions well. We demonstrate how component-level understanding has been sought and achieved via climate model intercomparison projects over the past several decades. Such component-level understanding routinely leads to model improvements and may also serve as a template for thinking about AI-driven climate science. Currently, XAI methods can help explain the behaviors of AI models by focusing on the mapping between input and output, thereby increasing the statistical understanding of AI models. Yet, to further increase our understanding of AI models, we will have to build AI models that have interpretable components amenable to component-level understanding. We give recent examples from the AI climate science literature to highlight some recent, albeit limited, successes in achieving component-level understanding and thereby explaining model behavior. The merit of such interpretable AI models is that they serve as a stronger basis for trust in climate modeling and, by extension, downstream uses of climate model data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College health services are uniquely situated to reduce barriers that have historically made it difficult for Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) people to access care. The Big 10 Gender Care Coalition recognizes the importance of providing gender-affirming care and presents recommendations for integrative, inclusive college health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note, we first indicate that any 0-inversive semigroup with a least non-zero idempotent has no proper divisors of 0. Moreover, we introduce the notion of a homo-left-group and generalize a variety of results of Mitsch and Petrich. These obtained statements seem to be new even for the class of all regular and finite semigroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality technology has been widely applied in the field of mental health research. However, to date, no study has employed bibliometric methods to systematically analyze the application of virtual reality in mental health. By searching the Web of Science Core Collection, we have summarized the top 100 cited papers in this field and conducted the first bibliometric study on mental health and virtual reality using CiteSpace. The results indicate that this area has received considerable attention. The United States stands out as the most influential country. The University of London and Emory University are the leading contributing institutions. Rothbaum BO is the most productive author, and Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, is the journal with the most publications in this area. The primary focus of research in this domain is on virtual reality therapy for mental disorders, especially virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. These findings may help researchers understand the current state and future trends in the field of mental health and virtual reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) best practices paper is to provide the neuropsychological community with the fundamentals of a competent forensic review of records. Method: Narrative review addressing fundamental factors related to review of records. Examples highlighted information necessary for a forensic determination of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and the data from records that can be used to address questions regarding validity of presentation. International and intra-jurisdictional perspectives within the US were used to illustrate the necessity of adhering the review to the rules. Results: Factors identified involve ethical responsibilities, completeness in obtaining and reviewing relevant records, evaluation of credibility of the records, considerations regarding examinee self-reporting, grounding of opinions within peer-reviewed science, determination of causation in the context of litigation, and avoiding bias in reporting, as well as consideration of cultural and language factors. Different jurisdictional rules require close attention. Conclusions: Neuropsychologists need to be aware of the need for a competent review of records to obtain basic facts, maintain objectivity, and provide a context for conclusions in a neuropsychological examination report. In litigation cases, opinions based solely on review of records may be challenged for reasons that might include not having personally evaluated the plaintiff, and whether opinions meet Daubert criteria pertaining to sufficient scientific bases and facts. A thorough review in the context of examination helps deal with litigant/claimant subjectivity and malleability of self-report, and it can provide critical reasoning about other factors relevant to causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a platform that enables the automated manipulation of individual droplets of sizes ranging from nanoliter to microliter and can be coupled with numerous techniques, including colorimetry. However, although the DMF electrode architecture is highly versatile, its integration with different analytical methods often requires either changes in sample access, top plate design, or the integration of supplementary equipment into the system. As an alternative to overcome these challenges, this study proposes a simple integration between paper-based analytical devices (PADs) and DMF for automated and eco-friendly sample processing aiming at the colorimetric detection of creatinine (CR, an important biomarker for kidney disease) in artificial urine. An optimized and selective Jaffé reaction was performed on the device, and the reaction products were delivered to the PAD, which was subsequently analyzed with a bench scanner. The optimal operational parameters on the DMF platform were a reaction time of 45 s with circular mixing and image capture after 5 min. Under optimized conditions, a linear behavior was obtained for creatinine concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 mg dL−1, with limits of detection and quantitation equal to 1.4 mg dL−1 and 2.0 mg