Search

One important factor in knowledge utilisation in policy is adapting research papers to better fit policy-makers' needs. Translating research papers from a variety of genres and types, books to journal articles, into legislative drafts can be understood as a form of adaptation. This was named as the Translational Legal Approach to Knowledge Utilisation (TLA). This article addresses the methodological need to construct a framework for TLA. It proposes a methodological framework which includes definitions, translation heuristic, guiding problems, stages and translation procedures, various translation modes (legislative techniques with different levels of specificity) and various translation forms (legislative genres with different legal status, functions, and other characteristics). By looking at cases from Polish and EU laws and standards, this article proposes a methodology for researchers to better align their research conclusions and recommendations to policy-makers' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : The prevalence of disability is on the rise globally and in South Africa, with a high number of unmet needs and poor actualisation of the health rights of persons with disabilities. A tool to realise these rights is health policy, such as the framework and strategy for disability and rehabilitation (2015-2022)(FSDR). There are limited data on the implementation outcomes of the FSDR. Objective : To review the implementation of the FSDR according to the paper-based provincial reports. Methods : The study conducted a document review and utilised a concurrent mixed-method design, combining qualitative and quantitative data extracted from paper-based evaluation templates developed by the South African National Department of Health (NDoH). The qualitative analysis involved thematic coding using the RE-AIM framework to examine the FSDR's implementation across eight provinces, while quantitative data, such as frequencies and percentages, provided supplementary insights. Results : The quantitative results revealed that 87% of the reports from provinces reported physical accessibility to the FSDR, and 62% of provinces received training on the implementation of the FSDR. Only two out of eight provinces have conducted monitoring and evaluation since implementing the FSDR in 2015. Qualitative findings revealed poor reach and adoption of the FSDR owing to a lack of implementation training for end users. The lack of indicators resulted in poor maintenance of the FSDR, as well as the lack of human resources and equipment which resulted in the reduced efficacy of the FSDR. Conclusion : The FSDR has not achieved its full level of implementation due to numerous barriers, such as lack of resources, human capacity, and training on implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, and the development of early screening methods can address its significant health and social consequences. In this paper, we present a rotary-valve assisted paper-based immunoassay device (RAPID) for early screening of AD, featuring a highly integrated on-chip rotary micro-valve that enables fully automated and efficient detection of the AD biomarker (amyloid beta 42, Aβ42) in artificial plasma. The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) of the RAPID pre-stores the required assay reagents on a μPAD and automatically controls the liquid flow through a single valve. Once the test sample is added, the test reagents are sequentially transferred to the test area in the order set by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol. In addition, the RAPID can remotely control the operation of the μPAD valve via a micro-servomotor, quantify the signals generated, display the results, and wirelessly transmit the data to a smartphone. To calibrate the RAPID, we performed a sandwich ELISA for Aβ42 in artificial plasma, and obtained a low limit of detection (LOD) of 9.6 pg mL−1, a coefficient of determination (COD) of 0.994, and an individual assay time of ∼30 minutes. In addition, we simulated 24 artificial samples to quantify Aβ42 protein concentrations in artificial plasma samples. The results show good consistency between the conventional ELISA and RAPID detection. The experimental results demonstrate that the RAPID is expected to promote further popularization of the screening of early-stage AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infections remain a global threat, particularly in low-resource settings, where access to accurate and timely diagnosis is limited. Point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests have shown great promise in addressing this challenge. However, their dependence on complex traditional sample preparation methods remains a major challenge. To address this limitation, we present a paper-based sample preparation device that integrates bacterial cell lysis, DNA purification, and concentration using an electrokinetic technique called isotachophoresis (ITP). This is the first device that (i) integrates electrochemical bacterial lysis with ITP and (ii) demonstrates the focusing of whole bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) in paper. Characterization with buffers showed that the paper-based ITP sample preparation module (p-ITPrep) concentrated bacterial gDNA with an average concentration factor of 12×, and DNA could be extracted from a sample containing as few as 102 CFU mL−1Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm). From complex biological matrices – human saliva, human blood serum, and artificial urine – p-ITPrep extracted DNA from samples containing 102 CFU Msm per mL saliva or artificial urine and 103 CFU Msm per mL serum within 20 min. The extraction procedure involved only 3 user steps, in contrast to conventional solid phase extraction kits that require more than 10 user steps. p-ITPrep may provide a simple, inexpensive, and versatile alternative to conventional multi-step nucleic acid extraction protocols for point-of-care diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated micro- and nano-grid with net-zero renewable energy is a sophisticated energy system framework aimed at attaining optimal efficiency and sustainability. This survey paper examines several contemporary research works in this domain. This document summarizes the latest papers selected for analysis to comprehend the current state-of-the-art, integration process, methodology, and research gaps. The objective of this review is to identify existing trends and ongoing transformations in this domain. At the conclusion of the study, emerging technologies for smart grid integration are offered, emphasizing Transactive Control, Blockchain Technology, and Quantum Cryptography, based on existing research gaps. Microgrids and nano-grids are localized energy systems capable of functioning alone or in tandem with larger power grids, offering resilience and adaptability. By incorporating renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and storage devices, these networks can produce and regulate energy locally, guaranteeing that the generated energy meets or surpasses the energy used. The incorporation of intelligent technology and control systems facilitates optimized energy distribution, real-time monitoring, and load balancing, advancing the objective of net-zero energy use. This strategy not only bolsters energy security but also markedly decreases carbon emissions, rendering it an essential element in the shift towards a sustainable and resilient energy future. The worldwide implementation of interconnected micro- and nano-grids utilizing net-zero renewable energy signifies a pivotal transition towards a sustainable and resilient energy future. These localized energy systems can function independently or in conjunction with conventional power grids, utilizing renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and advanced storage technology. Integrating these resources with intelligent control systems enables micro- and nano-grids to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption at a detailed level, ensuring that communities and companies globally can attain net-zero energy usage. This method not only diminishes greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels but also improves energy security and grid stability in various places. These technologies, when implemented globally, provide a scalable answer to the issues of energy access, environmental sustainability, and climate change mitigation, facilitating a cleaner and more equal energy landscape worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of radar systems has led to a surge in demand for low-dielectricity specialty paper's mechanical, dielectric, and heat-resistant property. Poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber is highly promising for the production of low-dielectricity specialty paper due to its excellent mechanical, heat-resistant and low dielectric property. The surface modification and nanosizing of PBO fiber have been applied to the reinforcement of PBO paper, however, these techniques have potential drawbacks, including lengthy preparation cycles and harsh conditions. Resin reinforcement is the simplest way, but suffers from weak interfacial strength. In this work, we creatively introduced the fluorine and benzoxazole ring into the bismaleimide (BMI) resin, based on the idea of homogenous reinforcement, to enhance the interaction between the PBO fiber and the resin. With the strong interfacial interaction and stable chemical structure, the composite paper has outstanding mechanical and heat-resistant property, its tensile