67 results
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2. Diverse books for diverse children: Building an early childhood diverse booklist for social and emotional learning.
- Author
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Garces-Bacsal, Rhoda Myra
- Subjects
- *
CULTURE , *CHILD development , *SELF-management (Psychology) , *SELF-consciousness (Awareness) , *BOOKS , *EMOTIONS , *SOCIAL skills , *SOCIAL attitudes - Abstract
Research has indicated how diverse books contribute to a more culturally responsive pedagogy, allowing children to identify themselves in the stories they read and gain an appreciation for others whose lives are different from theirs. Moreover, a sensitive discussion of and critical responses to diverse picturebooks is found to positively influence a child's social and emotional learning competecies, apart from increasing a child's cultural knowledge and serving as a catalyst for social justice. This paper is meant to broaden early childhood educators' repertoire of picturebooks that can be used in the classroom to also include international titles (translated into English from their original languages) and multicultural titles to facilitate affective engagement with these narratives and introduce social and emotional learning skills (self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management and responsible decision-making). This paper provides a list of diverse books (from the Netherlands, Japan, Lithuania, Spain, Germany, France, Argentina – among others) for students in early childhood (from preschool to third grade) thematically organized across the five social and emotional learning competencies. Strategies such as book-bonding and literacy bags for family engagement will be shared while using the framework of culturally responsive teaching in an early childhood setting. Recommendations for how family members can be more involved are included, along with critical literacy strategies that include conversations, multiple perspectives and the sharing of authentic experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Research Trends and Hotspot Analysis of Conjunctival Bacteria Based on CiteSpace Software.
- Author
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Wang, Zhenyu, Huang, Chen, and Li, Xuemin
- Subjects
- *
MEDICAL research evaluation , *ANTIBIOTICS , *BACTERIA , *BIBLIOMETRICS , *CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) , *COMPUTER software , *CONJUNCTIVA , *DATABASES , *DRUG resistance , *EYE diseases , *EYE infections , *MEDICAL research , *PUBLISHING , *CITATION analysis - Abstract
Objective. To sort out the literature related to conjunctival bacteria and summarize research hotspots and trends of this field. Materials and Methods. The relevant literature data from 1900 to 2019 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. After manual selection, each document record includes title, author, keywords, abstract, year, organization, and citation. We imported the downloaded data into CiteSpace V (version 5.5R2) to draw the knowledge map and conduct cooperative network analysis, discipline and journal analysis, cluster analysis, and burst keyword analysis. Results. After manual screening, there were 285 relevant papers published in the last 28 years (from 1991 to 2019), and the number is increasing year by year. The publications of conjunctival bacteria were dedicated by 1381 authors of 451 institutions in 56 countries/regions. The United States dominates this field (82 literatures), followed by Germany (23 literatures) and Japan (23 literatures). Overall, most cited papers were published with a focus on molecular biology, genetics, nursing, and toxicology. Most papers fall into the category of ophthalmology, veterinary sciences, and pharmacology and pharmacy. The only organized cluster is the "postantibiotic effect," and the top 5 keywords with the strongest citation bursts include "postoperative endophthalmiti(s)," "infectious keratoconjunctiviti(s)," "conjunctiviti(s)," "resistance," and "diversity". Conclusion. The global field of conjunctival bacteria has expanded in the last 28 years. The United States contributes most. However, there are little cooperation among authors and institutions. Overall, this bibliometric study organized one cluster, "postantibiotic effect", and identified the top 5 hotspots in conjunctival bacteria research: "postoperative endophthalmiti(s)," "infectious keratoconjunctiviti(s)," "conjunctiviti(s)," "resistance," and "diversity". Thus, further research focuses on these topics that may be more helpful to prevent ocular infection and improve prophylaxis strategies to bring a benefit to patients in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Ideological Linkage between Districts of Mixed Electoral Systems.
- Author
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Shikano, Susumu
- Subjects
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ELECTIONS , *POLITICAL campaigns , *PRACTICAL politics , *IDEOLOGY - Abstract
The paper examines the reinforcing effect of mixed electoral systems on the linkage between electoral districts. The paper analyzes the linkage from the view of ideological constellation using survey data from Germany, New Zealand, and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
5. Germany and the Use of Force: Still a Civilian Power?
- Author
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Maull, Hanns W.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *REGIONAL economics , *REGIONALISM ,EUROPEAN foreign relations - Abstract
This paper looks into the evolution of regional co-operation in Europe and East Asia since the mid-1990s and at the policies of Germany and Japan in those contexts. Using role concepts as analytical tools for the comparative analysis, the paper assesses the specific role concepts of Germany and Japan with regard to regional co-operation, both in the economic and in the security context. It is widely assumed that East Asia represents an entirely different context for regional co-operation from Europe, and therefore has developed a new, specifically Asian way of regionalism. So far, less attention has been paid to Japan´s specific aims and policies in promoting and supporting regionalism in East Asia. Has Japan been important in promoting shallow forms of regional integration in East Asia, in contrast to Germany´s support for deep integration? If so, how should this be seen from the perspective of the civilian power role concept? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
6. Mixed Reality Research: A Quantitative Analysis of Global Research Publications and Citations Output during 1994-17.
- Author
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Gupta, B. M., Dhawan, S. M., Rani, Asha, Bansal, Jivesh, and Kumar, Ashok
- Subjects
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QUANTITATIVE research , *MIXED reality - Abstract
This paper examined mixed reality research published during 1994-17, on a series of bibliometric measures including growth rate, global share, citation impact, top countries, organizations and authors, preferred media of research communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The study finds that mixed reality research registered faster (35.49%) growth, low citation impact averaged to (6.93) citations per paper, contributed too low share (0.03%) of its total research output in 24 years as highly cited papers. The USA, Japan, and Germany are seen as the world leaders in the subject, each had contributed at least 11% global publications share in 24 years. The mixed reality research is widely scattered across 68 countries with top most productive organizations and authors accounting for modest (23.35% and 16.56%) global publications share and modest (29.53% and 24.37%) global citation share respectively during the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Multi-scalar geographies of inequalities: Trajectories of gender regimes in a world regional perspective.
- Author
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Gottfried, Heidi
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC geography , *REGIME change , *GEOGRAPHY , *SOCIAL change , *CURRICULUM - Abstract
New inter-national and transnational complexities of economic and political relationships destabilize extant categories and units of analysis for studying trajectories of social change and explaining commonalities and differences of complex inequalities across countries. New insights on gender regime change emerge by shifting from a singular to a multi-scalar analytical frame. The paper argues that complex inequalities cannot be understood by studying a bounded geographic unit of analysis. Toward this end, the paper compares Germany and Japan in a world regional perspective, applying Walby's gender regime theory. Case comparisons of Germany and Japan not only reveal historical pathways of national developments, but also can show the benefits of a multi-scalar analytic in differentiating varieties and futures of gender regimes. An examination of the care economy shows why a multi-scalar analytic is critical for tracking the economic geographies of reproductive/care labor (both paid and unpaid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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8. THE IMPACT OF WAR AND SUCCESSFUL RECONSTRUCTION: EVALUATING THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S GERMANY-JAPAN-IRAQ ANALOGY.