dL−1, respectively. For the concentration range tested, the relative standard deviation varied from 2.5 to 11.0%, considering four measurements per concentration. CR-spiked synthetic urine samples were subjected to analysis via DMF-PAD and the spectrophotometric reference method. The concentrations of CR determined using both analytical techniques were close to the theoretical values, with the resultant standard deviations of 2–9% and 1–4% for DMF-PADs and spectrophotometry, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery values were within the acceptable range, with DMF-PADs yielding 96–108% and spectrophotometry producing 95–102%. Finally, the greenness of the DMF-PAD and spectrophotometry methods was evaluated using the Analytical Greenness (AGREE) metric software, in which 0.71 and 0.51 scores were obtained, respectively. This indicates that the proposed method presents a higher greenness level, mainly due to its miniaturized characteristics using a smaller volume of reagent and sample and the possibility of automation, thus reducing user exposure to potentially toxic substances. Therefore, the DMF-PADs demonstrated great potential for application in the clinical analysis of creatinine, aiding in routine tests by introducing an automated, simple, and environmentally friendly process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to insightful commentary from James Cairns, Nicole Cohen, Matthew Flisfeder, Tanner Mirrlees, and Armond Towns on her book, Wars of Position? "Marxism Today," Cultural Politics and the Remaking of the Left Press, 1979–90, Hillary F. Pimlott addresses the most salient points raised. Her response first situates her book in relation to the "structure of feeling" under "Thatcherism" and the periodical Marxism Today as an object for cultural-materialist analysis, including Raymond Williams's emphasis on language and "practical consciousness." Her response emphasizes writing and audience as part of developing a counterhegemonic "cultural apparatus," highlighting some of the different functions that socialist media should engage to address the Left's need to organize itself as it faces growing fascistic movements. The often overlooked but necessary relationship between political organization and the "party paper" is also addressed as a critical relationship that affects socialist efforts to organize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based packaging materials have gained attention from academia and industry for their outstanding environmental sustainability advantages. However, they still encounter major challenges, such as low mechanical strength and inadequate functionality, hindering the replacement of unsustainable packaging materials. Inspired by the remarkable strength of trees provided by cellulose fibers and the water and heat protection of trees provided by bark, this study developed a new biomass-based packaging material (SNC-C) that combines strength, thermal insulation, and water resistance. The material was created by simply blending straw nanocellulose (SNC) with oak bark (i.e., cork), which naturally provides water-resistant, thermal insulation, and unique regenerative properties. The dense layered structure formed entirely by SNC generates a tensile strength reaching up to 60.93 MPa. With the cork cavity structure, the heat transfer rate of the obtained material is reduced to 2.90–3.01 °C/(cm·min). The combining of the closed-cell structure and the suberin component of the cork results in a low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the material of 400.30 g/(m2·24 h). This all-biomass material with excellent performance and low environmental footprint offers a promising solution for the development of sustainable multifunctional packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymers and surfactants used to grease-proof food contact paper (FCP) are potential sources of dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Food contact substances (FCS) containing polyfluorinated long-chains (≥C8) were voluntarily removed by their manufacturers from the U.S. market in 2011 due to health concerns and largely replaced with FCSs containing short-chain (≤C7) PFAS. In 2020, FDA findings of potential biopersistence of 6:2 FTOH (CF3(CF2)5CH2CH2OH) similarly prompted an additional voluntarily phase-out of FCSs containing 6:2 FTOH by their manufacturers that was completed by the end of 2023. To monitor the phase-out process, a screening method was developed to detect FCPs containing ester-linked polyfluorinated pendant chains. Direct Analysis in Real Time-Isotope Dilution-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (DART-ID-HRMS) enabled rapid semi-quantitative detection of 6:2 FTOH in FCP saponification reaction headspace without requiring sample concentration or chromatography. 19F-NMR analysis confirmed 6:2 FTOH pendant chain identity and detection dependence on saponification. The speed and specificity of this approach arise from ester saponification in the presence of stable isotopically labeled 6:2 FTOH; high FTOH differential volatility relative to nonfluorinated matrix, and the facile production of FTOH gas-phase anions (e.g., [M + O2]·−, [M-H + CO2]−) under ambient ionization conditions. The efficiency of this simple workflow makes it well-suited for monitoring the phase-out of FCS containing ester-linked polyfluorinated chains from the U.S. marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fadrique Furió Ceriol's El concejo y consejeros del príncipe (Antwerp, 1559) proclaimed that the counsellor must exercise self-control and restraint even in matters of religion. This is consistent with its pragmatic spirit and Ceriol's counsel to his dedicatee, Philip II. In 1584 Bartolomeu Filippe published in Coimbra his Tractado del conseio y de los consejeros de los principes. Written in a different political climate, it appropriated the language of Machiavelli's Discourses from Juan Lorenzo Ottevanti's 1552 Spanish translation. Several Latin translations of Ceriol's treatise circulated between