Search

This paper identifies characteristics of territories in socio-environmental conflict and the environmental movements that arise from these, for the defense of the territory and natural assets, from an ecofeminist perspective. The methodology used is participant observation enriched with semi-structured interviews and the ethnographic method, based on the social reproduction of the female subject and her participation in environmental groups in Jalisco. The contribution lies in the practices carried out by the groups, as an alternative to the extractivist development model, analyzed from dimension a) socio-environmental, where local communities converge with the environment with a view to sustainability, in addition a reflection is made from b) the territory and the exchange of resources from rural areas to urban areas that are also the cause of conflicts due to the hoarding of natural assets, finally c) the emergence of the Un Salto de Vida collective, in defense of the territory and the natural goods from ecofeminism, as a powerful movement that links environmentalism and feminism with a strong presence of women leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to show the increase in rural municipal inequality using fuzzy logic for the state of Jalisco, Mexico, from 2000 to 2015. Methodology: a fuzzy index was developed to measure municipal inequality, considering rural activity, both sugarcane and non-cane, public spending, economic performance, urbanization and the Gini Index. Results: the index showed a trend of increasing inequality between sugarcane and non-cane municipalities. Limitations: The study should ensure a clear conceptual relationship between the analysis tool and the measurement. Value: The use of fuzzy logic reveals that the role of the Mexican state has been important in this, and the proposed index highlights the pattern. Conclusions: during the first sixteen years of the 21st century, municipal and rural inequality in sugarcane and non-cane municipalities in Jalisco increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mariachi, one of Mexico's most recognizable musical traditions and symbols, is often associated with the western state of Jalisco and its capital Guadalajara. In particular, the Encuentro Internacional del Mariachi y la Charrería has actively promoted this association since the early 1990s. Incorporating a combination of archival and ethnographic research, this paper examines the origins of this festival in its first 10 years (1994-2003) as a site wherein notions of race and class were produced, reified, and undermined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sub-national public spending studies in Mexico have increased in the last years. Nevertheless, it is unknown if the party ideology has an effect on it. Therefore, this paper explores whether this variable influences on the public expenditure. Based on the case of Jalisco, this research compares PAN and PRI governments to show their decisions on public expenditure. The results show that the panista government gave more resources to public investment, education and rural development; meanwhile the priista government gave more to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, as in many other parts of the world, industrial agriculture is dramatically changing rural landscapes and altering relationships with the land. This paper draws on community‐based research from a collaborative international research project that examined the perceived health implications of the agricultural industry for Indigenous peoples in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Thirty interviews were conducted in a Nahuas community experiencing expanding agribusiness industries. The results of this study show that the implications of export‐oriented agricultural industry for this Nahuas community are complex and, at times, contradictory: employment in the agricultural industry provides community members with much‐needed sources of income, but it is precarious work. At the same time, community members are concerned about the long‐term health and environmental implications, such as increased exposure to chemicals, depletion of the soil and water, and loss of traditional food and lifeways. These results suggest that to better understand the costs and benefits of large‐scale agriculture for Indigenous health, a broad lens of health that is situated in the context of colonial legacies and the particularities of relationships with the land is required. Key Messages: The health dimensions of export‐oriented agriculture for Indigenous communities throughout Mexico are complex and, at times, contradictory.Indigenous determinants of health frameworks help illuminate the risks and benefits of agricultural industries in Jalisco.For study participants, these industries present a tension between determinants of health; notably, much‐needed sources of income and long‐term health and environmental risks. This research provides a window into the particularities of a Nahuas community in rural Mexico, showing some of the contradictions and complexities of industrial agriculture in relation to local conceptions of health and well‐being.The results begin to illustrate the dynamic interplay between proximal, intermediate, and distal determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the magnetic dating results of five independent lava flows belonging to the Ceboruco volcanic