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This study aimed to synthesise and interpret stable isotopic data (δ2H and δ18O) from various sources to understand the isotope hydrology around coal mine operations in Elk Valley, B.C., Canada. The data, including precipitation, groundwaters, seeps, and mine rock drains, were used to construct a local meteoric water line (LMWL) for the Elk Valley, evaluate the spatiotemporal isotopic composition of its groundwater, and assess mine seepage and mine rock drain discharge. The study revealed a robust LMWL relation (δ2H = 7.4 ± 0.2 · δ18O – 4.3 ± 4.1). The groundwater and seep data indicated a winter season bias and a north–south latitudinal gradient, suggesting rapid near-surface groundwater flow without significant post-precipitation evaporation. Porewater isotope samples from unsaturated mine rock piles (MRPs) showed site-specific evaporation patterns, potentially due to convective air flows or exothermic sulphide oxidation. This research revealed the influence of groundwater and meltwater on rock drain discharge. Based on evaporative mass balance calculations, MRPs seasonally contributed ca. 5 %(December base flow) and 22 % (snowmelt) to drain discharge. The findings underscore the value of stable isotope data collections in the Elk Valley to help better define and quantify the hydrology–hydrogeology, including a better understanding of evaporative conditions in MRPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The package PbIso is a free and open R toolbox for commonly used calculations and plots of Pb–Pb isotope data and for generating Pb evolution models. In this paper, we review Pb isotope systematics and the calculations that are commonly used, such as model age, model source μ (238U/204Pb), time-integrated κ (232Th/238U), and initial Pb isotope ratios. These equations are implemented into R functions in the package PbIso. In addition, functions are provided for generating Pb evolution models, paleoisochrons, and isochrons. This allows users to apply calculations to their data in a straightforward way while providing transparency and flexibility of the calculations used. We have implemented some basic features of the PbIso package into an online shiny R application (see https://shereearmistead.github.io/software/pbiso), which makes it easy for users without any R experience to use these calculations with their own data and to generate plots. We have provided a case study from the Superior Province in Canada, showing how different Pb evolution models can be generated in PbIso and compared to Pb isotope data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the discovery of one of the largest ancient (>3.0 Ga) crustal terranes on Earth. Granitoids with crystallization ages >3.0 Ga and/or Sm-Nd depleted mantle model ages ≥3.2 Ga define a -1000 x 100 km belt on the western margin of the Rae craton, Canada, referred to herein as the Perry River terrane (PRT). Zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotope and whole-rock geochemical data from granitoids show that the PRT is a predominantly juvenile 3.3--3.2 Ga terrane that was partially reworked by more evolved ca. 3.1 Ga magmatism. These findings call for a reassessment of the timing and extent of ancient continental growth on Earth. A global compilation of zircon Hf isotope data from 3.6 to 3.0 Ga igneous rocks reveals clusters of relatively juvenile (initial εHf -2 to +3) rocks at ca. 3.31 and ca. 3.23 Ga, which include samples from the PRT and 13 other terranes worldwide. Other global zircon data sets also document age peaks between 3.3 and 3.2 Ga, and a cluster of broadly chondritic initial εHf values around 3.2 Ga. The 3.3--3.2 Ga period may therefore have been a time of enhanced net continental growth on Earth, and the PRT is one of the largest terranes preserved from that time. Furthermore, zircon Hf isotope data from 3.3--3.1 Ga PRT granitoids and 3.5--3.0 Ga igneous rocks worldwide yield little evidence for parent magmas that interacted with or derived from pre--3.6 Ga continental material. Contrary to some continental-growth models, this latter observation suggests that the volume of continental crust established by 3.6 Ga was relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data on the C and O isotope composition in the Neoproterozoic carbonates of the Ballaganakh and Dal'nyaya Taiga regional stages (southeastern margin of the Patom paleobasin (hereafter, Basin) are presented. The negative δ13С anomaly, established in the upper part of the Ballaganakh regional stage, is comparable (in amplitude and stratigraphic position) to the Trezona anomaly, which preceded the Marinoan glaciation. The carbonate layers in glacial