Strasburg and Krakow. It was translated into Italian in 1560 and into English in 1570 by Thomas Blundeville, whose marginal notes turned the original into an essay in comparative political science. John Thorius translated Filippe's Tractado into English in 1589, dedicating it to Sir John Fortescue, a privy councillor of Queen Elizabeth, and Giulio Cesare Valentino translated it into Italian in 1599. This paper uses these treatises and translations as case studies for the ways in which political vocabulary circulated around Early Modern Europe, tracing the paths they followed, the networks that provided the infrastructure for their distribution and reception and the roles played by dedicatees, publishers and printers, as well as authors and translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic had an exceptionally long and consequential rally effect in China. Drawing on an eight-wave nationwide survey, this article shows that the Wuhan lockdown boosted public confidence in the central government. The persistence of the pandemic and the initial success of the zero-COVID policy sustained the enhanced trust in the central government for over two years. However, the rally effect did not dissipate as quietly as usual. As trust in the central government returned to the pre-pandemic level following the Shanghai lockdown, defiant protests collectively known as the White Paper Movement broke out. Angry protesters demanded the termination of the zero-COVID policy and called for accountability from the ruling party and its top leader. This article argues that while the rally effect lasted exceptionally long in the authoritarian country, it could not be prolonged indefinitely. Ultimately, the dissonance between the declining trust in the central government and the persisting restrictive measures provoked the protests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This position paper, led by the NRG Oncology Particle Therapy Work Group, focuses on the concept of relative biologic effect (RBE) in clinical proton therapy (PT), with the goal of providing recommendations for the next-generation clinical trials with PT on the best practice of investigating and using RBE, which could deviate from the current standard proton RBE value of 1.1 relative to photons. In part 1, current clinical utilization and practice are reviewed, giving the context and history of RBE. Evidence for variation in RBE is presented along with the concept of linear energy transfer (LET). The intertwined nature of tumor radiobiology, normal tissue constraints, and treatment planning with LET and RBE considerations is then reviewed. Part 2 summarizes current and past clinical data and then suggests the next steps to explore and employ tools for improved dynamic models for RBE. In part 3, approaches and methods for the next generation of prospective clinical trials are explored, with the goal of optimizing RBE to be both more reflective of clinical reality and also deployable in trials to allow clinical validation and interpatient comparisons. These concepts provide the foundation for personalized biologic treatments reviewed in part 4. Finally, we conclude with a summary including short- and long-term scientific focus points for clinical PT. The practicalities and capacity to use RBE in treatment planning are reviewed and considered with more biological data in hand. The intermediate step of LET optimization is summarized and proposed as a potential bridge to the ultimate goal of case-specific RBE planning that can be achieved as a hypothesis-generating tool in near-term proton trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength and toughness of aerogel composites can be enhanced by incorporating alumina ceramic paper as a reinforcing material. However, the production processes often suffer from issues related to poor evenness and low porosity. Herein, alumina ceramic paper with high evenness and porosity was prepared using foam forming technology and utilized as a reinforcing material for alumina-SiO 2 aerogel composites. Initially, the hydroxyl groups (Al-OH) of the alumina ceramic fibers were adsorbed onto the hydrophilic moieties of bubbles via hydrogen bonding during the foam forming, which hindered the migration of the fibers and facilitated their dispersion. Subsequently, the alumina ceramic paper was fabricated through the optimization of the squeezing dehydration and defoaming processes. Finally, the alumina-SiO 2 aerogel composites were formed via the sol-gel method. The alumina ceramic paper exhibited excellent multifunctional properties, including high porosity and evenness, which significantly enhanced the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the alumina-SiO 2 aerogel composites. In conclusion, highly porous alumina ceramic paper presents significant potential for application in various fields, including automotive, construction, and aerospace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The recycling of paper and board (PB) yields economic and environmental advantages compared to primary paper production. However, PB from lightweight packaging (LWP) waste is currently not comprehensively reintegrated into the paper value stream. To develop an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP, PB quantities, qualities, and fluctuations ranges in LWP are required. Currently, no sufficient database is available. Therefore, we developed a methodical approach and conducted a case study to access the PB potential in LWP sorting plants using manual analysis and sensor-based material flow monitoring. Differences resulting from seasonal variations, materials from different settlement structures, and fluctuation ranges in LWP composition over two weeks have been investigated. PB contents in the input of 6.5 wt% (ww) and 5.9 wt% (ww) were determined for winter and summer sampling campaigns, respectively. The PB product stream amounted to 5.7 wt% (ww, winter) and 4.8 wt% (ww, summer). Around 45 wt% (ww) of PB from the PB product stream was classified as misplaced by the consumer and should have been discarded in separate paper collections. Based on the determined PB quantities and qualities, a potential of usable and in the PB product stream available PB in LWP was determined. The technically available and usable PB potential in German LWP waste amounts to 89,000 to 100,000 tons per year (average PB yield of around 65 wt% (ww)). The methodical approach can be adapted for sorting plant balances. The results can contribute to developing an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a novel paper-based sensor for the simultaneous analysis of ascorbic acid (AA) and hydroquinone (HQ). The sensor utilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-PVA) as the reagent probe and PVA media acted as the filter for separation of the analytes. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and ethanol serve as the stationary phase and eluent, respectively, exploiting the differences in analyte reactions and solubility to achieve their separation on the filter paper. The circular sensor's central zone was AA's detection area, while HQ was detected in the outer ring region. AA induced an immediate color change in the test kit, whereas HQ required a 20-minute elution with ethanol followed by colorimetric analysis. All analytes exhibited relative standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility below 2.7% and 9.5%, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the linear detection range for HQ was 0.2-2.0 mg⋅L− 1, while AA was 0.1-2.0 mg⋅L− 1. The detection limit was determined to be 0.05 mg⋅L− 1 for AA and 0.1 mg⋅L− 1 for HQ. The recoveries of AA and HQ in cosmetic cream samples ranged from 80 to 110%. The accuracy of the sensor's measurements was further validated by comparison with the HPLC-DAD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to modify the systematic difference between the smoldering rate of cigarette paper under nonstandard atmospheric pressure and standard atmospheric pressure, four experimental samples were selected for smoldering rate in six laboratories with different atmospheric pressure (five non-standard atmospheric pressure laboratories and one approximate standard atmospheric pressure laboratory). According to the test results, the correlation was analyzed between atmospheric pressure and the smoldering rate. The correction equation was established for smoldering rate to non-standard atmospheric pressure, and the feasibility was verified. The results showed that: 1) The smoldering rate of cigarette paper was positively correlated to atmospheric pressure, R² ranged from 0.857 2 to 0.914 1, and the correlations between the smoldering rate in the four samples and atmospheric pressure all reached extremely significant level. 2) The correlation equation between the smoldering rate of cigarette paper to atmospheric pressure was rc = rm x (0.815 7 x √P0/P1 + 0.193 6); 3) The correction values of the experimental sample under non-standard atmospheric pressure was not significantly different from the smoldering rate at standard atmospheric pressure, and the maximum absolute deviation between the corrected value of the verified sample and the smoldering rate of the sample at standard atmospheric pressure was only 0.170. It showed that the correction equation could be used to correct the smoldering rate of cigarette paper under non-standard atmospheric pressure and eliminate the systematic difference between non-standard atmospheric pressure and standard atmospheric pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the power converter connects to the high-frequency transformer breaks through the bottleneck and reaches a frequency of 100 kHz or even higher, the high-frequency transformer's inter-turn insulation faces more serious high-frequency discharge and high-temperature problems. In order to improve the service performance of oil-immersed high-frequency transformer insulation paper, composite K-BNNS particles are prepared by ultrasonic stripping, heat treatment, and thermomagnetic stirring. Then, K-BNNS particles are mixed with PMIA (polymeric m-phenylenediamine solution) slurry to produce composite aramid paper. And the effects of K-BNNS particles with different contents on the thermal conductivity, dielectric properties, partial discharge properties, and mechanical properties of aramid paper are explored. It can be found that, when the addition of composite particles (K-BNNS) is 10%, the comprehensive performance of composite aramid paper is the best. Compared with Nomex paper, the in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity of composite insulating paper F-10 increased by 668.33% and 760.66%, respectively. Moreover, the high-frequency breakdown voltage increased by 48.73% and the tensile strength increased by 2.49%. The main reason is that the composite particles form a complete thermal conductive network in the aramid paper matrix and a large number of hydrogen bonds with the matrix, which enhances the internal interface bonding force of the material and changes the charge transport mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (P‐TENGs) have recently garnered significant attention in wearable electronics. However, traditional P‐TENGs are constrained by the inherent strength limitations of paper. Hence, we reported a novel polyester‐paper cloth‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (PP‐TENG) designed for mechanical energy harvesting and running motion monitoring. Compared to paper, polyester‐paper cloth has higher durability and tear resistance. The PP‐TENG capitalizes on the unique fluffy internal structure of polyester‐paper cloth, imparting high sensitivity to pressure variations. Experimental results demonstrate that the PP‐TENG achieves an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 466.64 V, a short‐circuit current (Isc) of 48.73 μA, and a transfer charge (Qsc) of 90 nC. Its maximum output power reaches 930.26 μW when connected to a 40 MΩ load. These impressive metrics underscore the potential of PP‐TENG in energy harvesting applications, particularly