- Author
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Allen, Daniel R.
- Subjects
- *
POSTWAR reconstruction , *RECONSTRUCTION in the Iraq War, 2003-2011 , *WAR (International law) , *REASONING - Abstract
The article presents the conference paper titled "The Impact of War and Successful Reconstruction: Evaluating the Bush Administration's Germany-Japan-Iraq Analogy" prepared for the "International Studies Association Convention" held in Honolulu, Hawaii. It examines the legitimacy of the analogical reasoning by the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush in the Iraq war based upon on an assessment of the commonalities across Japan, Italy and Germany. The paper mentions different meanings of path dependence theory according to several authors.
- Published
- 2005
9. Agreement and Disagreement in Democratic Politics: Patterns of Deliberation in Germany, Japan, and the United States.
- Author
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Huckfeldt, Robert, Ikeda, Ken'ichi, and Pappi, Franz Urban
- Subjects
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PRACTICAL politics , *DEMOCRACY , *POLITICAL communication , *POLITICAL participation , *ELECTIONS - Abstract
An important ingredient in democratic politics is the realization of political disagreement through patterns of social communication and political discussion. If people fail to encounter contrary viewpoints, their own political views are never challenged, they are never forced to reconsider initially held preferences or opinions, and they are effectively excluded from democratic deliberation. This paper examines patterns of agreement and disagreement within the political communication networks of citizens in Germany, Japan, and the United States. Several questions are addressed. Are there cross-national differences in the patterns of agreement and disagreement that occur among citizens? To what extent are these patterns subject to individual characteristics, opinions, and attitudes? Are they dependent on the structure of citizens’ communication networks? Finally, to what extent are patterns of political agreement and disagreement affected by the levels of aggregate support for a citizen’s political preferences and opinions? The empirical analysis is based on cooperative election surveys conducted in each of the countries during the early 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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10. The Political Economy of Financial Systems.
- Author
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Carney, Richard W.
- Subjects
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FINANCIAL institutions , *GLOBALIZATION , *CORPORATE governance , *ELECTIONS , *MACROECONOMICS ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
Why do developed countries have such different financial systems? Some nations, such as Germany, France and Japan rely extensively upon bank lending for mobilizing new capital, while others, such as the US and UK, rely heavily on capital markets?why? At the beginning of the 20th century, however, Japan and France relied far more heavily on their capital markets?why did they change? Answering these questions has implications for understanding globalization’s varying effects on national economies, corporate governance, the nature of technological innovation, and for illustrating linkages among law, politics, and macroeconomics. Existing arguments focusing on legal systems and electoral systems fail to adequately answer this puzzle. I argue that the structure of a country’s financial system depends on the political power of farmers and labor relative to that of large firms, where farmers and labor prefer banks, while big firms prefer capital markets. I test the argument with data for 14 OECD countries from 1976 -1990. I also present evidence spanning the twentieth century for France and Japan. Check author’s web site for an updated version of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
11. The Relationship Between Information-Sharing and Resource-Sharing Networks in Environmental Policy Governance: Focusing on Germany and Japan.
- Author
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Lee, Junku and Tkach-Kawasaki, Leslie
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *NETWORK governance , *SOCIAL network analysis , *DECISION making in environmental policy - Abstract
Environmental issues are among the most critical issues nowadays. These issues are no longer confined to individual countries, and international society has been progressing in building global dialogues since the early 1970s. Within these international efforts, Germany and Japan have played essential roles in global environmental governance. However, there are major differences in nation-level environmental policies in both countries. Governance based on network structure is more efficient than that based on hierarchy for solving complex problems. The network structure is formed through horizontal cooperation among various autonomous actors, and the relationship intensity among actors is one of the key concepts in the governance. Using social network analysis as a framework to explain complicated societal structures explains how interaction among actors creates networks, and these networks further affect their interactions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of environmental policy governance as collaborative governance in Germany and Japan. To address this goal, this paper analyzes the relationship between the informational dimension of governance networks and its complement resource-sharing networks in both countries. The results show that the information-sharing networks have lower-level network influence on the resource-sharing networks as higher-level networks even if not all of the information factors have singular influences. The results suggest that the information-sharing networks may be one of the pieces of the puzzle for explaining this phenomenon in environmental governance in Germany and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Evaluation of alternative power-to-chemical pathways for renewable energy exports.
- Author
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Aadil Rasool, Muhammad, Khalilpour, Kaveh, Rafiee, Ahmad, Karimi, Iftekhar, and Madlener, Reinhard
- Subjects
- *
RENEWABLE energy sources , *ACOUSTIC emission testing , *CLEAN energy , *HYDROGEN economy , *LIQUID hydrogen , *ALTERNATIVE fuels - Abstract
Over the last five decades, there have been several phases of interest in the so-called hydrogen economy, stemming from the need for either energy security enhancement or climate change mitigation. None of these phases has been successful in terms of a major market development, mainly due to the lack of cost competitiveness and partially due to technology readiness challenges. Nevertheless, a new phase has begun very recently, which despite holding original objectives has the new motivation to be fully green, i.e. based on renewable energy. This new movement has already initiated bipartisan cooperation of some energy importing countries and those with abundant renewable energy resources and supporting infrastructure. One key challenge in this context is the diversity of pathways for the (national and international) export of non-electricity renewable energy. This poses another challenge, that is the need for an agnostic tool for comparing various supply chain pathways fairly while considering various techno-economic factors such as renewable energy sources, hydrogen production and conversion technologies, transport, and destination markets, along with all associated uncertainties. This paper addresses the above challenge by introducing a probabilistic decision analysis cycle methodology for evaluating various renewable energy supply chain pathways based on the hydrogen vector. The decision support tool is generic and can accommodate any kind of renewable chemical and fuel supply chain option. As a case study, we have investigated eight supply chain options composed of two electrolysers (alkaline and membrane) and four carrier options (compressed hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia) for export from Australian ports to three destinations in Singapore, Japan, and Germany. The results clearly show the complexity of decision making induced by multiple factors, and that the preferred supply chain combination (electrolyser technology, green energy carrier) in terms of least cost strongly depends on whether the expected levelized cost of hydrogen (ELCOH) or the expected levelized cost of energy (ELCOE) is used as a decision criterion. For instance, with ELCOH for the case study, under the given input parameters, the Ammonia combination with alkaline electrolysers (AE-NH 3) becomes the least-cost supply chain option for Singapore, Japan, and Germany with values of 8.60, 8.78 and 9.63 $/kgH 2 , respectively. This leaves liquid hydrogen (with alkaline electrolysers) as the second-best supply chain route, with ELCOH values of 9.05, 9.39 and 10.70 $/kgH 2 , respectively. However, with ELCOE, methanol (with alkaline electrolysers) becomes the preferred supply chain path for all destinations, and liquid hydrogen (with alkaline electrolysers) keeps its place as the second-best alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Common Roots, Divergent Evolution: Insider Trading Doctrine in the United States, Japan, and Germany.