field in Jalisco, western Mexico, using the SHADIF14K geomagnetic field prediction model. Five lava flows corresponding to well-documented eruptive events were studied. The ages of these flows have already been established by radiometric methods (C14). In two sites the archaeomagnetic ages coincide with C14 ages previously reported. In one site the archaeomagnetic age is considerably different from the radiocarbon age, possibly due to a discrepancy between one or both of the ages and the actual age of emplacement. For the two remaining lava flows, the paleomagnetic directions were found to be scattered and thus no characteristic remanence was determined. These sites probably underwent some rotation or a later displacement that was unnoticed during the sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the course and situation of the political science at Jalisco, Mexico, is reviewed, as the second largest epistemic community of the country.The document is divided into three sections. In the first one, we briefly contextualize the course and discussions that Mexican political science has had at national level. In the second one, we demonstrate the path of academic pro­grams of political science in the state, both undergraduate and postgraduate studies, as well as research about political issues in Jalisco. In the third section, we ponder trends in the discipline from this part of the country using the opinions of four of their architects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological evidence of megathrust earthquakes along the Mexican Pacific coast relies predominantly on tsunami deposits. Records of coseismic relative sea-level changes are scarce even though such evidence can complement and constrain tsunami records, providing information to reconstruct past earthquake rupture dimensions to improve the earthquake hazard assessment of the region. This paper provides the first diatom-based quantitative reconstruction of coastal subsidence along the Mexican subduction zone through the analysis of coastal wetland sediments. We use the stratigraphic signature of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake (M w 8.0) as this earthquake is instrumentally well-constrained, allowing us to evaluate our findings and establish approaches to investigate earlier earthquakes. Deposits beneath the wetland Estero Potrero Grande reveal a stratigraphic sequence, < 28 cm beneath the wetland surface, that resembles a signature of rapid submergence. This sequence consists of a horizontal bed of silt with highly humified organic matter abruptly overlain by a horizontal bed of grey silt. The abrupt stratigraphic contact between the two units extends across >1 km of the wetland. Using 14C ages and 137Cs chronohorizons to build an age-depth model, we estimate the age range (1985–2003 CE) and mean age (1995 CE) of this abrupt stratigraphic contact, coincident with the year of the earthquake. Three elemental log-ratios (S/Zn, Br/Zn and Ca/Zn) indicate an abrupt increase of salinity across the stratigraphic contact, which we interpret as marsh submergence recording coseismic coastal subsidence, reflected as relative sea-level rise. Fossil diatom assemblages confirm this trend, and through quantitative approaches we estimate its magnitude (−0.06 ± 0.08 m and − 0.11 ± 0.23 m), which is comparable with coastal subsidence measured by geodetic instruments. Our records reveal a millimetric spike of sand, which we interpret as a signature of the tsunami that accompanied this great earthquake. These findings demonstrate that coastal wetland sediments from the Mexican Pacific coast can record tectonic induced relative sea-level changes. This approach can allow us to better understand the long-term spatial and temporal behavior of this subduction zone. • Deposits beneath the costal wetland Estero Potrero Grande record coastal subsidence produced by the 1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake (M w 8.0). • The lithological expression of this event, an organic silt- silt couplet, was mapped for over 1 km across the wetland. • Elemental log-ratios and diatom assemblages are the proxies that reveal the abrupt increase of salinity conditions above the stratigraphic contact. • Through a diatom-based quantitative approach we estimate the magnitude of coastal subsidence and relative sea level changes before, during and after this earthquake. • Sediment gran size analyses reveal the occurrence of a high-energy event, interpreted as the signature of the tsunami produced by this earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the concepts involved in national-regional innovation systems (N-R_I_S) in light of the emergence of knowledge capitalism as a new phase of development, and the neoliberal appropriation of these concepts, pursuant to neoliberalism's position as the predominant development path in this new phase. Against that backdrop, this study looks at the experience of Jalisco, Mexico, the only state that has conceived of and put into practice a development strategy centered on an N-R_I_S and anchored in the electronics-computing and telecommunications sectors, on the neoliberal path the country is following. This study concludes that despite progress made, the fact that public-private partnerships are the main way this strategy operates has prevented the state from gaining a strategic position in the region from the standpoint of developing knowledge capitalism