deposits of the Nichatka Formation of the Dal'nyaya Taiga regional stage have moderately positive δ13С values. The dolomite unit at the postglacial sequence base is characterized by moderately negative δ13С values that are typical for the cap carbonate sequence associated with the end-Marinoan glaciation. The lower part of the postglacial sequence (Barakun Formation) is characterized by a gradual increase of calcite in the carbonate component of rocks and a shift in the isotope composition corresponding to the difference in the fractionation coefficient of stable C and O isotopes for dolomite and calcite. This phenomenon, recorded in the postglacial sequences of Namibia and Canada as well, indicates that the carbonate mineral composition was governed by a global change in water chemistry rather than postsedimentary alteration. The overlying carbonate rocks of the Dal'nyaya Taiga regional stage in the epicontinental part of the Patom Basin (Sen Formation) are depleted in 13С compared to their shelf analogs in the Ura Uplift. Probably, the carbonates were accumulated asynchronously in the epicontinental and shelf facies of the Patom Basin. The reconstructed trend of variations in the carbon isotope composition for the Dal'nyaya Taiga regional stage is characterized by positive and low-amplitude negative δ13С anomalies similar to those in the Doushantuo Formation (China). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Isotrace CNRS workgroup in collaboration with National Research Council of Canada has characterized a number of trace element mass fractions and isotope ratios currently not certified in AQUA-1 natural drinking water reference material (NRC Canada). This survey further expands the use of this material as a tool for environmental quality control, method validation, and method development tool for the international community. Simultaneously, the SLRS-6 river water was analyzed as quality control and also in order to compare both water characteristics, which were sampled in the same area but having undergone different treatment. Mass fractions for B, Cs, Li, Ga, Ge, Hf, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y, Zr, REEs, and six isotopic ratios are proposed for Sr and Pb. Measurements were mostly performed using ICP-MS with various calibration approaches. The results are reported as consensus or indicative values depending on the number of available datasets, with their associated uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kimberlite-borne granulite xenoliths provide rare insights into the age, chemical composition and tectonothermal evolution of the otherwise largely inaccessible deep cratonic crust. The formation and transformation of the lower continental crust (LCC) beneath the central Slave craton (Canada) is here illuminated using whole-rock trace-element and Sr-Nd isotope compositions of nine metabasaltic (MBG), one gabbroic (MGG) and two metasedimentary/hybrid (MSG) granulite xenoliths. On the one hand, published sulphide Re-Os and a few zircon U-Pb data indicate that at least a portion of the LCC beneath the central Slave craton has a Palaeoarchaean origin (∼3.3 Ga), which apparently coincides with a period of juvenile crust and deep lithospheric mantle formation during plume impingement beneath the pre-existing cratonic nucleus. On the other hand, enrichment in Li, Sr, LREE, Pb and Th, but relative depletion in Ti, Hf and HREE, suggest formation of (picro)basaltic protoliths by partial melting of a subduction-modified garnet-bearing source, Crystallisation in the crust after fractionation of plagioclase is inidicated by their Sr and Eu negative anomalies, which are complementary to the positive anomalies in the MGG. Samarium-Nd isotopes in MBG and MGG show large scatter, but fall on Neo- or Mesoarchaean age arrays. These elemental systematics are suggested to fingerprint deserpentinisation fluids plus small amounts of sedimentary melt as the main contaminants of the mantle source, supporting the operation of at least regional and transient subduction at 3.3 Ga. Evidence for quasi-coeval plume impingement and subduction beneath the central Slave craton in the Mesoarchaean is reconcilable in a dynamic regime where vertical tectonics, though waning, was still active and plate interactions became increasingly important. Unradiogenic 87Sr/86Sr (down to 0.7017) is consistent with significant loss of Rb and probably other heat-producing elements (K, Th, U) plus H 2 O during Neoarchaean metamorphism, which helped to enhance LCC viscosity and stabilise the cratonic lithosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proterozoic evolution of Laurentia involved intermittent orogens and arc-related crustal growth