- Author
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Heminway, Joan
- Subjects
- *
INSIDER trading laws , *SECURITIES trading , *RULES , *GOVERNMENT securities - Abstract
Many countries use U.S. insider trading doctrine as a model, in part as a result of historical and political factors and in part because the United States is seen as a market leader--an early adopter with a well developed, disaggregated, public securities market. Yet, despite these convergent beginnings and a general agreement on the nature of the regulated conduct (i.e., prohibiting securities trading by insiders possessing material nonpublic information), operative insider trading rules in the United States (as a rule originator) have evolved to protect different interests and regulate different specific market activities than insider trading rules in other countries. Using existing insider trading law and regulation in the United States, Germany, and Japan, this paper (a) identifies the common roots and divergent evolution of insider trading doctrine in these nations, (b) articulates ways in which differences in current insider trading doctrine may be meaningful, and (c) isolates possible reasons for the existence and persistence of the observed doctrinal divergence. Divergent political, economic, and societal histories, and differences in legal systems and traditions, are at issue in the analysis. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
14. Repairing Historical Injustice: German and Japanese Military Sexual Slavery.
- Author
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Savery, Lynn
- Subjects
- *
JUSTICE , *SEX crimes , *CRIMES against military personnel , *ETHICS - Abstract
The article presents the conference paper "Repairing Historical Injustice: German and Japanese Military Sexual Slavery" delivered at the "Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association" in Hawaii. It examines the various factors supporting the views held by states about reparatory justice. According to the author, a new progressive of ethic of care and justice is needed to redress such injustices whereby the moral worth of victims is recognized and the injustice of the harm they suffered is acknowledged.
- Published
- 2005
15. The Second Face of International Security.
- Author
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Lobell, Steven E.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *INTERNATIONAL security ,BRITISH foreign relations ,JAPANESE foreign relations ,GERMAN foreign relations - Abstract
A conference paper about Great Britain's targeted appeasement policy towards Japan and Germany during the 1930s is presented. It discusses the need to incorporate both international politics and domestic distributive consequences in foreign policy models. It examines the Domestic Political Economy model and the competing security preferences of inward and outward oriented blocs within most states.
- Published
- 2005
16. Economic Downturn, Unemployment, and Policy Reform in Germany and Japan:Wage Moderation and Compensation Policies in Coordinated Market Economies.
- Author
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Hiwatari, Nobuhiro
- Subjects
- *
UNEMPLOYMENT , *LABOR market , *TAX reform - Abstract
Between 1998 and 2001 Germany and Japan enacted pension and tax reforms as part of a broader effort to revive the economy and reduce unemployment. However, the German reform maintained fiscal discipline, a generous pension system (by increasing the role of private pensions), and passive labor market policy. In contrast, Japan resorted to deficit spending, while retrenching public pension and tailoring labor market policies to keep the elderly active. The recent reforms have reinforced the divergent policy paths of Germany and Japan, which can be explained by (a) the arrangements that facilitate coordinated wage moderation where the unions are intermediately strong or decentralized and (b) how different arrangements shape policies to reward wage moderation. By explaining the source of difference among the two top wage coordinated economies, this article cautions against analyses that treat Germany and Japan as similar regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
17. Effects of investments in out-of-school education in Germany and Japan.
- Author
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Entrich, Steve R.
- Subjects
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ACADEMIC achievement , *INVESTMENTS - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to clarify in what ways school performance and out-of-school lessons are linked, with special emphasis on social disparities in educational attainment. Previous research about shadow education indicates that out-of-school education may indeed be a factor to improve the academic achievement of school students. On the other hand, it is stated nearly without exception that the socioeconomic background of a student plays a significant role for academic achievement as well. Using data of the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this paper shows new findings in comparing effects of shadow education investments on students' performance in Japan and Germany. We found that out-of-school education investments in both countries led to four significant outcomes: (i) in Japan, high school students' academic achievement is increased due to out-of-school lessons; (ii) in both countries there is great variation in how out-of-school lessons affect academic performance according to the types of out-of-school lessons and the area of stay; (iii) out-of-school education determines higher achievement scores in international comparison in a decisive way and therefore provides a reasonable explanation for the Japanese success in PISA; and (iv) since the mid-1990s the system in Japan has advanced from a mixed to a predominantly enrichment out-of-school education system, while the German out-of-school education system is still of remedial character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Macro-Indicators of Citation Impacts of Six Prolific Countries: InCites Data and the Statistical Significance of Trends.
- Author
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Bornmann, Lutz and Leydesdorff, Loet
- Subjects
- *
STATISTICAL significance , *CITATION analysis , *COMPUTER science , *WEB-based user interfaces , *BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
Using the InCites tool of Thomson Reuters, this study compares normalized citation impact values calculated for China, Japan, France, Germany, United States, and the UK throughout the time period from 1981 to 2010. InCites offers a unique opportunity to study the normalized citation impacts of countries using (i) a long publication window (1981 to 2010), (ii) a differentiation in (broad or more narrow) subject areas, and (iii) allowing for the use of statistical procedures in order to obtain an insightful investigation of national citation trends across the years. Using four broad categories, our results show significantly increasing trends in citation impact values for France, the UK, and especially Germany across the last thirty years in all areas. The citation impact of papers from China is still at a relatively low level (mostly below the world average), but the country follows an increasing trend line. The USA exhibits a stable pattern of high citation impact values across the years. With small impact differences between the publication years, the US trend is increasing in engineering and technology but decreasing in medical and health sciences as well as in agricultural sciences. Similar to the USA, Japan follows increasing as well as decreasing trends in different subject areas, but the variability across the years is small. In most of the years, papers from Japan perform below or approximately at the world average in each subject area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Does ethnic origin determine integration success? A comparison of immigration policies in Germany and Japan.