in Mexico and the breach of a "glocalizing" spatiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizens. The Case of the School of Arts and Crafts in Jalisco, 1842-1910 In this article there will be discussed the paper that the Schools of Arts and Trades played in the educational Mexican context of the 19th Century. We will see that these nurseries had the intention of forming "useful" citizens for the State. That is to say, productive and "civilized". This would achieved, by learning manual work in the schools of arts and trades. Which, Traditional trades were taught to the poor inhabitants of the most important urban concentrations of the country. One of them was Guadalajara, where it was founded the School of Mechanical Arts (later the School of Arts and Trades) as a way of training the workers who were needed by the new textile factories in the entity. The intention also was to grant an honest and honorable way of life for the needy ones, who were seen -according to the morality of the moment- as a danger that had to be eradicated. For this reason, the educational occupation proposed by the Schools of Arts and Trades was confined in the welfare, which was also related directly to the correctional system. Therefore, the institutions mentioned above were not offering an alternative for the social mobility, but instead they were conceived for turning considered "useless" people into productive subjects for the interests of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last forty years in various regions of Mexico, Jalisco, has given impetus to the development of industries known as "modern" as electronics and software, this is intended to increase growth and foster development, all this has been detrimental to those industries considered "traditional" (footwear, textile, jewelery), industries that have long been the basis for productive development of these regions. Policies that have followed in industrial countries has been to promote the first under the assumption that they are incorporating the technology, while the latter incorporates little technology in their production processes and generally do not innovate. However industrial behavior has demonstrated that the above is a fallacy. Government policies that were implemented in industrial resulted in the increase in the share of industrial production called "modern", such as electronics and software, but those traditional activities such as jewelry, not only maintained but that increased production and commercial dynamism. This dynamic is observed in the absorption of employment and productive participation nationwide. The jewelry industry is a case in point, because from generation entrepreneurship capacity, social capital and working together with the government, among others, has managed to influence local development in the region. Therefore in this paper analyzes trying to emphasize that industry, from interviews with key actors and quantitative analysis for this industry, basic factors that impacted on the local development of Jalisco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes how the inhabitants of a small Mexican city organize to obtain, manage and consume their food. The information was generated during the first half of 2010, using 80 semi-structured, in-depth interviews applied to households, retailers and local government officials. It shows the preeminence of certain dietary patterns, particularly the leading role of mothers in the cooking process and a diet based on corn, red meat, beans and eggs, accompanied by the intake of soda and milk. It also underlines the growing number of people who eat outside the home and consume pre-prepared food or are on a special diet for aesthetic reasons. The study reaffirms that eating behaviors are conditioned by the operations of merchants in the locality and particularly, by the regional supply system managed by large companies operating in the domestic food and beverage market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico and in other parts of Latin America, a large overlap can be observed between indigenous territories and regions of high biological value. In this paper, we ask if the same overlap can be observed in the state of Jalisco, in western Mexico. To answer this question, we start with a succinct analysis of the two main indigenous regions in rural Jalisco: the Huichol Sierra in the northern part of the state and the Sierra of Manantlán, in the southern part. Then, we extend our analysis to the state in its entirety in order to measure the overlap between indigenous territories that have been "desindianized" and regions of high biological value. This is done by comparing the municipalities that contain agrarian centers designated as "indigenous communities" and the municipalities that areas officially recognized for their ecological importance. A high correlation between these two variables is observed, leading to the question "why". A series of hypotheses is developed and these are contrasted with empirical evidence through a case study of the ejido of Ayotitlán, in the Sierra of Manantlán. Although different forms of environmental degradation can be observed in Ayotitlán, it continues to be one of the best conserved territories in the state of Jalisco, with high levels of biodiversity. This is due, not only to its isolation, but also to the way in which the indigenous inhabitants have interacted with the environment and