along a modern-style convergent margin, termed the Great Proterozoic Accretionary Orogen (GPAO). The major lithotectonic provinces of the GPAO in the United States are exposed as telescoped equivalents within the thrust stack of the Grenville Province in Canada. We report zircon U Pb and Lu Hf isotope analyses for two orthogneisses and one quartzite from Archean and Paleoproterozoic domains in the gneiss belt of the SW Grenville Province, Canada. The data constrains Paleoproterozoic crustal growth and sedimentation for this part of the Laurentian margin. The orthogneisses have similar zircon U Pb and Lu Hf isotope systematics that reflect igneous reworking (ca. 1700–1660 Ma) of a Penokean aged (ca. 1.9 Ga) depleted mantle derived source, along with metamorphic reactivation at both ca. 1.45 Ga and during the Grenville Orogeny (1.2–1.0 Ga). The quartzite has a bimodal Paleoproterozoic (2.1–1.8 Ga) and Archean (> 2.5 Ga) detrital zircon age spectrum. The Paleoproterozoic detrital zircon grains have a wide range of Hf(t) compositions (εHf(t) = −12.5 to 10) reflecting co-eval interaction of Archean and depleted Paleoproterozoic sources, contrasted by a more restricted range for the Archean population (εHf(t) = −7 to 4). The new data support the presence of reworked ca. 1.9 Ga depleted mantle sources in the Paleoproterozoic Parautochthon, which extend further east than previously thought. They also identify correlations amongst detrital zircon age spectra and Hf isotope compositions in quartzites from different locations of the Archean Parautochthon. • Juvenile Penokean sources (∼1.9 Ga) extend into the SW Grenville Province. • Penokean (∼1.9 Ga) crust-mantle mixing recorded by detrital zircon Lu Hf isotopes. • Erosion and redeposition of sedimentary sinks can mask orogen detrital systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada is one of the most important diamonds producers in the world despite the first diamond mine opening relatively recently in 1998 in the Slave craton. Given the increasing economic and scientific interest towards Canadian diamonds, an investigation of their geochemical and petrological properties was needed to better understand their genesis. A detailed review is given of all available petrological and geochemical data from >3000 Canadian diamonds and their silicate, oxide and sulfide inclusions from published literature and unpublished datasets, compared with data from worldwide datasets. Based on the available published data, different abundances of peridotites and eclogites in the lithosphere of the Canadian cratons are indicated by mineral inclusions, with the Slave craton exhibiting a high amount of eclogitic diamonds, and the Superior craton exhibiting a strong prevalence of peridotitic diamonds. Diamond formation from extremely 13C-depleted subducted organic matter is necessary to explain the extremely low δ13C observed in some samples from the Canadian lithosphere, which, as of today, are the lowest values ever recorded in mantle diamonds. Core-to-rim δ13C analyses revealed progressive rimward enrichment in 13C for some of the samples, a behavior which is associated to the crystallization of diamonds from oxidized C species (e.g., CO 2). Using the available data geothermobarometric calculations were performed on both single inclusions and inclusion pairs and provide a formation window for Canadian lithospheric diamonds from ∼140 to ∼210 km, with temperatures ranging from 900 to 1400 °C, which are generally higher than mantle residence temperature given by N aggregation geothermometry. Sub-lithospheric diamonds are sampled from ∼240 km to >660 km based on geobarometry on majoritic garnets and observations of inclusion assemblages. The age range of Canadian diamonds suggest numerous diamond-forming events that took place from the Paleo-Archean to the Neoproterozoic. • Petrological and geochemical differences exist among Canadian cratons. • Diamonds formed in different pulses from the Paleo-Archean to the Neoproterozoic. • Oxidizing fluids are involved in the formation of Canadian diamonds. • Lithospheric diamond stability field extends from ∼5 to ∼7 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive δ13C carb excursions are correlated through an upper Turinian to lower Chatfieldian carbonate-platform succession along the axis of the Ottawa Embayment and into outliers of the northern Ottawa-Bonnechere graben in central Canada. Successive Turinian excursions (E1 and E2) are lithostratigraphically constrained by erosional surfaces and hosted within the Watertown and overlying L'Orignal formations, respectively, the latter coeval with the Selby Formation in the adjacent northern Appalachian Basin. The excursions coincide