- Author
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Hein, Patrick
- Subjects
- *
ETHNICITY , *NATURALIZATION , *IMMIGRATION law , *IMMIGRATION policy - Abstract
The paper analyzes public policy and public opinion responses toward immigrants in Germany and Japan, two countries whose immigration policies have relied on blood purity (jus sanguinis). The paper retraces the rationale for jus sanguinis and contends that it was adopted at the turn of the century in both countries out of political convenience. The principles and goals of immigration policies are compared cautioning that better principles must not mean better outcomes. It is reiterated that Germany has made a politically motivated move away from the ethnic monocultural concept, whereas Japan still hangs on more or less to the old model of silent and subtle assimilation. The more dissuasive Japanese model of tight immigration control, deportation and monocultural assimilation isthen compared to the more permissive German immigration model. A comparison of identity discourses in the form of Japanese Nihonjinron and German Leitkultur shows that both countries struggle with identifying and asserting their core values and that this has a negative impact on integration issues. The paper concludes that Germany has failed to bear the full consequences of its ambitious plans by taking into account the values, beliefs and worldviews of its immigrants, whereas Japan continues to treat immigrants as temporary guests denying any need for long-term integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. In the Shadow of Pacifism: Foreign Policy Choices of Germany and Japan in Afghanistan.
- Author
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Hein, Patrick
- Subjects
- *
HUMANITARIAN intervention , *INTERNATIONAL security , *AFGHAN War, 2001-2021 , *HUMAN security , *POLITICAL attitudes , *SOCIAL history , *MILITARY policy - Abstract
This paper explores the policy choices of Germany and Japan for contributing to international security and stability in Afghanistan. Both countries have been closely involved with Afghanistan in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks 2001. It is argued that the policy choice of Japan with a low military element and high civilian element differs significantly from the German military centered approach. An analysis of the goals and motives behind the foreign policy choices reveals that in Germany the military involvement has been justified with humanitarian reasons, national self interests and the right to 'unlimited' sovereignty. This logic has ultimately led to the acceptance of civilian casualties and participation into offensive counterinsurgency operations. It is suggested that elite driven discourses have determined foreign policy strategy. In the case of Japan the paper claims that the conservative LDP elite had been pushing for intensified military involvement which materialized in the dispatch of military vessels to the Indian Ocean and ground forces to Iraq. Similar to Germany these moves towards gaining international reputation were rooted in domestic politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. RBMK-1500 šilumą išskiriančiuose elementuose vykstančių procesų modeliavimas.
- Author
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Jusevičiūtė, Aušra, Kaliatka, Algirdas, and Urbonavičius, Egidijus
- Subjects
- *
NUCLEAR fuel elements , *NUCLEAR power plants - Abstract
Processes occurring during the reactor operation and accidents change the thermal, chemical and other properties in nuclear fuel elements. This paper describes the processes in the nuclear fuel elements and tools for simulation at these processes. Fuel elements used at the Ignalina NPP were simulated with the FEMAXI-V (Japan) and TESPA-ROD (Germany) codes. The developed models were employed to analyse the processes in fuel elements in case of the large LOCA BDBA. The models and the results of the analysis are presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
22. Weavers and female weavers.
- Author
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Kanamori, Shigenari
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL problems , *WOMEN'S employment , *BLUE collar workers , *WEAVERS , *SOCIAL history - Abstract
Purpose — The purpose of this paper is to compare typical social problems in Germany and Japan in the context of weavers and female weavers. Design/methodology/approach — The paper compares Gerhardt Hauptmann's Weavers (1892) with Wakizo Hosoi's The Tragic History of Female Weavers (1925). Findings — Despite remarkable differences, there are many similarities between the two works in terms of the economic situations in Germany and Japan. Originality/value — The paper explores differences and similarities in the two works and highlights some typical examples of social problems common to both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. In Fear of International Law.
- Author
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Shearer, Ivan
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL law , *FEDERAL government - Abstract
The thesis of this paper is that governments of some otherwise enlightened states are increasingly fearful of acknowledging the restraints imposed on them by existing international law. They are also reluctant to enter into new commitments by way of international conventions that would expand the reach of international law. The paper asks whether these fears are based on a true understanding of international law or on some distorted view of it. It will draw comparisons and some contrasts between Australia and the United States in their reactions to a number of recent events as well as to some enduring situations of contemporary relevance. Had time (and the limits of my research) permitted, one might also have examined public attitudes toward international law in China, Japan, and Russia in this context, where similar fears appear to be entertained. France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, also enlightened states, appear by contrast to belong to a group more dedicated to international law. As Robert Kagan has recently remarked, the experience of two world wars at close quarters, and the formation of the European Union, have made the European countries more dedicated to process, where the United States is more interested in results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The Road to and from the Kyoto Protocol: The Perspectives of Germany and Japan.
- Author
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Hirono, Ryokichi and Schröder, Heike
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL obligations , *CLIMATE change , *TREATIES , *CIVIL society , *LIFESTYLES - Abstract
This paper aims to present, from the perspectives of Germany and Japan, some of the major issues facing the international community in reaching agreement on the Kyoto Protocol and its implementation. It also provides the background leading up to the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Berlin Mandate, and the Kyoto Protocol. Although the protocol was finally signed by all participating countries (except a few) after long, protracted negotiations, the Berlin Mandate, the legally-binding minimum targets set forth for reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2008 to 2012, and the priorities given to domestic solutions over external measures provided some countries, notably the United States, an excuse for rejecting the protocol. During the subsequent international negotiations Germany took a lead in pushing the hard-line European Union position, while Japan tried to mediate between the European Union and the soft-line United States position to bring the two sides closer together in an attempt to bring the United States back into the protocol, get it ratified by as many signatory countries as possible, and put into effect as soon as possible. The paper concludes that while the protocol's fate appears to have ended up in the hands of Russia, the greatest hurdle for GHG emissions reduction lies ultimately in the extent to which the governments of developed countries and European economies in transition can convince their citizens, corporations, and other entities to meet those targets within the prescribed time limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
25. Public Participation in Market-based Climate Policy: A Political Economy Perspective and the Cases of Japan and Germany.
