11 results
Search Results
2. Divided citizenship: how retirement in the host country affects the financial status of intra-European Union migrants.
- Author
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BRIDGEN, PAUL and MEYER, TRAUTE
- Subjects
- *
CITIZENSHIP , *IMMIGRANTS , *INCOME , *PENSIONS , *POVERTY , *RETIREMENT , *PATIENT participation , *GOVERNMENT policy , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
Since European Union (EU) enlargement in 2003, labour migration from East to West and South to North has increased. It is to be expected that a share of these workers will want to retire in their host countries. According to the academic literature, EU legislation protects such mobility well by allowing the transfer of rights accrued in any EU country to another. However, such research has focused on legislation, not outcomes. We know little about how migration will affect the financial status of retired migrants in their host country and their ability to sustain a life there, should they stay after retirement. Using migration, wage and pension policy data (Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), this paper projects the post-retirement incomes of a range of hypothetical EU migrants, selected in relation to the most common migratory flows since 2003. After having worked in their home countries (Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy) for at least ten years, these people move to richer countries (Italy, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom) and work there for at least 30 years. To determine whether they can remain settled after decades of labour force participation in the host country, the paper adds their pension entitlements from home and host countries and compares this income with the relative poverty line of the host countries. This shows that good portability of entitlements matters little when these are very low because of a large wage gap between home and host country. Thus, after at least 30 years of enjoying all citizenship rights as workers, most of these individuals are projected to receive incomes below the relative poverty line of their host countries and thus experience a sharp drop in this status. Their citizenship is diminished. The paper concludes by considering policies that could avoid such an outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. 'I like money, I like many things'. The relationship between drugs and crime from the perspective of young people in contact with criminal justice systems.
- Author
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Rolando, Sara, Asmussen Frank, Vibeke, Duke, Karen, Kahlert, Rahel, Pisarska, Agnieszka, Graf, Niels, and Beccaria, Franca
- Subjects
- *
SUBSTANCE abuse , *CROSS-sectional method , *CRIME , *CRIMINALS , *INTERVIEWING , *SOCIAL isolation , *JUVENILE offenders , *CRIMINAL justice system , *DRUG abusers , *ADULTS , *ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Based on research undertaken as part of the EU funded EPPIC project, this paper aims to update and elaborate on the relationship between drug use and offending behaviours by exploring variations within a cross-national sample of drug-experienced young people in touch with criminal justice systems. Adopting a trajectory-based approach, interviews were undertaken with 198 young people aged 15–25 in six European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and UK). Data were analysed by applying the Bennett and Holloway categorization of the drugs-crime link, with a focus on the concept of social exclusion as developed by Seddon. Three main types of mechanisms (economic, pharmaceutical, and lifestyles) are used to interpret the data, showing how the relationship between drugs and offending can vary according to type of substances and over time. Furthermore, it can be associated with very different degrees of social exclusion and needs. The results suggest that while economic inequalities still play key roles in explaining drug use and offending, both behaviours can originate from a state of relative deprivation, resulting from the contradictions inherent in 'bulimic societies' that raise aspirations and desires while providing young people scarce opportunities for self-realisation and social recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A psychometric systematic review of self-report instruments to identify anxiety in pregnancy.
- Author
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Evans, Kerry, Spiby, Helen, and Morrell, C. Jane
- Subjects
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CINAHL database , *INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems , *MEDICAL databases , *MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems , *PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems , *LONGITUDINAL method , *RESEARCH methodology , *EVALUATION of medical care , *MEDLINE , *PRENATAL care , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *SELF-evaluation , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *ANXIETY disorders , *CROSS-sectional method , *PREGNANCY , *DIAGNOSIS ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Aims To report a systematic review of the psychometric properties of self-report instruments to identify the symptoms of anxiety in pregnancy to help clinicians and researchers select the most suitable instrument. Background Excessive anxiety in pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, developmental and behavioural problems in infants and postnatal depression. Despite recommendations for routine psychological assessment in pregnancy, the optimal methods to identify anxiety in pregnancy have not been confirmed. Design Psychometric systematic review. Data sources A systematic literature search of the multiple databases (1990-September 2014). Review methods Identification of self-report instruments to measure anxiety in pregnancy using COSMIN guidelines to assess studies reporting a psychometric evaluation of validity and reliability. Results Thirty-two studies were included. Studies took place in the UK, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia, Spain and the Netherlands. Seventeen different instruments were identified. Measures of validity were reported in 19 papers and reliability in 16. The overall quality of the papers was rated as fair to excellent using the COSMIN checklist. Only one paper scored excellent in more than one category. Conclusion Many instruments have been adapted for use in different populations to those for which they were designed. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale have been tested more frequently than other instruments, yet require further assessment to confirm their value for use in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Europeanization in Simple and Compound Polities: Institutions, Ideas, Discourse.
- Author
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Schmidt, Vivien A.
- Subjects
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DEMOCRACY - Abstract
Europeanization has brought radical change to the governance practices of all EU member-states, which have in turn clashed with traditional ideas about democracy. These changes in practices and challenges to ideas have profoundly affected all EU member states, but some more so than others, largely as a question of ?institutional fit.? The EU, as a ?compound? supranational polity in which governing activity is highly diffused through multiple authorities, has been more disruptive to ?simple? national polities such as Britain and France, in which governing activity has traditionally been channeled through a single authority, than to ?compound? national polities such as Germany and Italy, in which it has traditionally also been diffused through multiple authorities. The main problem for EU member-states, however, is not so much that practices have changed and that ideas have been challenged than that national leaders have generally failed to come up with new ideas and discourse that reflect the new Europeanized realities. But here, too, institutional differences matter, although to differing effect. Simple polities have greater potential for speaking to changes in practices and challenges to ideas, were they to so choose, because their concentration of authority ensures them a more elaborate ?communicative? discourse to the general public, in which they are better able to speak in one voice and to convey a single message than more compound national polities, let alone the EU, given the number of potentially authoritative voices with differing messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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6. In Fear of International Law.