for wearable electronic devices. The device's integration into the soles of athletic socks showcases its practical utility, providing real‐time monitoring of runners’ gait and step count. This integration not only enhances the functionality of sportswear but also offers valuable data for performance analysis and injury prevention, marking a significant advancement in wearable technology and intelligent textiles. This research provide a promising path for self‐powered wearable sensors and flexible electronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phototransistors are used in plenty of diverse applications such as optical communication systems, light sensors, imaging devices, and biomedical instruments for detecting and amplifying light signals. Herein, an approach for the large‐scale production of low‐cost and flexible phototransistors by integrating the inks of PEDOT:PSS, and graphite with paper, which serves as an ionic conductor material to gate the PEDOT:PSS channel, is proposed. The fabrication of the devices is carried out by sequentially depositing the PEDOT:PSS channel and graphite electrodes onto paper using a benchtop XY plotter. To characterize device‐to‐device variability, 200 devices are fabricated and their electrical and optical properties are statistically analyzed. By performing a detailed characterization on the optical properties under varying wavelength, power, and bias conditions, it is found that devices exhibit good photoresponse across a wide spectrum range. Moreover, devices maintain their photoactive characteristics even when subjected to high mechanical tensile strain, indicating the suitability of these paper‐supported devices for flexible electronic applications. Time and photocurrent magnitude can be tuned via gate voltages applied through the graphite‐based back‐gate configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although CRISPR-based nucleic acid detection has great potential in point-of-care testing due to its simplicity, it has been rarely integrated into paper-based analytical devices (PADs), which are attractive platforms to simplify assays. This work introduces a CRISPR-assisted nucleic acid quantification approach integrated into a PAD with signal readout by a personal glucose meter (PGM). Retention of magnetic beads by filter paper and pre-deposition of all required reagents by freeze-drying stabilized with trehalose enabled the indirect quantification of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA through a PGM readout without complicated user intervention and complex reagent handling. The calculated limit of detection was 57 pM, which is comparable with other amplification-free CRISPR-based assays detecting nucleic acids. The fully integrated device exhibited good storage stability for up to 4 weeks, suggesting its applicability toward practical point-of-care nucleic acid quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wearable potentiometric device is reported based on an innovative butterfly-like paper-based microfluidic system, allowing for continuous monitoring of pH and Na+ levels in sweat during physical activity. Specifically, the use of the butterfly-like configuration avoids evaporation phenomena and memory effects, enabling precise and timely biomarker determination in sweat. Two ad hoc modified screen-printed electrodes were embedded in the butterfly-like paper-based microfluidics, and the sensing device was further integrated with a portable and miniaturized potentiostat, leveraging Bluetooth technology for efficient data transmission. First, the paper-based microfluidic configuration was tested for optimal fluidic management to obtain optimized performance of the device. Subsequently, the two electrodes were individually tested to detect the two biomarkers, namely pH and Na+. The results demonstrated highly promising near-Nernstian (0.056 ± 0.002 V/dec) and super-Nernstian (− 0.080 ± 0.003 V/pH) responses, for Na+ and pH detection, respectively. Additionally, several important parameters such as storage stability, interferents, and memory effect by hysteresis study were also investigated. Finally, the butterfly-like paper-based microfluidic wearable device was tested for Na+ and pH monitoring during the physical activity of three volunteers engaged in different exercises, obtaining a good correlation between Na+ increase and dehydration phenomena. Furthermore, one volunteer was tested through a cardiopulmonary test, demonstrating a correlation between sodium Na+ increase and the energetic effort by the volunteer. Our wearable device highlights the high potential to enable early evaluation of dehydration and open up new opportunities in sports activity monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the conference paper presented by the black Ceddo Film and Video Workshop at the Third Cinema conference of the Edinburgh Festival in Scotland in August 1986. Topics include the common bond of the people from Africa, the Caribbean and Great Britain that comprised the workshop, why the issue of cultural nationalism in Black British cinema is not problematic for Ceddo, and the importance for Black filmmakers to be conscious of their audience.