- Author
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Rudolph, Sven
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNMENT policy on climate change , *GLOBAL warming & politics , *PUBLIC choice theory , *CARBON taxes - Abstract
Due to the increasing threat of irreversible, dangerous global warming, effective climate policy is one of the most urgent political challenges. And as mitigation costs are going to increase even in the case of cost efficient measures, government action against global warming needs the sovereign's support. So what is the role of public participation in modern market-based climate policy? Public Choice theory has been analysing respective questions since the 1970s, mainly because economists' recommendations for expanding the use of economic incentives had been ignored in practice. However, recently carbon taxes and cap-and-trade have been spreading, raising questions on the validity of Public Choice arguments anew. Against this background, the paper summarizes the hypotheses of Public Choice theory regarding public participation in climate policy instrument choice, surveys respective empirical studies, and adds new case study data on carbon market decision making in Germany and Japan. It mainly argues that public opinion will play an increasingly important role in effective and efficient climate policy, that political support by citizens becomes most effective via environmental groups' activities, and that strengthening citizen participation calls for lowering information costs and for supporting the civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
26. Grappling with the Forced Labor Issue in Germany and Japan: The Role of Transnational Restitution Movement and Ruling Coalitions.
- Author
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Yangmo Ku
- Subjects
- *
FORCED labor , *FORCED labor laws , *CIVIL restitution , *COALITIONS - Published
- 2011
27. Update On CO2 Laser Ablation Of Polyoxymethylene At 101 kPa.
- Author
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Sinko, John E., Scharring, Stefan, Ogita, Naoya, Sasoh, Akihiro, Eckel, Hans-Albert, and Röser, Hans-Peter
- Subjects
- *
CARBON dioxide lasers , *LASER ablation , *BEAMED-energy propulsion , *POLYOXYMETHYLENE , *ATMOSPHERIC pressure , *METEOROLOGICAL optics , *LASER beams - Abstract
Recent work has brought about a renewed interest in CO2 laser ablation studies of polyoxymethylene, due to its potential as a test target for enhancing modern understanding of the laser ablation process. In this paper, new results taken in air at atmosphere pressure are reported, including data measured at institutions in Germany and Japan, which increase the body of literature data on CO2 laser ablation of polyoxymethylene. The results are discussed in terms of aerospace parameters such as the momentum coupling coefficient and specific impulse, and are compared to a previous literature study. The threshold fluence is specified for ablation of polyoxymethylene by CO2 laser radiation. Fluences higher (and lower) than previously tested for CO2 laser ablation were studied herein, and record specific impulse values for CO2 laser ablation of flat polyoxymethylene are also reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. A Comparative Study of Japan, Germany and Sweden.
- Author
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Lecea, Marisha
- Subjects
- *
CITIZENSHIP , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EMIGRATION & immigration , *JUSTICE administration - Abstract
The article presents a comparative study involving the citizenship policy in Japan, Sweden, and Germany. Data from the World Values Survey was used to compare domestic attitudes and the high rates of naturalization to citizenship in some rich, democratic nations. It also examines the constitutional provisions and structure of judicial system in Sweden with the least restrictive citizenship regime, Japan with the most restrictive citizenship regime, and Germany which become less restrictive.
- Published
- 2010
29. International Reconciliation in the Postwar Era, 1945-2005: A Comparative Study of Japan-ROK and Franco-German Relations.
- Author
-
Yangmo Ku
- Subjects
- *
RECONCILIATION , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *REALPOLITIK - Abstract
The article looks at the reconciliation between Japan and the Republic of Korea and France and Germany during the postwar era, 1945 to 2005. It addresses the questions of under what conditions do sets of two former adversary states with deeply rooted historical animosity try to reconcile with each other, and why these countries show significantly different outcomes in the degree of reconciliation when they seek for bilateral reconciliation. It argues that in both cases, the motives for reconciliation were mainly derived from realpolitik concerns.
- Published
- 2008
30. Postwar Geopolitical Dynamics and Transnational Reconciliation in Japan-ROK and Franco-German Relations.
- Author
-
Ku, Yangmo
- Subjects
- *
GEOPOLITICS ,JAPAN-Korea relations ,FRANCE-Germany relations - Abstract
Contrasting geopolitical dynamics played a major role in the different outcomes of transnational reconciliation in Japan-ROK and Franco-German relations. The de-Nazification of Germany, a primary geopolitical dynamics in Europe after World War II, prevented the outbreaks of historical contentions between France and Germany, contributing to the establishment of the thick Franco-German reconciliation based on realpolitik concerns. However, Japan's ideological divisions were caused by political continuity in Japan stemming from the intensification of the Cold War (China's turn to Communism and the outbreak of the Korean War). Those divisions significantly hampered the establishment of Japan-ROK reconciliation by causing Japan's failure of coming to terms with its past and providing an environment in which South Korean leaders manipulate anti-Japanese sentiments to shore up their domestic support. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
31. Japan, Germany, and the 'War on Terrorism:' Culturalism, Defensive and Offensive Realism.
- Author
-
Midford, Paul
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC opinion , *WAR on Terrorism, 2001-2009 , *COUNTERTERRORISM - Abstract
The article analyzes the responses of the Japanese public to the participation of Tokyo, Japan in the War on Terror of the U.S. It considers whether the war on terrorism has changed preexisting beliefs in Japan about the efficacy of utilizing military force. It examines comparable data on public opinion in the U.S. and Germany for the sake of placing Japanese mass opinion in comparative perspective. Public opinion in Japan remains skeptical about the use of military force for purposes other than national defense, such as for combating terrorism.
- Published
- 2005
32. Political Pressures, Political Institutions, and the Birth of a Single Financial Regulator: A Comparative Case Study of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.
- Author
-
Konoe, Sara
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL change , *FINANCIAL crises ,JAPANESE politics & government ,BRITISH politics & government ,GERMAN politics & government - Abstract
The article compares the political pressures and institutions in Great Britain, Japan and Germany. The three countries are said to have experienced various reforms in relation to domestic financial crises and global pressure to increase supervisory capabilities. The author analyzed the political institutions in each country. She confirmed the arguments concerning the political and institutional aspects of the convergence theory. She also revealed the political dimensions where reform must be evaluated.