because of their activism in defense of their territory and natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses microcredit as a possible instrument for local development, especially when some financial institutions arrive in local towns of limited resources with credit possibilities in soft conditions and when there is a constant training for the use of said resources on individual or collective projects for the production and the services. The paper analyzes the specific program of the Sistema de Financiamiento Rural Alternativo (SIFRA, System for Alternative Rural Financing), which has been implemented in the state of Jalisco for several years, with the support and collaboration of the government's Secretaría de Desarrollo Rural (Department of Rural Development) as well as that of several non-government organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although not all trajectories and manifestations of the Mexican Left have had a close relationship with social movements, this linkage has been a constant throughout history. Such was the case of the Mexican Communist Party (PCM) in Jalisco. This Party is considered one of the most important icons in the institutionalized realm of the Left due to its long history and presence, and also for its role in the urban guerrilla through Communist League 23rd of September (Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre). This period was officially called "Dirty War" in Guadalajara. In this paper we analyze the sociopolitical situation during the seventies in Jalisco and the entailment of PCM with the most radical movement of the decade. It is assumed that the events occurred during this decade constituted a milestone for the PCM and the social and political life of the state of Jalisco. This is crucial because this region is the cradle of one of the most civil radical mobilizations of the Twentieth Century; those mobilizations are characterized for having confronted directly the modern Mexican State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses whether the distinctions granted by international organizations -and also by certain public policies- which add value to some areas in ordinary towns; really trigger the promotion of values, traditions, environment preservation, regional development and social participation. Through the analytical readings of the cultural landscape of Tequila’s historical downtown, in Jalisco Mexico, we can notice the transformation of specific perimeters of a town similar to many others in Latin America, which gradually -and due to the economical and political intervention of both international organisms and the Mexican government- has turned from a rural area into an important tourist destination in Western Mexico and a referent in the construction of a new national identity, linked to successful commodities within the context of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Zapotlan is a small (1100 ha) lake in Jalisco state, western Mexico. Two communities are located within the basin (Ciudad Guzman, population ∼93,000 and Gomez Farias, population ∼12,000). The lake has a productive fishery (annual harvest between 200 and 570 tonnes) comprising tilapia and carp. Extensive beds of rooted and floating Typha latifolia are found in the lake and are used in local handicraft activities. The lake receives untreated sewage from both communities and, as a result, has elevated levels of nutrients and coliform bacteria. Local human health issues, as a possible consequence of this pollution, have been identified. This paper describes a process of identifying potential indicators of ecosystem health, to be used as a management tool in developing a sustainability plan for the lake and its basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper works from the hypothesis that the businessman's transgression to the political-electoral sphere was due to the accumulation of capital; taking as a premise that the accumulation of capital does not only occur in the natural sphere of the above mentioned actor, the economic sphere; but also that it must be resolved with the accumulation of capital in the social, cultural spheres as well as in the political one. The theoretical proposal is Political Geography; and in order to make evident the above mentioned process of the businessmen's accumulation of capital - transgression of spheres, the case of the Aguascalientes businessmen is approached from an empirical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1997, in Lagunillas, a municipality of Atemajac de Brizuela, south of Jalisco, Mexico, a Sustainable Rural Development project was put into effect via the Manejo Integral de Microcuencas (Comprehensive Management of Micro-Basins) program under the coordination of the Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA). This intervention was based on two premises: 1) institutional attendance and the participation of the local population in the proper management of natural resources, and 2) the development of alternative means to increase production and improve the quality of life but sustaining the basin's functioning as an ecosystemic unity. The following paper presents parts of the results compiled in the authors' PhD theses worked out from February 2004 to January 2007, where they analyze the experience of Lagunillas in order to document the sustainable rural development practices therein implemented, particularly those