In order to improve the paper properties and enhance the utilization efficiency of functional chemical additives, surface sizing agents were prepared by combining water-soluble maleic anhydride acylated chitosan (MAAC), carboxymethylated chitosan (O-CMCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the effects of sizing process on the surface morphology, physical strength and antimicrobial properties of the dialysis paper were investigated. The results showed that when the coating weight was about 6.5 g/m2 and the dosage of the modified chitosan was about 1.5% of the paper weight, the dry tensile strength, wet tensile strength and burst strength of paper sized with MAAC/PVA sizing agent increased by 46.5%, 82.2% and 107%, respectively, compared to that of unsized paper, while the dry tensile strength, wet tensile strength and burst strength of paper sized with O-CMCS/PVA sizing agent increased by 41.4%, 53.6% and 107%, respectively. In addition, the paper sized with MAAC/PVA and O-CMCS/PVA sizing agent displayed excellent antibacterial effect, which had the antibacterial rate against E. coli of 94.8% and 92.9%, respectively. In a word, the physical strength and antimicrobial properties of paper could be greatly improved by adding a small amount of modified chitosan (CS) to the surface sizing agent, and the strength improvement and antibacterial effect of MAAC/PVA sizing agent were better than that of O-CMCS/PVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We pronounce a quick cost-effective, and one-of-a-kind single-step approach for fabricating paper-based devices by using correction pens instead of expensive materials. The highlighted areas were filled with Deposits from the correction pen and the surroundings were coated with wax, showing that will have a wide range of aqueous resistances. In the transverse direction, favorable natural convection occurs during the process along the axial direction of the fabricated paper channel. Due to its cost-effectiveness, the platform is believed to be ideally suited for chemical sensing and point-of-care applications, as well as diagnostics in resource-limited settings. We show that a lab-on-a-chip method based on paper can be used for colorimetric analysis to identify both qualitative and quantitative changes in milk caused by the presence of starch impurities. The challenges of sample storage, handling, and transport to the laboratory are circumvented by combining detection technology with smartphone imagery that permits on-site data collection. Diagnostic and sensing applications in low-resource settings, such as those seen in developing nations, can now use this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a shortage of resources, exploring new biomass fillers has become critical for paper making. In this study, we reported an eco-friendly strategy for fabricating low-cost and efficient recycled paper with high mechanical properties using corrugated cardboard waste paper and harmless municipal sludge (HMS). First, the characteristics of HMS, including the particle size, pH, specific surface area, organic functional groups and organic component content, were analyzed. Then, the influence of the amount of HMS on the properties of the recycled paper was studied. Finally, the strengthening mechanism of biomass filling recycled paper was discussed. The results showed that HMS, a biomass filler for recycled paper preparation, exhibited excellent physical and chemical properties, with a median particle size of 6.395 μm, a surface area of 39.974 m2 g−1 and organic functional groups. The tensile index of the recycled paper with 30 % HMS was 13.10 Nm/g, which was 16.4 % greater than that of the unfilled paper and showed better thermal stability. This excellent performance could be attributed to the uniform distribution of HMS on the fiber surface, which improved the accessibility of hydrogen bond formation between fibers. Thus, this study proved that HMS was an excellent biomass filler for producing recycled paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper manufacturers have long used silicone as the coating agent for release liners. However, silicone‐based release paper is very difficult to recycle due to covalent bonds between silicone and fibers. The most suitable solution to overcome this problem is to use alternative coating materials with adequate release properties, provided that they can be easily repulped in typical paper recycling facilities. We proposed a coating agent composed of phosphate esters and dimethylacetamide in order to manufacture a recyclable and efficient release paper. Analyses carried out on coated sheets showed that phosphate esters allowed the formation of a surface with adequate release properties (low peeling force and surface free energy). In addition, the residual adhesion values obtained with phosphate esters confirmed that they are well anchored on the backing paper surface, thus limiting the mass transfer to the adhesive tape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As air pollution escalates, the need for air filters increases. It is better that the filters used be based on natural fibers, such as non-wood fibers, which cause low damage to the environment. However, the short fiber lengths, low apparent densities, and high volumes of non-wood materials can make it challenging to prepare filter paper with the required mechanical and physical properties. In that context, this study focused on utilizing bamboo fibers to fabricate filter paper by employing the anthraquinone soda pulping method. The pulp underwent bleaching and oxidation processes, with the incorporation of cationic starch (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance resistance properties, resulting in the creation of handmade filter papers. The findings revealed that the tear, burst, and tensile strength of filter paper increased with the oxidation and addition of CS and PVA. Air permeability increased with addition of PVA and combination of CS and PVA. FTIR demonstrated the conversion of hydroxyl groups in cellulose chains to carboxyl groups due to oxidation. SEM images illustrated alterations in the fiber structure post-oxidation treatment, with CS reducing pores while PVA and the CS-PVA combination enlarged pore size and enhanced porosity. The BET surface area surface area expanded with oxidation and the addition of the CS-PVA blend, indicating heightened filter paper porosity. Notably, the combined inclusion of CS and PVA not only augmented mechanical strength but also increased porosity while maintaining pore size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) landfill sites have GHG assessment challenges. • GHG fluxes measured by chambers with (F +) and without (F-) a frame were compared. • Flux relationships up to 80 % were shown between F- and F + chambers (the standard) • Correction factors for F- chambers were