with periods of regional transgression, but geographic patterns of 13C depletion versus enrichment coincide with structurally defined areas of stratigraphically condensed and preferentially thickened formation successions, respectively. Differential subsidence is interpreted to have created bathymetric variation resulting in intrabasinal restriction of seawater exchange between these areas, with preferential C org recycling with stratigraphic condensation. By early Chatfieldian time, segmentation of the once regional carbonate platform (L'Orignal Formation) produced a regional mosaic of low-energy muddy carbonate banks (Rockland Formation) and a deeper water platform (lower Hull Formation) settings subject to fluctuating high to low energy current flow. Excursion E3 occurs in both successions, but 13C enrichment is associated only with the bank-top muddy facies. This may identify preferential photosynthetic drawdown of 12C across the bank tops due to limited seawater exchange across the bank-deeper platform boundaries. Excursions E1 to E3, and a younger excursion (E4) in the Hull Formation, are correlated with varying confidence with excursions across southern Laurentia, excursion E3 being the local expression of the Guttenberg δ13C excursion. Our study supports local modulation of regional, if not global, δ13C excursions arising from structurally controlled changes in oceanography and productivity. • Turinian and early Chatfieldian δ13C excursions occur in the Ottawa Embayment. • Lithostratigraphic constraints reveal local excursion truncation, notably the GICE. • Lateral variation in excursion magnitude reflects local syndepositional controls. • Local controls modulate regional to global isotopic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extensive new Ba isotopic survey of modern barites. • First Proterozoic Ba isotopic results. • Provides genetic model for enigmatic post-Marinoan barite formation. • Provides evidence for stratified post-Marinoan ocean. • Provides arguments for why barite horizons are confined to Marinoan and not Sturtian or Paleoproterozoic strata. Measurements of triple oxygen isotope ratios in barite horizons within post-Marinoan cap carbonates have provided some of the most compelling evidence that the Marinoan glaciation was a Snowball Earth event. However, the origin of these barite horizons remains unresolved. To constrain the Ba sources, and thus formation mechanisms of these horizons, we analyzed the Ba isotope composition of post-Marinoan barite deposits from Northwest Canada, Northern Norway, Brazil and South China. We augment these analyses with a Ba isotope survey of almost 100 modern and ancient additional barite measurements, including samples from pelagic (or 'marine'), hydrothermal, terrestrial, Proterozoic stratiform and cold seep environments. Unlike modern cold seep or terrestrial barites, we find that globally-distributed post-Marinoan barites exhibit a relatively narrow isotopic range, suggesting a well-mixed, effectively limitless Ba source. Moreover, post-Marinoan deposits exhibit a similar mean Ba isotope composition to modern marine barites, which we interpret as evidence of a marine Ba source. Considered alongside existing geochemical, geological, and new Ba isotope survey data, we conclude that Ba in barite horizons was sourced from a well-mixed, Ba-replete but SO 4 -poor reservoir that accumulated during the Marinoan Snowball Earth interval. This deep Ba reservoir was then transported upward—either by ocean circulation or dolomitization of underlying cap carbonates—and was brought into contact with continental weathering-derived sulfate in a post-glacial meltwater surface layer. Thus, in addition to providing a plausible mechanism for generating globally-synchronous deposition of post-Marinoan barite horizons that reconciles all existing geochemical and geological data, our results demonstrate the utility of Ba isotopes to interrogate the origin of enigmatic barite deposits throughout the sedimentary record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of ungulate populations may fluctuate in response to several limiting factors, including climate, diseases, and predation. In the northern Richardson Mountains, Canada, Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) have undergone a major decline in the past decades and predation by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus) was suspected as a leading cause. To better understand the relationship between these three species located in this rugged and remote ecosystem, we relied on a combination of indirect methods. We investigated the apparent role of predation on the Dall sheep population using spatial ecology and stable