strength and Td reach 78.8 MPa and 389 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss (tan δ) of the composite paper are as low as 1.66 and 0.004 at 106 Hz, respectively. We anticipate that this work will offer a viable approach to PBO paper preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated pre-clinical and clinical development of microneedle-based drug delivery technology. However the regulatory science of this emerging dosage form is immature and explicit regulatory guidance is limited. A group of international stakeholders has formed to identify and address key issues for the regulatory science of future products that combine a microneedle device and active pharmaceutical ingredient (in solid or semi-solid state) in a single entity that is designed for application to the skin. Guided by the principles of Quality by Design (QbD) and informed by consultation with wider stakeholders, this 'White Paper' describes fundamental elements of the work in an effort to harmonise understanding, stimulate discussion and guide innovation. The paper discusses classification of the dosage form (combination/medicinal product), the regulatory nomenclature that is likely to be adopted and the technical vocabulary that best describes its form and function. More than twenty potential critical quality attributes (CQAs) are identified for the dosage form, and a prioritisation exercise identifies those CQAs that are most pertinent to the dosage form and that will likely require bespoke test methods (delivered dose, puncture performance) or major adaptions to established compendial test methods (dissolution). Hopefully the work will provide a platform for the development of dosage form specific guidance (from regulatory authorities and/or international pharmacopoeias), that expedites clinical translation of safe and effective microneedle-based products. [Display omitted] • Microneedle Array Patches (MAPs) are an emerging dosage form with unique features. • The regulatory science of MAPs is immature and published guidance is limited. • A group of key stakeholders is aiming to advance the regulatory science of MAPs. • The classification and vocabulary used to describe a MAP for regulatory purposes is considered. • MAP critical quality attributes (and tests) are identified, prioritised, and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing low-cost self-service portable sensors to detect viruses is an important step in combating the spread of viral outbreaks. Here, we describe the development of an aptamer-free paper-based molecularly imprinted sensor for the instrument-free detection of influenza virus A (H5N1). In this sensor, Whatman paper loaded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (WP@Fe3O4) was prepared as a substrate upon which silicon imprinting occurred in the presence of the template virus H5N1. After removal of the template virus, Fe3O4 which exposed in the imprinted cavities was able to catalyze the oxidation of colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide to form blue TMB + ions. Therefore, the concentration of virus can be semi-quantified by the color change of the solution after the catalytic reaction in the absence of any instruments. The color reaction can be clearly observed within 20 min. In addition, the remaining TMB could be quantified fluorometrically, with a limit of detection of 1.16 fM and an imprinting factor of 4.7. As far as we know, this sensor detects the target with the highest sensitivity that has yet been achieved in aptamer-free molecular imprinting sensors. Importantly, the cost of materials used for each sensor was as low as 4 cents (0.23 Yuan) per sensor. This sensitive self-service sensor, which is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce, will provide an effective new avenue for the rapid detection of viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce bird collisions with wind turbines, automatic detection systems have been developed to slow the blades down when a bird is approaching. We experimentally tested whether blade rotational speed (i.e. number of rotations per min) and frequency (i.e. number of times a blade passes a point per min) affected the decision time (i.e. time to take-off), path choice (i.e. the position in the aviary), and decision to cross the rotor-swept area in Columba livia domestica (rock dove [domestic variety]; aka homing pigeon; hereafter, pigeon). We used a homemade device with paper blades, mimicking the movement of wind turbine blades. We adjusted the paper blade dimensions and achromatic contrast with the background to match the visual capabilities of pigeons, increasing the probability of detection. Pigeons were less likely to cross the rotor-swept area at higher speeds and frequencies, independent of their decision time. When pigeons crossed the rotor-swept area (43 out of 160 trials), 63% collided with the blades, regardless of blade speed or frequency. Pigeons chose to avoid the rotor-swept area after they had traveled half the distance to the wind turbine. Pigeons were not better able to avoid the rotor-swept area when blades were rotating at low speed and/or frequency and often collided with the blades. Thus, slowing blades to a low rotational speed may not reduce collisions with some species and a complete turbine shutdown may be necessary. The feasibility and economic costs of regular complete shutdowns after the deceleration triggered by the automatic detection systems need further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper-based microfluidic device, comprising a nonporous wall and a porous sheet separated by a gap, is investigated through many-body dissipative particle dynamics simulations. The time evolutions of the mean penetration lengths within the gap and the porous sheet are monitored separately, characterized by Lg(t) and Lp(t), respectively. They can be described by Lg2 = Sgt and Lp2 = Spt, consistent with the Lucas–Washburn equation. The influences of gap width (w) and the surface wettability of the nonporous wall (θw) on the imbibition rates Sg and Sp are systematically examined. Due to the presence of the gap, Sp is facilitated to exceed the imbibition rate of isolated paper, and Sp is always larger than Sg. It is found that Sp increases linearly with increasing w but decreases with increasing θw. The enhancement of the imbibition rate results from side imbibition, which introduces extra capillary flow from the gap to the porous sheet, in addition to the capillary flow from the bottom reservoir. The contribution from side imbibition to the liquid absorbed within the porous sheet increases over time and becomes the dominant source, surpassing the direct contribution from the bottom reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of ultra-high voltage transmission projects, higher requirements have been placed on the performance of transformer insulation paper, which directly affects the safe and stable operation of transformers. The transformer oil–paper insulation system is subject to various factors, such as electrical stress, thermal stress, mechanical stress, and humidity, during long-term operation, leading to aging or failure. The aging products (such as H2O, CO2, CH4, and CHOOH) produced during this process will diffuse in the oil–paper insulation system, thereby reducing the insulation performance. This paper uses molecular dynamics simulation to build four models of insulation paper doped with aging products. By studying the diffusion coefficient, free volume, and interaction parameters, the performance parameters of meta aramid insulation paper insulation paper and cellulose insulation paper under aging gases are simulated and compared. It also analyzes whether the addition of nanoclusters can weaken the impact of aging products. In addition, the Confined Layer module is used to build an oil-cellulose mixed oil–paper insulation system. By studying the trajectory movement behavior of different aging gases, the interaction between different gases, and the impact of different types of insulation paper, this paper explores the diffusion behavior of multiple aging gases in the oil–paper insulation system, providing a theoretical basis for the development of a high-performance nano-modified insulation paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been long-standing debate as to whether Kami Fumi-e (paper images to be trampled on) had actually been used in image trampling sessions as part of the 250-year persecution of Christianity enforced by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Sacred images of Christianity officially recorded to have been trampled on are housed in the permanent collection of the Tokyo National Museum and are almost uniquely made of metal alloy. The controversy regarding paper images, apart from the medium being considered unsuitable for such extreme use, was fueled by the appearance of a significant number of them in museum collections and institutions worldwide in the 20th century. Most of the prints bear dates from different eras of the Edo period, sometimes hundreds of years apart; therefore, long-standing arguments regarding their authenticity marked the last century. In order to distinguish later copies from potentially original pieces, if ever existed, XRF, Raman, and FTIR analytical techniques were used to study the materials characterizing them. In addition, detailed observation of the main visual features (overall design composition, inscriptions, paper support, etc.) was carried out to highlight potential discrepancies that could pair with scientific evidence and lead to a definitive conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival materials are increasingly vulnerable to damage from chemical, physical, biological, and environmental factors, including climate change-related extreme weather events such as torrential rains and flash floods. These conditions pose significant risks to paper-based cultural heritage, leading to degradation from both water and salt exposure. This study investigates the effects of direct immersion in saline solutions on different types of paper, simulating the impact of flooding events. We focused on how varying levels of salinity affect the crystalline structure of paper, which is crucial for understanding its degradation. This study employed non-invasive, portable optical techniques such as luminescence, reflectivity, and Raman spectroscopy to monitor the changes in the paper structure. Our results showed that salt exposure leads to significant alterations in the paper's crystalline composition. The study concludes that washing treatments are essential for mitigating further degradation, highlighting the importance of timely intervention in preserving cultural heritage. The non-destructive nature of the methods used also demonstrates their potential for in situ applications in cultural heritage conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the surface characteristics of printing papers using fractal geometry, focusing on surface roughness and surface friction as independent properties. The fractal dimension (FD) was analyzed using the power spectral density method, which provided a more distinct characterization of paper surfaces compared to the variogram method. Surface roughness and friction were measured using a stylus-based contact profilometer, and mean absolute deviation (MAD) parameters, such as the mean absolute deviation of surface roughness (RMAD) and friction, were calculated to capture surface variability. The results revealed that while conventional parameters, such as roughness average (Ra) and the average coefficient of friction, are highly sensitive to measurement conditions, MAD-based parameters demonstrate greater robustness and stability. For instance, the regression equation for RMAD vs. Ra showed a strong correlation, with an R² value close to 1.0. However, the slopes were significantly less than one. Furthermore, FD exhibited weak correlations with surface roughness and friction, with R² values of 0.342 and 0.016, respectively, highlighting its unique ability to characterize autocorrelation or complexity of surface. Additionally, the effects of coating on paper surfaces were evaluated, revealing reduced flocculation of surface profiles but a 5% increase in FD, indicating enhanced surface complexity. These findings underscore the complementary role of FD in providing a comprehensive understanding of surface properties, with potential applications in quality control and the design of paper products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are biomacromolecules known as cancer and inflammatory markers. Thus, they play a crucial role in early cancer diagnosis, post-treatment recurrence detection, and tumor risk assessment. This paper describes the development of an ultrasensitive and selective imprinted paper-based analytical device (PAD) as impedance sensor for determination of CEA and CRP in serum samples for point-of-care testing (POCT). They combine a core comprising of silica nanospheres decorated with silver nanoparticles (SiO2@AgNPs) coated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for CEA and CRP as shells. CEA-MIP and CRP-MIP were successful coated on the core via self-assembly of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) followed by building up recognition sites in iminodiacetic acid/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (IDA/EGDMA) polymer. We constructed a selective and compact imprinted PAD based on a SiO2@AgNPs@MIP-CEA- and SiO2@AgNPs@MIP-CRP-modified graphene electrode, a so-called Dual-C sensor. The resulting twin voltammetric cells to detect CEA and CRP use foldable hydrophobic back-up sheets acting as reservoirs. The advantages of this approach include straightforward manufacturing with highly reproducibility, quick assembly, and good physical durability. The Dual-C sensor revealed excellent linear dynamic ranges of 0.0001 to 10 ng mL−1 for both CEA and CRP, which covers on the concentration ranges of clinical interest for both analytes. Furthermore, the system shows high accuracy and precision, with no evidence of interference from serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Religion and Health (JORH) has significantly contributed to the intersection of spirituality and healthcare since its inception in 1961. We analyzed the top 100 most cited papers published in JORH, which may provide insights into authorship patterns, institutional affiliations, and publication dynamics. The data was retrieved from the Scopus database. Details about the annual growth rate of publications, citation metrics, authorship trends, and collaboration patterns among authors, universities, and countries are provided. A total of 3,359 papers were published in JORH. The top 100 most cited papers exhibited an annual growth rate of 3.14%. The average age of these documents was 12.8 years, with each paper receiving an average of 88.87 citations. The analysis identified 289 authors contributing to these highly cited works, of which 11 authors produced single-authored documents, resulting in 12 single-authored papers. The co-authorship rate averaged 3.27 authors per document, with an international collaboration rate of 16%, indicating moderate global engagement. The authors were affiliated with 141 universities across 21 countries. Performance metrics, including the number of papers, citations, h-index, g-index, m-index, HG composite, and q2 index, highlighted the contributions of top authors. The analysis also included a focus on the thematic evolution of papers through unigram, bigram, and trigram analyses. This bibliometric study of the top 100 most cited papers in JORH may underscore the journal's role in fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and highlight areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of smaller footprint, more sensitive Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CZT)-based detectors with improved spatial and energy resolution has enabled the design of innovative full-ring 360° CZT SPECT/CT systems (e.g., VERITON® and StarGuide™). With this transformative technology now aiming to become mainstream in clinical practice, several critical questions need to be addressed. This EANM position paper provides practical recommendations on how to use these devices for routine bone SPECT/CT studies, facilitating the transition from traditional planar whole-body imaging and conventional SPECT/CT to these novel systems. In particular, initial guidance is provided on imaging acquisition and reporting workflows, image reconstruction, and CT acquisition parameters. Given the emerging nature of this technology, the available evidence base is still limited, and the proposed adaptations in workflows and scan protocols will likely evolve before being integrated into definitive guidelines. In the meantime, this EANM position paper serves as a comprehensive guide for integrating these advanced hybrid SPECT/CT imaging systems into clinical practice and outlining areas for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the application performance of polyvinyl alcohol and starch as sizing agents on the surface of paper, Paper surface sizing agents (CPSn-PVA) with different degrees of crosslinking were prepared by using y-glycidyl etheroxypropyltrimethoxyprop-ylsilane (KH560) and borax (STB) as crosslinking agents, and crosslinking modified starch (PS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA1799). The properties of the paper surface sizing agent were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy and stability testing, and the effects of the addition ratio of KH560 and borax on the performance of the paper surface sizing agent and the physical properties of the paper after sizing were discussed. The experimental results show that when the addition amount of borax is 0.1 g and the addition amount of KH560 is 3 g, the tensile strength of the adhesive film can reach 25.6 MPa, and the elongation at break is 326%. At the same time, the multi crosslinked PVA1799 paper surface sizing agent showed good application performance. Compared with the original paper, the paper's folding enderance, tearing index and contact angle increased by 6700%,65.04%, and 89.7% respectively after sizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant global health issue, impacting both low- and middle-income countries and industrialized nations. HEV genotypes 1 and 2, primarily transmitted through contaminated water, are endemic in low- and middle-income countries, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotically transmitted in industrialized regions. Acute HEV infection poses severe risks, particularly to pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals, whereas chronic HEV infection leads to serious complications in those with pre-existing liver disease and transplant recipients. The development of an HEV vaccine offers new prevention opportunities, though its availability and integration into global immunization programmes remain limited. This position paper was developed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Viral Hepatitis Study Group through an extensive review of clinical data, safety profiles, efficacy, and immunogenicity of HEV vaccines. The study group focused particularly on high-risk and special populations, synthesizing global health insights and incorporating recommendations from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts to formulate strategies for wider HEV vaccination use. The position paper evaluates the efficacy and safety of HEV vaccines in both general and special populations. It identifies key barriers to the integration of HEV vaccines into routine immunization programmes, including infrastructure limitations, costs, and vaccine accessibility. The paper also proposes strategies to overcome these challenges and improve vaccine distribution. Furthermore, it addresses ways to enhance public awareness and international cooperation to promote HEV vaccination efforts globally. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Viral Hepatitis Study Group recommends HEV vaccination for high-risk groups, including women of childbearing age, patients with chronic liver diseases, and immunosuppressed individuals. Prioritizing investments in vaccine logistics, integrating diagnostics, and educational outreach can enhance uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carvacrol essential oil has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, but the essential oil is volatile and unstable for long-term storage and use. In order to improve the relevant properties of carvacrol, in the present study, carvacrol was encapsulated with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using the saturated aqueous solution method, and response surface analysis was carried out, which gave a high encapsulation rate (63.58 ± 3.74%). The success encapsulation of carvacrol was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The release performance of the encapsulants was also tested at different temperature and humidity levels. In addition, polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite carvacrol-inclusive preservation paper prepared by these anhydrous conditions showed high antibacterial activity against Streptomyces fructus Monilinia fructicola, the main pathogen of peaches. Also, PEG was used to form the film in the anhydrous condition with the inclusion compound and ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to obtain the film coated paper, and its effect on postharvest preservation quality of peach was studied. The results showed that PEG + Carvacrol-β-CD + 1-MCP-α-CD inclusion complexes (ICs) effectively prolonged the storage time and improved the fruit quality and enzyme activity of peach. This study provides a solution for the preparation of controlled-release coated paper with essential oils and 1-MCP bioactives to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer, while preventable through screening and treatment of cervical precancer, remains a global challenge with a disproportionately high burden of disease in resource-limited settings, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Lack of affordable, easy-to-use screening and diagnostic tests contributes to this disparity. Most commercially available tests are not appropriate for use in LMICs due to resource constraints. Specifically, HPV mRNA and oncoprotein tests that have high specificity for cervical precancer and cancer require complex sample preparation protocols and expensive instrumentation. To address these limitations, an HPV E7 oncoprotein assay for HPV16, 18, and 45 was developed that is appropriate for use at the point of care. The assay is paper-based, involves only five simple steps, and does not require instrumentation. A clinically relevant limit of detection was demonstrated with cellular samples. Additionally, clinical performance was demonstrated with a small pilot study (n = 19), in which the HPV E7 paper-based assay was found to have 95% accuracy when compared to histopathologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe (CIN2+). With further clinical validation, this assay could enable highly specific point-of-care testing for cervical precancer and cancer that is instrumentation-free, affordable, and ideal for use in resource-limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is a key biomarker of bacterial spores. In this study, we present a novel distancebased paper analytical device (d-PAD) for the fluorescence sensing of DPA. The detection mechanism relies on the complexation of ofloxacin (OFL) with Cu2+ ions, where Cu2+ quenches the fluorescence of OFL via static quenching. Upon the introduction of DPA, it interacts with the OFL-Cu2+ complex, resulting in an enhanced fluorescence signal from OFL. The assay demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 µM over a range of 0.6-120 µM, as measured using a spectrofluorometer. The d-PAD was designed for efficient reagent transport through capillary action on paper substrates, allowing for rapid on-site DPA analysis without requiring advanced laboratory equipment. The length of the fluorescent bands on the d-PADs was proportional to the concentration of DPA, providing a simple and effective readout method. With a sensitivity of 0.6 µM, the device shows a strong response to varying DPA concentrations. This distance-based platform offers a straightforward and quantitative approach to result interpretation, making it a promising tool for detecting bacterial spores in real samples. The development and optimization of this paper-based microfluidic assay represent a significant step forward in portable diagnostic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For optimizing production yield while limiting negative environmental impact, sustainable agriculture benefits from real-time, on-the-spot chemical analysis of soil at low cost. Colorimetric paper sensors are ideal candidates, however, their automated readout and analysis in the field is needed. Using mobile technology for paper sensor readout could, in principle, enable the application of machine-learning models for transforming colorimetric data into threshold-based classes that represent chemical concentration. Such a classification method could provide a basis for soil management decisions where high-resolution lab analysis is not required or available. In tropical regions, where reliable soil data is difficult to acquire, this approach would be particularly useful. Here, we report a mobile chemical analysis system based on colorimetric paper sensors that operates under tropical field conditions. A standard smartphone equipped with a dedicated software application automatically classifies the paper sensor results into three classes—low, medium, or high soil pH—which provides a basis for soil correction. The classification task is performed by a machine-learning model which was trained on the colorimetric pH indicators deployed on the paper sensor. By mapping topsoil pH on a test site with an area of 9 hectares, the mobile system was benchmarked in the field against standard soil lab analysis. The mobile system has correctly classified soil pH in 97% of test cases, while reducing the analysis turnaround time from days (soil lab) to minutes (mobile). By performing on-the-spot analyses using the mobile system in the field, a 9-fold increase of spatial resolution reveals pH-variations not detectable in the standard compound mapping mode of lab analysis. We discuss how the mobile analysis can support smallholder farmers and enable sustainable agriculture practices by avoiding excessive soil correction. The system can be extended to perform multi-parameter chemical tests of soil nutrients for applications in environmental monitoring at marginal manufacturing cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy provided by proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is considered an alternative solution to fossil fuels in transportation and power generation in the future. However, to date, in life cycle assessments (LCA), PEMFCs have been modelled in reference to models already available on the market or to future development targets envisaged by government bodies. This study models PEMFCs with data extracted from patent literature and carries out the prospective LCA, comparing the resulting environmental impacts with those of studies in the literature relating to current and future PEMFCs. The result is that all the data necessary to build an inventory relating to the materials and processes constituting the membrane-electrode assembly of PEMFCs can be extracted from the patents. The impacts of the patented PEMFC are lower than those of the current PEMFC and higher than those of the future PEMFC disclosed in the literature. The variability of data in PEMFC patents is less than that of scientific papers published in international per-review journals. The same applies to the variability of the resulting impacts. Patented PEMFCs have a technology readiness level (TRL) lower than current PEMFCs and higher than future PEMFCs. In conclusion, the prospective LCA carried out on patented PEMFCs, with data extracted from the patents, can be used to analyze the environmental sustainability of prototype PEMFCs currently under development in the industry, with data deriving from experimental results. • Prospective LCA of patented proton exchange fuel cell (PEMFC). • Patented PEMFC have lower impacts and TRL than commercial PEMFC. • Patented PEMFC have higher impacts and TRL than PEMFC in papers. • Patented PEMFC have lower impacts deviation of PEMFC in papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a widely used patient-reported outcome (PRO) tool designed to screen for depressive symptoms and assess their severity. In recent