built to estimate fluxes from F + chambers. • The approach can refine GHG inventories on PPMS landfill sites. Assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in managed areas are facing various challenges. A non-flow-through, non-steady-state (NFT-NSS) chamber coupled to a frame permanently inserted into the landfilled substrates is a standard method for quantifying GHG emissions in managed areas, such as pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) landfill sites. Frequent measurements are needed to minimize uncertainties on GHG emission factors at the landfill site scale. However, maintaining a frame inserted into the substrates for a long time period is often impossible due to landfilling management operations. Therefore, GHG measurements using NFT-NSS chambers placed directly on substrates' surface could be an interesting option. Our objectives were to determine the relationships between CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes measured with (F +) and without (F-) a frame inserted in the substrates' surface and to develop correction factors for fluxes measured without a frame. Measurements were made at different PPMS landfill sites in the province of Québec, Canada. Stronger GHG flux relationships were observed at the provincial (across sites) than the specific site scale: the variance in GHG fluxes from F- chambers explained up to 80 % of variance in fluxes from F + chambers. The measured CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes in F- chambers were on average 53, 78, and 63 % lower, respectively, than those estimated by the models at provincial scale. The correction factors developed with this approach could greatly extend the number of sites where in situ GHG measurements can be done and would help refining GHG inventories at the provincial and national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex mixture of pollutants found in industrial effluents creates a significant environmental challenge. Enzymatic treatment offers a promising alternative to traditional physiochemical techniques. With an emphasis on laccase enzymes, this review examines the potential of both free and immobilized biocatalysts for the treatment of industrial wastewater, especially from pulp and paper mills. Laccase has become one of the most popular options for bioremediation because of its broad substrate specificity and capacity to break down different kinds of organic pollutants. The different methods of laccase immobilization, including adsorption, encapsulation and cross-linking are examined, exploring their advantages and limitations. The benefits of immobilization for enzyme stability, reusability and operational efficiency in wastewater treatment processes are further discussed. By comparing the advantages and limitations of free and immobilized biocatalysts, this review aims to provide valuable insights for the development of efficient and sustainable enzymatic strategies for industrial wastewater treatment. Furthermore, this paper offers future possibilities for using biocatalyst in pulp and paper waste treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tissue acquisition (EUS‐TA) is used for pathological diagnosis and obtaining samples for molecular testing, facilitating the initiation of targeted therapies in patients with pancreatic cancer. However, samples obtained via EUS‐TA are often insufficient, requiring more efforts to improve sampling adequacy for molecular testing. Therefore, this study investigated the use of oil blotting paper for formalin fixation of samples obtained via EUS‐TA. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 42 patients who underwent EUS‐TA for pancreatic cancer between September 2020 and February 2022 at the Osaka International Cancer Institute. After a portion of each sample obtained via EUS‐TA was separated for routine histological evaluation, the residual samples were divided into filter paper and oil blotting paper groups for analysis. Accordingly, filter paper and oil blotting paper were used for the formalin fixation process. The total tissue, nuclear, and cytoplasm areas of each sample were quantitatively evaluated using virtual slides, and the specimen volume and histological diagnosis of each sample were evaluated by an expert pathologist. Results: All cases were cytologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. The area ratios of the total tissue, nuclear, and cytoplasmic portions were significantly larger in the oil blotting paper group than in the filter paper group. The frequency of cases with large amount of tumor cells was significantly higher in the oil blotting paper group (33.3%) than in the filter paper group (11.9%) (p = 0.035). Conclusions: Oil blotting paper can increase the sample volume obtained via EUS‐TA on glass slides and improve sampling adequacy for molecular testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to study the application of high-tolerance and flexible indigenous bacteria and fungi, along with the co-metabolism in recycled paper and cardboard mill (RPCM) wastewater treatment (WWT). Design/methodology/approach: The molecular characterization of isolated indigenous bacteria and fungi was performed by 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Glucose was used as a cometabolic substrate to enhance the bioremediation process. Findings: The highest removal efficiency was achieved for both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color [78% COD and 45% color removal by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW-2 (MZ603673), as well as approximately 70% COD and 48% color removal by Geotrichum candidum RW-4 (ON024394)]. The corresponding percentages were higher in comparison with the efficiency obtained from the oxidation ditch unit in the full-scale RPCM WWT plant. Originality/value: Indigenous P. aeruginosa RW-2 and G. candidum RW-4 demonstrated effective capability in RPCM WWT despite the highly toxic and low biodegradable nature, especially with the assistance of glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the