- Published
- 2005
33. Usability Evaluation—Advances in Experimental Design in the Context of Automated Driving Human–Machine Interfaces.
- Author
-
Albers, Deike, Radlmayr, Jonas, Loew, Alexandra, Hergeth, Sebastian, Naujoks, Frederik, Keinath, Andreas, and Bengler, Klaus
- Subjects
- *
USER-centered system design , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *HUMAN-machine systems , *AUTOMOBILE driving simulators , *LITERATURE reviews , *DEPENDENT variables , *DRUG side effects - Abstract
The projected introduction of conditional automated driving systems to the market has sparked multifaceted research on human–machine interfaces (HMIs) for such systems. By moderating the roles of the human driver and the driving automation system, the HMI is indispensable in avoiding side effects of automation such as mode confusion, misuse, and disuse. In addition to safety aspects, the usability of HMIs plays a vital role in improving the trust and acceptance of the automated driving system. This paper aggregates common research methods and findings based on an extensive literature review. Empirical studies, frameworks, and review articles are included. Findings and conclusions are presented with a focus on study characteristics such as test cases, dependent variables, testing environments, or participant samples. These methods and findings are discussed critically, taking into consideration requirements for usability assessments of HMIs in the context of conditional automated driving. The paper concludes with a derivation of recommended study characteristics framing best practice advice for the design of experiments. The advised selection of scenarios and metrics will be applied in a future validation study series comprising a driving simulator experiment and three real driving experiments on test tracks in Germany, the USA, and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Phenolic resins: 100Years and still going strong
- Author
-
Pilato, Louis
- Subjects
- *
PHENOLIC resins , *ADHESIVES , *COMMERCIALIZATION , *BUSINESS success , *INTERMEDIATES (Chemistry) - Abstract
Abstract: After 100years phenolic resins continue to be a prominent resin system with an impressive worldwide volume of nearly 6million tons/year. It is a ubiquitous adhesive for a diverse spectrum of materials such as wood, glass, metal, paper and rubber with several of these applications being developed by Baekeland during the early stages of his resin commercialization. Many recent technical conferences have been held and were identified with important early Baekeland advances such as Baekeland 2007, Baekeland 2009 and the more recent Baekeland 2011 – all commemorating different initial activities of Baekeland and centennial recognition of his 1907 patent, first production of phenolic resin in Erkner, Germany in 1909 and the centennial celebration of the production of phenolic resin in Japan in 1911. This presentation provides an overview and evaluation of large volume application markets for resole and novolak resins in 2011 and comments related to anticipated greater growth of novolak resins over resole resins. Both resole and novolak resins are viewed as reactive intermediates that undergo a variety of chemical transformations into various improved and in many instances upgraded resin systems that lead to both recognizable and newly reactive resins for value added products. New areas involving phenolic resins are described and consist of Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde (PRF) resins, Nanomodification, Novel Novolak Process, ionic liquids, Phenolic Hybrids, and Poly Aryl Ether Amide based on novolak and phenylene bisoxazoline (PBO). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. A fresh breeze after Fukushima? Analysing Japan’s current limitations and future prospects of wind power development.
- Author
-
Schrade, Anna
- Subjects
- *
WIND power , *ELECTRICITY , *ENERGY policy , *RENEWABLE energy sources - Abstract
Wind power generation in Japan is underdeveloped. Despite relatively good geographical and meteorological conditions, wind supplies less than 0.2% of the national electricity demand. Germany, in contrast, is able to provide over 6% of its electricity from wind power. This article will outline the main reasons for the marginal position of wind power in Japan by comparing and contrasting it with the political market for wind power in Germany. Using the concept of ‘Technological Innovation Systems’ (TIS), this paper will show how wind power has been impeded in Japan, but has been fostered in Germany, where policy designs and market mechanisms have produced positive feedback loops. Both technical problems and political inertia account for the modest growth of wind power in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Memory and myth: the bombings of Dresden and Hiroshima in German and Japanese TV drama.
- Author
-
Kirsch, Griseldis
- Subjects
- *
WAR television programs , *BOMBINGS , *TELEVISION programs - Abstract
Japan is often blamed for not coming to terms with its own wartime past and for focusing solely on its role as a victim of the war. Germany, however, is often seen as the model that Japan has to emulate, having penitently accepted responsibility. Thus, in order to work out how these popular myths are being perpetuated, the media prove to be a good source of information, since they help to uphold memory and myth at the same time. In this paper, it will be examined how the 'memory' of the bombings of Dresden and Hiroshima is being upheld in Japan and Germany − and what kinds of ' myths' are being created in the process. In focusing on two TV dramas, it shall be worked out to what extent Japan and Germany are represented as 'victims' and to what extent, if at all, the issue of war responsibility features in these dramas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Impact of Internal Carbon Prices on the Energy System of an Organisation's Facilities in Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom Compared to Potential External Carbon Prices.
- Author
-
Gorbach, Oliver Gregor, Hussein, Noha Saad, and Thomsen, Jessica
- Subjects
- *
CARBON pricing , *CARBON nanofibers , *CARBON sequestration , *ENERGY storage , *GREENHOUSE gases - Abstract
Organisations attempt to contribute their share towards fighting the climate crisis by trying to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases effectively towards net zero. An instrument to guide their reduction efforts is internal carbon pricing. Next to choosing the right pricing tool, defining the exact value of an internal carbon price, especially against the background of potential regulatory external carbon prices, and assessing its impact on business units' energy systems poses a challenge for organisations. The academic literature has so far not examined the impact differences of an internal carbon price across different countries, which this paper addresses by using an optimisation model. First, it analyses the energy system cost increase of a real-world facility based on an internal carbon price compared to a potential regulatory carbon price within a country. Second, we evaluate the energy system cost increase based on an internal carbon price across different countries. The results show that with regard to internal carbon prices the additional total system cost compared to potential external carbon prices stays within 9%, 15%, and 59% for Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom, respectively. The increase in the energy system cost in each country varies between 3% and 93%. For all countries, the cost differences can be reduced by allowing the installation of renewables. The integration of renewables via energy storage and power-to-heat technologies depends on the renewable potentials and the availability of carbon capture and storage. If organisations do not account for these differences, it might raise the disapproval of internal carbon prices within the organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Peaks of return strokes and fast pulses on ICC of winter lightning initiated by upward propagating leaders in Japan.
- Author
-
Michishita, Koji, Hayashi, Shohei, Yokoyama, Shigeru, Matsui, Michihiro, Miyama, Yasuhiro, and Honjo, Nobuyuki
- Subjects
- *
LIGHTNING , *WIND turbines , *WINTER , *THUNDERSTORMS - Abstract
• Median peaks of the return stroke current and the ICC fast pulses in this study are 6.4 kA and 3.0 kA, respectively. • Observed parameters do not show much difference from those observed at tall structures considering instrumental effect. • The local conditions do not have much inference on the parameters of the fast pulses as well as the return strokes. • The local conditions such as height of the different charge layer have some influence on the IS of the upward flashes. The authors have carried out measurement of the current waveforms associated with lightning discharges to wind turbines at Nikaho near the coast of the Sea of Japan since 2013. In this paper measured waveforms in winter up to 2020 are investigated and the current waveforms associated with return strokes after the extinction of the ICC (initial continuous current) and fast pulses superimposed on the ICC with the current peak of 2 kA or higher and with the risetimes of 8 µs or shorter are studied. The median current peaks of the 107 return strokes and the 123 fast pulses were 6.4 kA and 3.0 kA, respectively. The observed median current peaks of return strokes and fast pulses at the Nikaho wind turbines (6.4 kA and 3.0 kA) do not show much difference from those observed at the Gaisberg tower (9.2 kA and 4.2 kA), the Säntis tower (8 kA and 3.4 kA) and the Peissenberg tower in Germany (return stroke: 8.5 kA but no report on fast pulses) when the long sampling interval and the low upper cutoff frequency of the measuring system at the Nikaho wind turbines is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Decomposing inequalities in performance scores: the role of student background, peer effects and school characteristics.