isotopes. We examined seasonal variation in predation risk, focusing on how it may affect Dall sheep habitat use and sexual segregation, and we evaluated the proportion of Dall sheep in the diet of both predators using stable isotopes. The movements of the three species were monitored by satellite telemetry. Dall sheep habitat use patterns were analyzed using topographical features, greenness index, land cover, and apparent predation risk. The diets of grizzly bears and wolves were examined using a Bayesian mixing model for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. We found that Dall sheep habitat use varied seasonally, with different patterns for ewes and rams. Exposure to grizzly bear risk was higher for rams during summer, while ewes were further exposed to wolf apparent predation risk during winter. The importance of safe habitats for ewes was reflected in space use patterns. Stable isotopes analyses suggested that the diet of grizzly bears was largely from animal sources, with mountain mammals comprising about one quarter. Wolves mostly fed on both aquatic browsers and mountain mammals. Diet variation between individual predators suggested that some individuals specialized on mountain mammals, likely including Dall sheep. We conclude that grizzly bear and wolf apparent predation risk are important in driving Dall sheep habitat use and play a role in sexual segregation. Overall, this study presents an innovative combination of indirect methods that could be applied elsewhere to better understand predator-prey dynamics in remote ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Thioaromatic concentrations of Peace River oils decreased with biodegradation. • Alkyl thioaromatic isomers showed different susceptibilities to biodegradation. • First detailed investigation of S isotope fractionation of OSCs in biodegraded oils. • Alkyl BTs were 34S-enriched in more biodegraded oils. • The δ34S values of alkyl DBTs showed no 34S fractionation in biodegraded oils. Abstract The heavy sulfur-rich oils of the Peace River oil sands were formed by severe anaerobic biodegradation. To investigate the impacts of biodegradation on organic sulfur compounds (OSCs) we have measured the distribution and δ34S values of alkylated thioaromatics detected in four oils from each of two Peace River wells (A and B). The fluid composition of the Peace River oil sands can be highly complex due to the variable contributions of sources, thermal maturity and secondary alteration. Nevertheless, a previous multi-molecular investigation of samples from well B oils (PR2 oil-leg of Marcano et al., 2013, Organic Geochemistry 59, 114–132) indicated that the oils had biodegradation levels (BLs) of 5–6, with biodegradation increasing down the oil column. The hydrocarbon composition of oils isolated from well A were biodegraded to a lesser degree than well B (i.e., the presence of isoprenoids and high molecular weight [MW] n -alkanes suggests BLs of ∼3–4). The concentrations of C 1 –C 3 alkylated benzothiophenes (BTs) and C 1 –C 3 alkylated dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) declined sharply through both wells consistent with increased biodegradation, although other alteration impacts (e.g., water washing) might also contribute. The rates of decrease recorded for selected isomers showed variable responses (e.g., 3&4-mBT > 2-mBT; 4-eDBT > 1,3-dmDBT) which implies different susceptibilities to biodegradation and which may contribute additional useful molecular parameters for evaluating the BL of biodegraded S-rich petroleum. The S-isotopic measurements showed a 34S enrichment in several alkyl BTs down the oil leg in well B, with their δ34S values increasing by up to 6‰, consistent with the microbial utilisation of 32S (n.b., the δ34S values of alkyl BTs were not measured in well A oils because of low aromatic sub-fraction concentrations). In contrast, there was little variation in the δ34S values of alkyl DBTs down both wells indicating negligible S-isotopic fractionation of these OSCs in the deeper more biodegraded oils, possibly because of their higher MW and resistance to biodegradation. The δ34S DBT (and bulk δ34S) values of the well B oils were generally slightly enriched than the well A oils probably due to differences in the relative contribution of the major Devonian and Jurassic source rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Calibration to both flow and isotope tracers produced the most robust results. • Tracer-aided modelling improves flow path identifiability. • Inclusion of isotope tracers can improve flow simulation performance. • Isotope metrics that include timing error are most helpful in calibration. Standard hydrologic model evaluation