aspects which have to do with the participatory processes of the local inhabitants, the lessons learned, and the pending challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the advances of a research project about the efforts of a women's association of the coastal region of Jalisco within the frame of the Alternative Rural Financing System (SIFRA), and in particular the expansion and reformulation of livelihood strategies that women are developing with this micro-credit program's support. It discusses the relevance of the concepts of assets and social capital to analyze the program's results, as well as their usefulness to identify the shared resources and understand the processes through which they are established, used, and tested. It also argues that such processes are vulnerable to conflicts and the exercise of power, and that keeping this in mind may help to avoid turning social capital into a normative concept and to define its analytical capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the autor observes the difficulties for the study of the traditional poetry from Jalisco, in Western Mexico, due to the transformation of mariachi groups during the 20th Century. The paper focuses in the origins of this poetry in the Spanish 17th Century and the existing sources for the study of the traditional lyrics from Jalisco. Finally, some of the main characteristics of this poetry are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies on the culture of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas have been carried out since 1997 in the lagoon of Barra de Navidad (Jalisco, México). The presence of mud blisters in the oyster inner valves caused by shell-boring polychaetes has represented one of the main culture problems. Boccardia sp. (Polychaete: Spionidae) was identified from the mud blisters of 60 oysters. Despite the commercial significance of this organism to the oyster culture, there is a lack of information about its impact over the Mexican shellfish industry. This paper represents the first report on the presence of this worm in an oyster culture facility located at the mid coast of the Mexican Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in recent years has been increased considerably. One way to reduce the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is adsorptive capture. This paper describes the main results of adsorption of N2, NO2, and CO2 on epistilbite, both natural and on samples that were chemically treated at various concentrations of HCl. Data on the adsorption of CO2 and NO2 were evaluated by the Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were calculated, including the degree of interaction of the zeolite samples with gases by gradually changing the isosteric heat capacities of adsorption. The acid treatment improves the adsorption capacity of epistilbite with respect to NO2 and CO2, due the replacement of large extra-framework cation by small H+ ions. The improvement in the distribution of pore sizes in epistilbite samples was calculated by the method of Barrett-Joyner-Halenda. The sample H1 that was prepared in a moderately concentrated acid showed the best behavior in the CO2 adsorption processes, while the natural EPIN material preferably adsorbs NO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a review related to the obtainment of cellulose from different structures in agro-industrial residues, both for application in the food industry and for the reinforcement of other materials. Cellulose nanofibers are produced by the heart of palm (Bactris gasipaes) industry in Brazil and are used as a stabilizer in avocado oil emulsions; conversely, cellulose nanocrystals are produced in waste from the tequila industry (Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul) in Jalisco, Mexico, and are used for reinforcement applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico and in other parts of Latin America, a large overlap can be observed between indigenous territories and regions of high biological value. In this paper, we ask if the same overlap can be observed in the state of Jalisco, in western Mexico. To answer this question, we start with a succinct analysis of the two main indigenous regions in rural Jalisco: the Huichol Sierra in the northern part of the state and the Sierra of Manantlán, in the southern part. Then, we extend our analysis to the state in its entirety in order to measure the overlap between indigenous territories that have been "desindianized" and regions of high biological value. This is done by comparing the municipalities that contain agrarian centers designated as "indigenous communities" and the municipalities that areas officially recognized for their ecological importance. A high correlation between these two variables is observed, leading to the question "why". A series of hypotheses is developed and these are contrasted with empirical evidence through a case study of the ejido of Ayotitlán, in the Sierra of Manantlán. Although different forms of environmental degradation can be observed in Ayotitlán, it continues to be one of the best conserved territories in the state of Jalisco, with high levels of biodiversity. This is due, not only to its isolation, but also to the way in which the indigenous inhabitants have interacted with the environment and because of their activism in defense of their territory and natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]