- Author
-
Mostafa, Tarek
- Subjects
- *
COMPARATIVE studies , *MULTILEVEL models , *ACADEMIC achievement , *SOCIAL stratification , *PSYCHOLOGY of students , *SCHOOL districts - Abstract
This paper analyses the mechanisms of stratification and inequalities in educational achievements. The main objective is to determine how stratification leads to unequal educational outcomes and how inequalities are channelled through student characteristics, school characteristics and peer effects. This analysis is undertaken in five countries differentiated by their schooling systems. The countries are Japan, Finland, Germany, Italy and the UK, and the dataset used is PISA 2003. The analysis consists of a multilevel econometric model used to explain variations in performance scores. The explanatory variables are student, school and peer characteristics. The institutional context of each education system is used to interpret the results and to describe how inequalities arise. In the last section, policy implications, based on the regression results, are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Potential of photovoltaic systems in countries with high solar irradiation
- Author
-
Makrides, George, Zinsser, Bastian, Norton, Matthew, Georghiou, George E., Schubert, Markus, and Werner, Jürgen H.
- Subjects
- *
PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation , *SOLAR radiation , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *SOLAR energy , *CRYSTALS - Abstract
Abstract: Renewable energy sources derived principally from solar energy have been gaining ground over the last few years and are now beginning to contribute to the global energy mix. Solar energy in the form of direct electricity conversion (photovoltaics) is already very popular in countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan. The enormous potential of photovoltaic (PV) technology is also obvious and favourable in countries with high irradiation such as the Mediterranean region. The objective of this paper is to review the different up and coming PV technologies, to explore the potential of different PV systems in countries with high solar irradiation and to compare their performance through the assessment of thirteen different types of PV systems that have been installed side by side in Nicosia, Cyprus and Stuttgart, Germany. Finally useful insight into the performance of the PV systems as a function of the meteorological conditions and location will be highlighted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Increasing Childlessness in Germany and Japan: Toward a Childless Society?
- Author
-
HARA, TOSHIHIKO
- Subjects
- *
CHILDLESSNESS , *FERTILITY , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DEMOGRAPHIC transition , *SURVEYS , *FAMILY size , *BIRTH control - Abstract
This paper focuses on childlessness in Germany and Japan and its sociological meanings in family formation in postmodern societies. First, it shows the trends of fertility decline and increasing childlessness, and clarifies the similarities and differences in both countries, by comparing parity composition, educational attainment, and other socioeconomic correlates of childlessness. Second, using the data of attitudinal surveys, such as the 2003 Population Policy Acceptance Study (PPAS) in Germany and the 13th National Fertility Survey (JNFS; 2005) in Japan, the reasons for having no children are observed. Third, referring to the discussions of German scholars, it tries to explain the sociological meanings of childlessness and to describe the development toward a childless society (even if it's demographically not sustainable) as one of the possible consequences of the Second Demographic Transition. Important findings are as follows: (1) In Germany the fertility decline began early in the mid-1960s but in Japan later from mid-1970s so that the increase of childlessness has been a little delayed. The proportion of childless women in Western Germany increased to 28% for the 1967 cohort. In Japan, it has increased to 12.7% for the 1960 cohort, but is expected to reach 30% for the 1970 cohort. (2) The educational gap in childlessness is clearly observed in Germany; however, this is not so simple in Japan. Corresponding with the increase of childlessness, the desired number of children in average is declining. The emergence of a child-free culture is observed in Germany by PPAS, but not yet in Japan by JNFS. (3) Polarization may proceed further in both countries, between childless people and people with many children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A New Design for JT-6OSA Toroidal Field Coils Conductor and Joints.
- Author
-
Zani, L., Pizzuto, A., Semeraro, L., Ciazynski, D., Cucchiaro, A., Decool, P., della Corte, A., Di Zenobio, A., Dolgetta, N., Duchateau, J.-l., Hertout, P., Kikuchi, M., Lacroix, B., Molinie, F., Muzzi, L., Nicollet, S., Petrizzi, L., Portafaix, C., Ramogida, G., and Roccella, S.
- Subjects
- *
MANUFACTURED products , *BUSINESS logistics , *INDUSTRIAL management , *MARITIME shipping , *FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
The upgrade of JT-60U to JT-60 Super Advanced (JT-60SA), a fully superconducting tokamak, will be performed in the framework of the Broader Approach (BA) agreement between Europe (EU) and Japan. In particular, the Toroidal Field (TF) system, which includes 18 coils, is foreseen to be procured by France, Italy and Germany. This work covers activities from design and manufacturing to shipping to Japan. The present paper is mainly devoted to the analyses that lead to the conductor design and to the technical specifications of the joints for the JT-60SA TF coils. The conductor geometry is described, which is derived from Cable-In-Conduit concept and adapted to the actual JT-60SA tokamak operating conditions, principally the ITER-like scenario. The reported simulations and calculations are particularly dealing with the stability analysis and the power deposition during normal and off-normal conditions (AC losses, nuclear heating). The final conductor solution was selected through a trade-off between scientific approach and industrial technical orientation. Besides, the TF system connections layout is shown, derived from the industrially assessed twin-box concept, together with the associated thermo-hydraulic calculations ensuring a proper temperature margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The role of regional financial arrangements and monetary integration in East Asia and Europe in relations with the United States.
- Author
-
Pascha, Werner
- Subjects
- *
REGIONAL economics , *MONETARY policy , *CURRENCY question - Abstract
Regional financial arrangements and monetary integration in East Asia and Europe have made considerable progress in recent years. This paper discusses whether governments in both regions, Japan and Germany as the most advanced regional economies in particular, can use the new dynamics as levers to raise their status vis-à-vis the United States. It will be argued that activities are defensive rather than offensive, aiming at protecting the respective region from financial risk. Japan, in particular, would find it difficult to raise its status vis-à-vis the United States significantly by promoting regional financial and monetary integration, principal reasons being actor heterogeneity, the role of China, hesitation to bear burden and risk, and the historical legacy of a bank-oriented system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Study of Interior Sound Preferences at Acceleration.