global population, coupled with concomitant economic development, has resulted in the generation of a substantial quantity of waste. The transition of the European Union's economy towards a closed-loop model is prompting a comprehensive search for waste management concepts across a range of industrial sectors. The objective of this study is to valorise deinking paper sludge, which has a high potential for soil formation due to its high organic matter content. To produce organic–mineral fertiliser, the deinking sludge was subjected to acid hydrolysis, then neutralised with KOH solution and enriched with poultry litter ash. The final products were characterised in terms of their nutrient and heavy metal content. The bioavailability of phosphorus, along with the forms in which it occurs in fertilisers, was determined through the implementation of a five-step fractionation procedure. Furthermore, an eight-week incubation period was conducted to assess the fertilisers' performance in soil. Soil samples were tested on a weekly basis for pH, water-soluble and bioavailable phosphorus content using the spectroscopic method after previous extraction in water and Bray's solution, and catalase activity using the titrimetric method. The resulting fertilisers were found to meet the requirements for organo-mineral fertilisers and were categorised as PK-type fertilisers with a total nutrient content of 24.6–39.3%. Fractionation studies demonstrated that the fertilisers contained 20–30% of the total potentially bioavailable phosphorus. Furthermore, the long-term release of phosphorus from the fertilisers was confirmed through incubation studies. Additionally, the fertilisers were observed to contribute to an increase in catalase activity in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a bast fiber plant known for its long fibers, making it an excellent source of pulp for paper production. In Ethiopia, flax is primarily cultivated for oil, with the residual straw utilized for papermaking. This study focuses on pulping flax straw using the Kraft process and investigates its chemical composition, proximate analysis, and morphological properties. The proximate analysis revealed an ash content of 4.13% and moisture content of 11%. Chemical composition analysis showed cellulose at 51.34%, hemicellulose at 25.20%, lignin at 14.12%, ash at 4.13%, and extractives at 5.21%. The morphological properties included a fiber length of 1.41 mm, diameter of 16.78 μm, lumen width of 9.45 μm, and cell wall thickness of 3.77 μm. Flax straw exhibited an acceptable Runkel ratio (0.8) and flexibility coefficient (56.32), placing it within the range of non-wood fibers. SEM analysis of the pulp's morphology was conducted to assess fiber structure, including the presence of cracks. Pulp quality and length are directly linked to paper strength. Various pulping conditions were studied using a full-factorial design, with optimum conditions being 10% alkaline, 131.74°C, and 120 min of cooking time, yielding a pulp with a Kappa number of 10.45 and a yield of 40.56%. The resulting paper demonstrated standard tensile, tearing, and burst strengths, indicating that flax straw is a promising raw material for paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much work has focused on non-social personality traits such as activity, exploration, and neophobia, there is a growing appreciation that social personality traits play an important role in group dynamics, disease transmission, and fitness and that social personality traits may be linked to non-social personality traits. These relationships are important because behavioral syndromes, defined here as correlated behavioral phenotypes, can constrain evolutionary responses. However, the strength and direction of relationships between social and non-social personality traits remain unclear. In this project, we examine social and non-social personality traits, and the relationships between them, in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus. With a novel assay, we identify 5 personality traits, 2 non-social (exploration and activity), and 3 social (aggression, affiliation, and antennation) personality traits. We also find that social and non-social personality traits are phenotypically linked. We find a positive correlation between aggression and activity and a negative correlation between affiliation and activity. We also find a positive correlation between exploration and activity. Our work is an important step in understanding how phenotypic linkage between social and non-social behaviors may influence behavioral evolution. As a burgeoning model system for the study of genetic and neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior, Polistes fuscatus has the potential to add to this work by exploring the causes and consequences of individual behavioral variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to describe and analyse how it is possible to strengthen educational leadership from the intermediate levels of the system, and the decisive role that these intermediate or middle-tier levels can play as agents of change and improvement. A narrative literature review methodology is used, focusing on synthesising international knowledge and practice on the topic while examining it critically and subjectively. As a result, it is concluded that (i) the leadership of intermediate levels of the system matters and has a positive relationship with the results and the improvement of the quality of education; (ii) the connection of intermediate agents and institutions with each other and with lower and higher levels must be strengthened to achieve systemic leadership; (iii) leadership from intermediate levels takes into account the context, but some common characteristics have been identified; (iv) an effort of conceptualisation and nomenclature is necessary; (v) research is centred on the English-speaking world and it would be necessary to introduce this crucial line of research elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]