years, with advancements in digital technology, the BDI-II has been adapted for use as an electronic PRO (ePRO) tool. However, to the best of our knowledge, the reliability of the smartphone version of the BDI-II has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to assess the equivalence of the traditional paper and smartphone versions of the BDI-II. Methods: This study employed a randomized crossover design with adults (n = 100) from the Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Participants completed both the paper and smartphone versions of the BDI-II at 1-week intervals. The equivalence between the two versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCagreement). Additionally, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were calculated for both versions. Results: The mean age of the participants was 19.78 years (SD = 0.94, 10% male). The ICCagreement between the paper and smartphone versions of the BDI-II was 0.81 (95% CI 0.74–0.87). Cronbach's alpha was 0.88 (95% CI 0.84–0.91) for the paper version and 0.88 (95% CI 0.84–0.91) for the smartphone version. McDonald's omega was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81–0.95) for the paper version and 0.89 (95% CI 0.85–0.93) for the smartphone version. Conclusions: The BDI-II is suitable for use in its smartphone version, and the smartphone version of the BDI-II is a valuable addition to the mental healthcare professional's toolkit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based supercapacitors (P-SCs) exhibit superior electrochemical performance owing to the flexibility and unique surface properties of paper substrates. Currently, most P-SCs adopt a sandwich structure that is limited by electrode fabrication methods. However, the development of planar paper-based devices is crucial to satisfy the tremendous demand for wearable electronics. Herein, based on the mechanism of interaction between the laser and material, we used direct laser writing (DLW) techniques to fabricate in-plane P-SCs based on graphene oxide (GO) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) composite-covered paper substrates. Owing to the in-plane device structure and pseudocapacitive MnO2, the acquired rGO-MnO2-based planar P-SCs possessed a much higher specific capacitance value (17.7 mF/cm2) than that based on sandwich-structured reduced GO (rGO) (1.71 mF/cm2). In addition, three in-series integrated devices can be easily achieved via the DLW fabrication method, which shows potential for practical applications such as powering a light emitting diode. In addition, by carefully designing the paper substrate structure, the paper-based device exhibited excellent stretching stability. A specific capacitance retention of 86.8% remained after 5000 stretch cycles. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the design and fabrication of wearable paper-based electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Porous materials utilized as adsorbents for the removal of pollutants are typically in powder form, which is not always convenient nor practicalin the proximity of cultural heritage (CH) artefacts. • A novel shaping, as a paper sheet loaded to up to 75 wt% of porous material is proposed and tested in the laboratory. • The paper composite can be loaded with Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon or NaY zeolite. • The use of the MOF MIL-100(Fe) makes the paper composite remarkably effective in selectively capturing very volatile and volatile organic compounds without releasing them even when moisture is present. • A very conclusive test was conducted using the MOF paper sheet to trap acetic acid from a degraded cellulose acetate film. The quality of indoor air in Cultural Heritage (CH) institutions is a prime concern for the preservation of the artefacts in the collections. When stored in enclosures such as boxes and cabinets, or when exhibited in display cases or poorly ventilated rooms, a buildup of pollutants, in particular very volatile (VVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can occur and be detrimental to the objects. These airborne pollutants arise from the slow deterioration of the objects themselves as well as from the outgassing of storage, exhibition and cleaning products and materials (wood, plastics, varnishes, paints, cleaning products). Carboxylic acids are a category of airborne pollutants that are particularly harmful to cultural goods, while aldehydes might be hazardous to human health. Adsorbents are often used to trap these pollutants, and currently activated carbons and zeolites are the most common ones. Nonetheless they are not compound-selective, their efficiency and regeneration ability are limited and they can re-emit the pollutants. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and, specifically, the benchmark mesoporous Fe(III) trimesate MOF denoted MIL-100(Fe), have been recently reported to selectively capture carboxylic acids, even in the presence of moisture. In this work, we studied three adsorbents, namely activated carbon, NaY zeolite and the MOF MIL-100(Fe), shaped as paper sheets, by mixing them with cellulose fibers and nanofibers. Their performance for the capture of various target substances notoriously emitted by CH artefacts, namely formic acid, acetic acid, acrylic acid, and furfural was compared. The tests were carried out in passive adsorption mode, in a purpose-made exposure laboratory bottle, in the presence of moisture and at pollutant concentrations of a few hundred ppm. The MOF paper composite showed better efficiency than the other two paper composites, being 15 % to 30 % more efficient than the activated carbon paper at target substance saturation level and reaching adsorption capacities between 200 and 300 mg pollutant.g-1 adsorbent under the experimental conditions. Moreover, only the MOF paper sheet did not release the pollutants. In a view of a practical application, the MIL-100(Fe) paper sheet was tested for the adsorption of acetic acid vapours emitted by cellulose acetate films, and confirmed the experimental results. This innovative solution could therefore be of use for air purification in heritage institutions to better protect airborne pollutant-sensitive cultural artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blastomycosis is a fungal disease caused by inhalation of Blastomyces spores from the environment that can result in severe pulmonary illness and high hospitalization rates. In early March 2023, Public Health Delta and Menominee Counties (Michigan) reported a cluster of blastomycosis cases among paper mill workers to the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). MDHHS subsequently notified CDC. On March 17, paper mill management requested a health hazard evaluation (HHE) from CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to investigate potential workplace exposures to Blastomyces and recommend prevention and control measures at the mill. The workplace epidemiologic investigation combined a NIOSH HHE medical survey consisting of a questionnaire on work and health with Blastomyces urine antigen testing of specimens obtained from workers to assist in case finding, with additional case information from MDHHS blastomycosis surveillance data. Assessment of 645 mill workers identified 162 cases of blastomycosis with illness onset during November 1, 2022--May 15, 2023, with the weekly case count peaking at 21 cases in early March 2023. HHE environmental sampling in and around the mill did not identify the source of workers' Blastomyces exposure in the mill. This outbreak was the largest documented blastomycosis outbreak in the United States, and the first associated with a paper mill or an industrial setting. A coordinated public health response facilitated swift prevention measures with recommendations focused on reducing workers' exposure to Blastomyces, including hazard communication, respiratory protection, mill cleaning, and ventilation system improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of OpenAI's ChatGPT‐3 in late 2022, conversational chatbots have gained significant popularity. These chatbots are designed to offer a user‐friendly interface for individuals to engage with technology using natural language in their daily interactions. However, these interactions raise user privacy concerns due to the data shared and the potential for misuse in these conversational information exchanges. Furthermore, there are no overarching laws and regulations governing such conversational interfaces in the United States. Thus, there is a need to investigate the user privacy concerns. To understand these concerns in the existing literature, this paper presents a literature review and analysis of 38 papers out of 894 retrieved papers that focus on user privacy concerns arising from interactions with text‐based conversational chatbots through the lens of social informatics. The review indicates that the primary user privacy concern that has consistently been addressed is self‐disclosure. This review contributes to the broader understanding of privacy concerns regarding chatbots the need for further exploration in this domain. As these chatbots continue to evolve, this paper acts as a foundation for future research endeavors and informs potential regulatory frameworks to safeguard user privacy in an increasingly digitized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document "Chemical Conservation of Paper-Based Cultural Heritage" discusses the importance of preserving paper-based artifacts, such as ancient books and manuscripts, to protect human civilization's development. Various studies highlighted in the document focus on the properties, degradation mechanisms, and conservation methods of paper artifacts, including the effects of hemicellulose on paper strength, the influence of environmental conditions on palm leaf manuscripts, and the use of innovative materials like soymilk and nanocellulose for paper sizing and reinforcement. The research aims to provide insights into more efficient and sustainable conservation practices for cultural heritage preservation. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Globally, potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a key staple food crop. In Kenya, it is the second most important food crop after maize. Among the various constraints to potato production are plant-parasitic nematodes. In particular, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are a significant impediment to potato production, suppressing yield and reducing the quality of harvested tubers. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a lignocellulose fibre matrix (banana paper) either impregnated with a chemical or drenched with a biologically-based nematicide for the management of root-knot nematodes on potatoes, in Kenya. The experiment was conducted in both field and pot trials over two consecutive cropping seasons. Wrapping seed potatoes in banana paper impregnated with abamectin or drenched with Trichoderma asperellum (Real Trichoderma®) led to suppression of soil Meloidogyne incognita densities by 87% and 68% in the field, and 86% and 40% in pots, respectively, which led to a 3.3- and 3.7-fold increase in yield in the field. This novel technology, also referred to as 'Wrap & Plant', presents a practical option for nematode management in potato under the resource-limited conditions of sub-Saharan Africa and offers potential for the targeted management of other soil-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw lignin (LRS) tends to be dark in color, which makes it less appealing for material applications. Therefore, a bleaching process involving lignin oxidation is of interest. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical and chemical properties of bleached LRS and explore its potential application in PU-based paper coatings. LRS and commercial lignin (LC) were subjected to bleaching using 29% H2O2 through oxidation treatment. The bleached lignin was then used to prepare PU-based paper coatings. The effects of bleaching treatment on the functional groups, structural, and thermal properties of lignin, as well as the water resistance of the PU composites were assessed. The oxidation treatment resulted in a reduction in the phenolic hydroxyl content, methoxy content, antioxidant activity, and equivalent weight of lignin. However, LRS exhibited greater thermal resistance than did LC. The bleached LRS was successfully integrated with toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) to produce transparent polyurethane. This polyurethane was then applied as a coating for paper containers, which successfully held cold water for over 4 h without leaking, indicating its outstanding water repellency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) has been known to cause electromagnetic noise against electronic equipment and devices even before the technical concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) was established 68 years ago in the United States and 48 years ago in Japan, while the ESD still continues to be studied as one of the most significant issues that should be solved in EMC areas. This is largely because the underlying nature of ESD has yet to be essentially elucidated from an EMC perspective. On the other hand, as an academic research organization on EMC in Japan, a Technical Committee named 'EMCJ' on 'Environmental Electromagnetic Engineering' was founded in 1976 in both the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ) and the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers or the present IEICE (Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers) to address EMC concerns. Since then, the EMCJ has been jointly conducting EMC research activities under the IEICE as the nominating body and the IEEJ as the associative body, whereas the EMCJ of IEEJ was dissolved in 1999 to form a new Technical Committee on EMC (TC‐EMC) in order to deal with EMC issues appropriate to the IEEJ. In this review, to mark the 25th anniversary of the IEEJ Technical Committee on EMC (TC‐EMC) in 2024, the EMC research efforts and activities that the TC‐EMC has conducted over the past 25 years from January 2000 to March 2024 are surveyed from 1272 technical papers presented at the technical meetings. Furthermore, among the ESD issues identified in these technical papers, the latest case studies utilizing 'spark resistance laws' that allow the analysis of the initial behavior of sparks, in which a spark is the essence of ESD and is the key to open the door to elucidate the phenomenon, particularly from an EMC perspective, are reviewed. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber paper (CFP) is one of the most widely used gas diffusion layer materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) due to its excellent properties such as high conductivity, high strength, high air permeability and corrosion resistance. In this study, CFP was prepared using the phenolic resin (PF) in-pulp addition method. The effect of PF content on the properties of hot-pressed paper (HPP) and CFP was investigated. The results showed that when the dosage of polyethylene oxide (PEO) was 1.5 wt%, the flocculation effect of PEO on PF was basically complete, and the water filterability and retention of carbon fiber pulp were relatively optimal. After HPP was carbonized into CFP, the hydrophobicity, average pore size, porosity, and air permeability increased, while the resistivity and tensile strength decreased. With the increase of PF content, the tensile strength of CFP gradually increased, while the average pore size, porosity, air permeability and resistivity decreased. When the PF content was 250 wt%, the average pore size of CFP was 36.5 μm, the water contact angle was 127°, the porosity was 69.7%, the air permeability was 7.81 × 103 mL mm/(cm2·h·mmHg), the resistivity was 21.1 mΩ cm, and the tensile strength was 15.7 MPa. In addition, the CFP prepared using PF in-pulp addition method had a relativity uniform pore size distribution and high air permeability. Therefore, this work shows that the CFP prepared using this technique exhibits excellent comprehensive performance, and enables the manufacturing of CFP to be more efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. [Display omitted] • Carbon fiber paper was prepared efficiently using the phenolic resin in-pulp addition method. • Polyethylene oxide exhibits strong adsorption ability on phenolic resin in carbon fiber pulp. • The melting temperature of phenolic resin is a critical point in the preparation process of carbon fiber paper. • Carbon fiber paper possesses a relatively uniform pore size distribution and high air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible paper-based materials play a crucial role in the field of flexible electromagnetic shielding due to their thinness and controllable shape. In this study, we employed the wet paper forming technique to prepare carbon fiber paper with a thickness gradient. The electromagnetic shielding performance of the carbon fiber paper varies with the ladder-like thickness distribution. Specifically, an increase in thickness gradient leads to higher reflectance of the carbon fiber paper. Within the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz), reflectivity decreases as electromagnetic wave frequency increases, indicating enhanced penetration of electromagnetic waves into the interior of the carbon fiber paper. This enhancement is attributed to an increased fiber content per unit area resulting from a greater thickness gradient, which further enhances reflection loss and promotes internal multiple reflections and scattering effects, leading to increased absorption loss. Notably, at a 5 mm thickness, our carbon fiber paper exhibits an impressive average overall shielding performance, reaching 63.46 dB. Moreover, it exhibits notable air permeability and mechanical properties, thereby assuming a pivotal role in the realm of flexible wearable devices in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated converting abundant paper mill waste, de‐inked paper sludge (DPS), into value‐added medium‐density fiberboard (MDF) panels. The objective was to repurpose this solid waste into a valuable material that aligns with the principles of a circular economy. Previous research has examined the addition of paper sludge to wood composites, but there is limited information on the specific incorporation of DPS into MDF production. This investigation offers new insights into this application. MDF panels were manufactured using hardwood fibers, with varying levels of urea‐formaldehyde resin (10% and 12% by weight) and different loadings of DPS (ranging from 0% to 50% by weight). X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of defective DPS fiber crystals. Contact angle measurements confirmed that DPS had poor wettability, corresponding to increased water absorption. As more DPS was incorporated, the mechanical properties of the panels progressively weakened due to defective fibers and poor adhesion between the fibers and the matrix. This was evident in scanning electron microscopy micrographs, which showed an escalation in interfacial flaws. Increasing the resin dosage