- Author
-
Noumura, Kousuke and Yoshida, Junji
- Subjects
- *
AUTOMOBILE interiors , *SOUND , *AUDIO equipment in automobiles , *CONSUMER preferences - Abstract
This paper describes car interior sound preferences in general public. Subjective evaluation experiments were performed in Japan, Germany and the United States to investigate the interior sound preferences. Two hundred subjects in each country participated in the experiment. As a result, four kinds of preferences were found. A sound preference evaluation system was developed to calculate numeric preference values from recorded sound stimuli. Furthermore, subjects' characteristics in each preference were clarified. The results showed that women, older people and people not interested in cars preferred quiet sound, while men, younger people, and people who like cars preferred powerful sound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
45. Sectoral Transformation in the Photovoltaics Industry in Australia, Germany and Japan: Contrasting the Co‐evolution of Actors, Knowledge, Institutions and Markets 1.
- Author
-
Balaguer, Antonio and Marinova, Dora
- Subjects
- *
PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *MASS production - Abstract
This paper studies the evolution of the photovoltaics industry in Australia, Germany and Japan taking a comparative perspective. A modification of the sectoral innovation system framework is used to discuss: knowledge and technologies, actors and interactions, institutions and funding, development of markets and technological structure, as a way to understand the changes. In the process of transition from niche to mass production, national players have specialised in different activities, and the institutions’ building block has been a key determinant. In the case of Australia, it is also the least developed area which ultimately exposes the country to losing its innovation benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. International innovation and diffusion of air pollution control technologies: the effects of NO X and SO2 regulation in the US, Japan, and Germany
- Author
-
Popp, David
- Subjects
- *
AIR purification equipment , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *POLLUTION control equipment - Abstract
Abstract: Using patent data from the United States, Japan, and Germany, this paper examines both innovation and diffusion of air pollution control equipment. Whereas the United States was an early adopter of stringent sulfur dioxide (SO2) standards, both Japan and Germany introduced stringent nitrogen dioxide (NO X ) standards much earlier than the US. Nonetheless, in both cases, tightened standards in the US led to more domestic patenting, but not more foreign patenting. Overall, the data suggest that inventors respond to environmental regulatory pressure in their own country, but not to foreign environmental regulations. Moreover, any technology transfer that occurs appears to be indirect. Domestic innovation occurs even for technologies that have already experienced significant innovative activity abroad and utilities purchase pollution abatement equipment from domestic firms. However, patent citation data from the US do show that earlier foreign patents are an important building block for NO X pollution control innovations in the US. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. When Too Much Is Not Enough: Actual and Preferred Work Hours in the United States and Abroad.
- Author
-
Reynolds, Jeremy
- Subjects
- *
WORKING hours , *EMPLOYEES - Abstract
This paper places the story of the overworked American in context by examining mismatches between preferred and actual work hours among Japanese, Swedish, West German, and U.S. workers. Although many full-timers in all four countries want to work fewer hours, mismatches come in many forms, and their distributions and determinants vary cross-nationally. The United States, for instance, has an unusually large number of full-time workers who want to work more hours, and a workforce that is especially motivated by opportunities for advancement and a desire for high incomes. Ultimately, the prevalence and determinants of hour mismatches are found to reflect cross-national differences in social, political, and economic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. A D2C algorithm on the natural gas consumption and economic growth: Challenges faced by Germany and Japan.
- Author
-
Magazzino, Cosimo, Mele, Marco, and Schneider, Nicolas
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL gas consumption , *NATURAL gas , *GENETIC algorithms , *ECONOMIC expansion , *POWER resources , *MACHINE learning - Abstract
While Germany and Japan are going through major energy reforms, natural gas consumption is taking a growing share in their energy supply. This paper adopts a Machine Learning approach to assess the causal link between natural gas consumption and economic growth for both economies. A Causal Direction from Dependency (D2C) algorithm with the interconnection of the sub-class is employed using yearly data from 1970 to 2018. The interconnections of the sub-classes are found for both economies, indicating evidence of causalities operating in both directions. In addition, the propagation over the seven eras is linear and homogeneously continue for Japan, while this effect meets a stabilization phase in the fifth era for Germany. The empirical findings claim strong support for the existence of a bidirectional causality between these variables in Germany and Japan, which is in line with the "feedback hypothesis". Although the strength of this bidirectional relationship is clear for both economies, its time-propagation is expected to be longer for Japan. Accordingly, this study claims that the gas supply should be further strengthened to progressively replace the most polluting fuels (oil and coal) and ensure a feasible transition towards a renewable path. • The causal link between natural gas consumption and economic growth exists for both countries. • Predictive analysis highlights a propagation effect between natural gas consumption and economic growth for both economies. • We found empirical sustain for the "feedback hypothesis" for Germany and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Searching for Sovereignty: Positivist Legal Theory, Extraterritoriality, and the Emergence of Sovereignty Doctrine.
- Author
-
Kayaoglu, Turan
- Subjects
- *
SOVEREIGNTY , *EXTERRITORIALITY - Abstract
Although IR scholars have offered various explanations for the origins of sovereignty, the literature is yet to offer a convincing one. Rejecting the hypothesis to locate sovereignty with Westphalia, this paper traces the emergence of sovereignty to two nineteenth century developments: the dominance of the positivist legal theory and the ascendancy of European states over non-European states. Theoretically, this paper integrates critical legal theory and postcolonial theory into international relations theory. The critical legal theory clarifies how three doctrines that constructed sovereignty (state?s ultimate authority, territoriality, recognition) were directly related to the positivist (as opposed to earlier natural) legal theory. The postcolonial theory illuminates how the positivist legal theory?s construction of sovereignty was related to the legitimization of European and delegitimization of non-European political entities. Sovereignty both justified and enabled Europe? domination over non-European political entities. The empirical part of the paper examines the imposition of extraterritoriality (European states? exclusive jurisdiction over their citizens in non-European states) in Japan, China, Turkey, Iran, and Thailand to provide evidence that positivist legal theory?s attempt to conceptualize the interaction of European states? interaction with the non-European political entities crystallized the doctrine of sovereignty. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
50. The Second Face of Security: Britain?s ?Smart? Appeasement Policy.
- Author
-
Lobell, Steven E.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,GERMAN foreign relations ,JAPANESE foreign relations - Abstract
This paper examines what I term the ?second face of security.? Specifically, a state?s unilateral choice of arms, allies, or appeasement can strengthen the political power of some societal and economic actors in foreign states while others will be weakened politically and economically. The domestic winners will then apply pressure on the government to support their preferred grand strategy. In contrast, the more traditional ?first face of security? entails direct attempts to create security by influencing other governments to change their foreign policy. This is accomplished through military or economic statecraft such as the threat or use of military force, economic sanctions, foreign aid, or tariffs. In this paper I examine the intent of Britain?s appeasement policy towards Germany and Japan in the late 1930s. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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