- Author
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Shearer, Ivan
- Subjects
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INTERNATIONAL law , *FEDERAL government - Abstract
The thesis of this paper is that governments of some otherwise enlightened states are increasingly fearful of acknowledging the restraints imposed on them by existing international law. They are also reluctant to enter into new commitments by way of international conventions that would expand the reach of international law. The paper asks whether these fears are based on a true understanding of international law or on some distorted view of it. It will draw comparisons and some contrasts between Australia and the United States in their reactions to a number of recent events as well as to some enduring situations of contemporary relevance. Had time (and the limits of my research) permitted, one might also have examined public attitudes toward international law in China, Japan, and Russia in this context, where similar fears appear to be entertained. France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, also enlightened states, appear by contrast to belong to a group more dedicated to international law. As Robert Kagan has recently remarked, the experience of two world wars at close quarters, and the formation of the European Union, have made the European countries more dedicated to process, where the United States is more interested in results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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7. The impending globalization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder.
- Author
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Conrad, Peter and Bergey, Meredith R.
- Subjects
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PSYCHIATRIC diagnosis , *ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder , *WORLD health - Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been medicalized in the United States since the 1960s. Primarily used in North America until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increasingly been applied internationally. After documenting the expansion of ADHD in a global context, this paper presents five brief international examples examining ADHD usage and expansion: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Brazil. We then identify and describe several vehicles that facilitate the migration of the ADHD diagnosis: the transnational pharmaceutical industry; the influence of western psychiatry; moving from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria; the role of the Internet including the related advent of easily accessible online screening checklists; and advocacy groups. Finally, we discuss what this globalization of a diagnosis reflects about the potential global medicalization of other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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8. Work restrictions experienced by midlife family care-givers of older people: evidence from six European countries.
- Author
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PRINCIPI, ANDREA, LAMURA, GIOVANNI, SIROLLA, CRISTINA, MESTHENEOS, LIZ, BIEŃ, BARBARA, BROWN, JAYNE, KREVERS, BARBRO, MELCHIORRE, MARIA GABRIELLA, and DÖHNER, HANNELI
- Subjects
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EMPLOYMENT , *ELDER care , *PSYCHOLOGY of caregivers , *COMPARATIVE studies , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *FAMILIES , *GOODNESS-of-fit tests , *INTERVIEWING , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *PROFESSIONAL employee training , *SEX distribution , *SURVEYS , *EMPLOYEES' workload , *SAMPLE size (Statistics) , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This paper examines differences in work restrictions of midlife family carers of older people in terms of prevalence, gender and explanatory variables, in six European countries: Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. A sample of 2,897 carers aged 45–64 was extracted from the EUROFAMCARE (Services for Supporting Family Carers of Older People in Europe: Characteristics, Coverage and Usage) European project database, in order to analyse four possible work restrictions experienced in connection with the activity of care-giving: the reduction of working hours; giving up working; difficulties in career developments and forced occasional work. The results show that work restrictions are experienced differently between countries especially by women: they are reported to a higher degree in the United Kingdom, Germany and Greece, less so in Italy, and seldom in Poland and Sweden. Gender differences within countries are not so marked. Country differences are explained in the light of the different welfare regimes characterising the countries under investigation, in order to elucidate how policy makers may act to improve working carers' conditions through appropriate policies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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9. The hub continent. Immigrant networks, emigrant diasporas and FDI
- Author
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Flisi, Sara and Murat, Marina
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN investments , *IMMIGRANTS , *DIASPORA - Abstract
Abstract: This paper studies the relations between bilateral FDIs and immigrant networks of France, Germany, UK, Italy and Spain, and the emigrant diasporas of Italy and Spain. It focuses on skilled and unskilled immigrants and on ties with developing and developed countries. Results evidence two different network models: FDIs of UK, Germany and France are prompted by the ties of skilled immigrants, while those of Italy and Spain are only influenced by their respective diasporas. The disparity may stem from history. Differently from the findings of previous literature, the effects of networks with developing countries are similar to those with rich economies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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10. Migration Policies and Political Cultures in Europe: A Changing Trend*.
- Author
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Melotti, Umberto
- Subjects
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EMIGRATION & immigration , *POLITICAL culture , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper discusses the relationships between the migratory policies of the EU countries with more experience of immigration and their national political cultures. It focuses on France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It then looks at Italy, a relatively new country of immigration, which, with 3,000,000 legal immigrants, has become the fourth country of immigration in Europe and the first in the Mediterranean basin. In its final part it highlights the incipient process of 'communitarisation' of the immigration policies of EU countries in the last decade. This process, which has already entailed a significant convergence of their migratory policies, is expected to continue after the recent enlargement of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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11. Old Europe?s New Constitutionalism.
- Author
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Buckman, Kirk
- Subjects
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CONSTITUTIONS - Abstract
This paper considers contemporary efforts to reform the constitutions in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Each of these countries has experienced growing political pressure to reform its constitution over the last ten to fifteen years. In some instances, these efforts predate this period and have become part of the political landscape. Some sources of this common phenomenon are unique to each country, while others are shared. The paper takes a comparative historical approach to consider the political and economic conditions in which these countries have experienced these growing political pressures to reform their constitutional arrangements. The paper?s purpose is to highlight what is common and what is unique to each of the contemporary cases. To this end, it is argued that international economic pressures are as important as the moment of constitutional founding in order to understand the contemporary debates. The paper relies on analytical frameworks developed by Douglas North and James Mahoney to consider domestic and international factors that have generated these reform efforts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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