noticeably improved the internal bond strength and reduced moisture uptake across all levels of DPS. However, at a DPS loading of 50%, the properties of the panels deteriorated by 36%–57% compared to the control MDF. Additionally, thickness swelling and water absorption increased significantly with higher DPS content, primarily due to the hydrophilic nature of the fibers. Based on optimization, it was determined that a DPS loading of 20% with a resin content of 12% provided the best balance between performance, waste utilization, cost, and moisture resistance. The reuse of abundant paper sludge supports the goals of a circular economy. However, strategies are required to tailor the processing methods and enable higher levels of recycled material without excessively compromising the key attributes of the product. Further research should focus on enhancing the quality of DPS and its compatibility with wood fibers and resin to enhance the performance of the composite material. Highlights: DPS from recycled paper mill assessed for MDF production with wood fibers and resinIncreasing DPS loading caused reductions in strength and adhesion of panelsWater absorption and thickness swelling markedly rose with more DPS additionIt was attributed to hydrophilic fibers and disrupted fiber‐matrix bondingOptimal formulation was 20% DPS loading and 12% resin content, balancing performance, waste utilization, and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The filter paper (FP) method, a cost-effective, versatile, and convenient approach, has found extensive application in analyzing fine-grained soils, enabling the successful measurement of a broad spectrum of total and matric suctions. However, using the FP method in sand with a limited range of suction profiles has been notably underrepresented in the existing literature. Therefore, this study investigated the applicability of the contact FP method in establishing soil water retention curves (SWRCs) using five distinct FP calibration curves for 10 poorly graded sands. Among these calibration curves, the one presented by Chandler yielded the highest suction values, which were followed by those of ASTM. Furthermore, the FP results were subjected to fitting with a mathmatical model, which led to the observation that the overall trends in the obtained SWRCs displayed smooth sigmoidal shapes, resulting in a complete and coherent SWRCs. The SWRC results of five sand samples were assessed through validation against the hanging column technique (HCT) results, indicating a high degree of concordance and affirming the suitability of the FP method for sands characterized by a limited suction profile. Notably, the entire range of suction values fell within the 0.01–20 kPa range based on the calibration curves presented by Chandler and ASTM for all the examined sand samples, except sands 9 and 10. Furthermore, the suction values were unobtainable using the two aforementioned calibration curves within the ranges of 0.01–1.47 kPa and 0.01–0.172 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper has been in common use for centuries and plays an important part in our daily life. The paper making process is a complex process that comprises various steps. Thus, a component's breakdown or failure can lead to poor system performance or in system failure. Therefore, a comprehensive system analysis is necessary for improved performance. In this research, the authors have examined the operation and performance of a paper mill, in order to gauge and enhance its performance. The reliability, availability, maintainability and dependability (RAMD) of the system are analysed. Appropriate mathematical models are developed on the basis of Markov birth-death processes to analyse production under steady-state conditions. The whole system is made up of six subsystems. Measures of the reliability, availability, maintainability, dependability, mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to failure (MTTF), and dependability ratio are evaluated for the entire system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bibliometrics and visual analyses based on thematic literature are particularly important for understanding the foundation and frontiers of postmenopausal osteoporosis research. OBJECTIVE: To perform bibliometric, citation, and visualization analyses of highly cited SCI papers in postmenopausal osteoporosis research over the last 20 years. METHODS: The top 100 highly cited papers on postmenopausal osteoporosis published between 2003 and 2022 included in SCI-EXPANDED catalog of the Web of Science database were obtained for bibliometric measure and visual analysis using CiteSpace software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The top 100 highly cited papers have a total of 67 377 citations in the Web of Science Core Collection, with an annual average of 49.17 citations per paper. Postmenopausal osteoporosis research primarily involves medical, engineering, biological, and multidisciplinary fields. The subcategories are dominated by endocrinology and metabolism, and medicine: internal medicine. Stable and close cooperative network relationships have been formed globally. United States, University of California System, Cummings, and Steven R are the country, research institution, and author, respectively, with the most highly-cited publications. The frontiers of postmenopausal osteoporosis research mainly include calcium and vitamin D supplementation and fracture risk, clinical studies of bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, atypical femur fracture, clinical studies of new drugs and sequential treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, predictors of fracture risk, mid- and long-term follow-up of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, genetic polymorphisms and hereditary factors, formulation and updating of clinical practice guidelines for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Large cohort studies, high-quality randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical practice guidelines are the great engines that drive the development of clinical research in postmenopausal osteoporosis. We should make efforts in the above areas to improve China’s international influence in the field of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and standardization of an effective inoculation technique are essential for reliable screening of crop genotypes. In this study, three inoculation methods—in vitro paper towel, in vitro agar, and soil inoculation in pots—were tested to evaluate the pathogenic potential of Macrophomina phaseolina, the causative agent of dry root rot (DRR). Since the pathogenicity of M. phaseolina is influenced by environmental factors, identifying a robust inoculation method is critical. Among the three techniques, the paper towel inoculation method resulted in the highest seedling mortality of 66.66% in cluster beans and 86.67% in cowpeas within just ten days, demonstrating its effectiveness. The agar inoculation technique, while successful, required 15 days to confirm pathogenicity, with seedling mortality rates of 63.33% for cowpeas and 53.33% for cluster beans. In contrast, the soil inoculation method showed comparatively lower mortality rates, with 36.66% for cluster beans and 26.67% for cowpeas. Based on these findings, the paper towel method emerged as the most efficient technique for inducing rapid pathogenicity in M. phaseolina in both cowpeas and cluster beans. Its suitability was further validated through the screening of released varieties of these crops compared against the soil inoculation method. Notably, genotypes that appeared moderately resistant under the soil inoculation method were found to range from susceptible to highly susceptible when evaluated using the paper towel technique. These results underscore the reliability of the paper towel method as a rapid and robust screening tool for identifying resistant genotypes of cowpea and cluster bean on a larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we developed a colorimetric method for the determination of Cu2+ and Zn2+ using NBD-G as a novel selective metal sensor. NBD-G was easily synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) and Girard's Reagent P. The NBD-G solution is yellow, but when it reacts with Cu2+ and Zn2+, its color changes selectively to red (510 nm) and orange (480 nm), respectively. NBD-G was used as a sensor for Cu2+ and Zn2+, showing a high sensitivity down to 0.77 µM for Cu2+ and 1.66 µM for Zn2+. NBD-G could determine both metals simultaneously; thus, it was applied to determine them in multimineral supplements, which showed excellent recoveries. Next, a filter paper impregnated with NBD-G was prepared as a test paper, and a simple, selective, and rapid onsite method for quantifying Cu2+ was developed as, interestingly, the paper showed no change upon the addition of Zn2+. Next, Cu2+ could be quantified with high selectivity and accuracy by photographing the color change with a smartphone camera and processing the image with Image J. The detection limit for Cu2+ using this method was 3.9 µM. Finally, the NBD-G test paper method was able to satisfactorily quantify Cu2+ spiked into the rainwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared and modified using a wet chemical method with different concentrations of Ag and Cu nanoparticles. The objective was to improve the mechanical, optical, and antibacterial properties of the coated paper by using the prepared pigments. The long-term antimicrobial effects of the coated paper were evaluated over 25 years. The successful synthesis of a hexagonal structure of ZnO nanoparticles decorated with spherical Ag and Cu nanoparticles ranging from 20 to 50 nm was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By increasing the concentrations of Ag and Cu from 0.01% to 1.0%, the mechanical properties of the coated paper were enhanced. The tensile strength reached a maximum of 6.77 kN/m and 7.03 kN/m, elongation increased to 1.69% and 1.70%, tensile energy absorption improved to approximately 77 and 80 J/m2, and burst strength rose to 218 and 219 kPa, respectively. The use of Ag-modified ZnO maintains the optical properties, while Cu-modified ZnO reduces brightness and whiteness without affecting opacity. The antimicrobial inhibition activity was improved with higher silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) content. The formulations containing 1% Ag/ZnO and 1%Cu/ZnO showed long-lasting antibacterial effects against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Even after 25 years of aging, they maintained inhibition rates of 92.2% and 62.2%, respectively. The molecular docking and GeneMANIA analysis revealed the potential of ZnO, Ag-modified ZnO, and Cu-modified ZnO nanoparticles to disrupt the S. aureus cell wall biosynthesis pathway by targeting the MurA enzyme and associated cell wall synthesis genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of corrosive sulfur present in transformer oil with the copper winding results in the formation of copper sulfide (Cu2S), and this process is intimately associated with the occurrence of partial discharge (PD) phenomena in power transformers. The development process of partial discharges in oil-paper insulation under Cu2S deposition conditions and its influencing laws were investigated. A hydrodynamic drift-diffusion model and a bipolar charge-carrier transport model were combined to analyze the development of PD under cylindrical plate electrode geometries. Charge density cloud maps of PD processes in oil-paper system under Cu2S deposition in slightly inhomogeneous electric field conditions were obtained. As the applied voltage increases, the oil molecules near the column electrode were first ionized into positive ions and electrons, and then the oil molecules near the deposition begin to be ionized. An increase in the thickness of Cu2S deposits leads to an elevation in the electric field strength within the oil gap, subsequently exacerbating the discharge phenomenon and resulting in a greater local charge density. The wider deposition of Cu2S promotes the diffusion of charge along its surface. The study has revealed the physical mechanisms and operating laws underlying the PD induced by Cu2S deposition in a slightly inhomogeneous electric field, thereby providing a theoretical reference for the further development of suppression techniques for Cu2S deposition-related discharges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the politics of community and hospitality in Henry James's "The Aspern Papers." Drawing on studies of hospitality developed and inspired by Jacques Derrida it considers the gestures of hospitality occurring in the story and shows that the bond of the Misses Bordereau is challenged by conditional terms of reciprocity that cause rifts in their community. Looking also at some of James's essays on Venice the essay argues that the novella provides insight into the possibility or not of domestic and national hospitality within the contexts of property ownership mobility and tourism and places women at the center of the confrontation between self and other community and alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to Andrew Benjamin Bricker's demonstration of the usefulness of printers' ornaments in the identification of the pseudonymous "A. Moore," this note suggests that printers' waste is another method. The Trade Sale Catalogues in the John Johnson Collection in the Bodleian Library show that booksellers preserved printed waste sheets of their own publications. There is no evidence that they retained such sheets of the publications of others. This strongly suggests that possession of waste is an indication of responsibility for publication. The note gives two examples of such methodology, one showing Thomas Warner having published as A. Moore, and the other showing John Baker publishing anonymously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amoxicillin, an antibacterial drug commonly used in food production, requires rapid and accurate detection due to its illegal usage and potential health risks. This study focuses on the development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensors using filter paper substrates coated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for the detection of amoxicillin. The Ag NPs were prepared by employing a chemical method, and their characteristics were analyzed through various techniques. The SERS substrates exhibited an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 10–12 M for amoxicillin, with a mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.63% for repeated measurements. The experimental and simulated enhancement factors were determined as 4.044 × 104 and 2.996 × 104, respectively. These disposable, reproducible, and chemically stable substrates demonstrate great potential for SERS-based research and the development of highly sensitive biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US and the EU have adopted contrasting pathways in their pursuit of increased sustainability. This editorial highlights such contrasts with respect to paper and nonwovens products. The American way, at least at the federal level, depends on consumer input, which can have an impact on corporate decisions and practices. Progress with respect to sustainability in the European Union has a higher reliance upon regulations. Each approach has merits as well as deficiencies. A regulation-dependent approach sometimes just moves problems to other parts of the world. A consumer-driven approach does not have a good way to deal with a need for systematic change, such as systems to recycle textile and nonwoven materials. It follows that a combined approach, involving both consumer demand and regulations, can be recommended as a most effective path forward. In addition, applications of artificial intelligence have potential to reconcile societal needs with future industrial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application significance of Fuyang paper cutting art in cultural and creative design from the perspective of rural revitalization was discussed, and the implementation principles and specific practices of applying the elements and techniques of Fuyang traditional paper cutting art in cultural and creative products with local features were analyzed to provide reference for rural revitalization and development of cultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene-, polyvinylidene chloride-, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance-coated paper generate microplastics or fluorochemicals in the environment. Here, we report an approach for the development of oil-resistant papers using an environmentally friendly, fluorine-free, water-dispersible poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating on kraft paper. Carboxylic-functionalized PDMS (PDMS-COOH) was synthesized and subsequently neutralized with ammonium bicarbonate to obtain a waterborne emulsion, which was then coated onto kraft paper. The water resistance of the coated paper was determined via Cobb60 measurements. The Cobb60 value was reduced to 2.70 ± 0.14 g/m2 as compared to 87.6 ± 5.1 g/m2 for uncoated paper, suggesting a remarkable improvement in water resistance. Similarly, oil resistance was found to be 12/12 on the kit test scale versus 0/12 for uncoated paper. In addition, the coated paper retained 70–90% of its inherent mechanical properties, and more importantly, the coated paper was recycled via pulp recovery using a standard protocol with a 91.1% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitizers are used to prepare photosensitive materials for ink-printing and thermal-recording media. Typical sensitizers contain an aromatic ring and exhibit aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity. They can accumulate in aquatic biota, leading to the disruption of ecosystems. Effluent from paper recycling plants has been identified as a source of contamination, and the presence of sensitizers in toilet paper may represent a new source of contamination in aquatic environments. To examine possible sources of contamination by sensitizers, this study investigated the levels of sensitizers in recycled toilet paper. We also studied the prevalence of sensitizers in rivers receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants in Japan, from 2020 to 2022. We detected eight sensitizers and related compounds in both toilet paper and river water samples; their total concentrations ranged from 0.78 to 34 µg/g (mean: 12 µg/g) in toilet paper and 58–1167 µg/L (median: 77 µg/L) in water. In the water samples, sensitizers were partitioned between liquid and suspended solid phases, and in suspended solids, sensitizers accounted for an average of 42% of the total. Correlation analysis showed a high correlation between sensitizer composition in the water from a river receiving sewage treatment plant effluents and toilet paper. Since these compounds were also detected in the river water analyzed in this study, toilet paper should be considered a novel source of sensitizers contamination in sewage treatment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]