and calibration approaches focus on the accurate simulation of streamflow, disregarding internal process simulations. Stable isotope tracers can provide additional information on water sources, and process flux and storage, which can be used to inform model calibration. This study assesses the added value of isotope data in comparison to current best-practice flow-only calibration methods and evaluates the merits and limitations of isotope simulation performance metrics for the purposes of hydrological model calibration. Following several years of regular isotope sampling and measurement, an isotope-enabled process-based hydrologic model was tested on a large watershed in western Canada (Athabasca River), which allowed model calibration using global sensitivity analyses, Monte Carlo simulations, and multi-objective optimizations. Isotope tracer data were found to improve both process and streamflow component identifiability and produced some minor improvement in individual parameter value identifiability. Calibrating to optimize both flow and isotope simulation performance produced better flow simulation ensembles, with improved observation capture and validation performance, relative to calibrating to optimize flow simulations alone. Using an isotope simulation performance metric which includes timing error as a secondary optimization objective led to more robust streamflow modeling, even in mesoscale watersheds with limited isotope observation datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Silurian bedrock aquifer constitutes a major aquifer system for groundwater supply across the Ontario province in Canada. The application of natural and industrial fertilizers near urban centers has led to groundwater NO 3 − -N concentrations that sometimes have exceeded the drinking water limit, posing a threat to the usage of groundwater for the human consumption. Therefore, there is a growing interest and concern about how nitrate is being leached, transported and potentially attenuated in bedrock aquifers. This study assesses the local distribution of groundwater NO 3 − in the up-gradient area of two historically impacted municipal wells, called Carter Wells, in the City of Guelph, Canada, in order to evaluate the potential nitrate attenuation mechanisms, using both groundwater geochemical and isotopic analysis ( 3 H, δ 15 N-NO 3 , δ 18 O-NO 3 , δ 18 O-SO 4 , δ 34 S-SO 4 ) and a detailed vertical hydrogeological and geochemical bedrock characterization. The results indicate that probably the main source of nitrate to the Carter Wells is the up-gradient Arkell Research Station (ARS), an agricultural research facility where manure has been historically applied. The overburden and bedrock groundwater with high NO 3 concentrations at the ARS exhibits a manure-related δ 15 N and δ 18 O signature, isotopically similar to the high nitrate in the down-gradient groundwater from domestic wells and from the Carter Wells. The nitrate spatial distribution appears to be influenced and controlled by the geology, in which more permeable rock is found in the Guelph Formation which in turn is related to most of the high NO 3 − groundwater. The presence of an underlying low permeability Eramosa Formation favors the development of oxygen-depleted conditions, a key factor for the occurrence of denitrification. Groundwater with low NO 3 − -N concentrations associated with more oxygen-limited conditions and coincident with high SO 4 2− concentrations are related to more enriched δ 15 N and δ 18 O values in NO 3 − and to more depleted δ 34 S and δ 18 O values in SO 4 2− , suggesting that denitrification coupled with pyrite oxidation is taking place. The presence of macro crystalized and disseminated pyrite especially in the Eramosa Formation, can support the occurrence of this attenuation process. Moreover, based on tritium analysis, some denitrification can occur in shallow bedrock and within relatively short residence times, associated with less permeable conditions in depth which facilitates oxygen consumption through sulfide oxidation. The role of denitrification mediated by organic carbon cannot be discarded at the study site. This study suggests that the geological configuration and particularly the presence of low permeability Eramosa Formation can play an important role on nitrate natural attenuation, which may serve as a decision factor on defining the bedrock water supply system for both domestic and municipal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Nulliak supracrustal assemblage confirmed to be Eoarchean. • Zircon Hf isotope results indicate the presence of depleted mantle domains underneath the Saglek Block during the Eoarchean. • O-isotope signatures of Eoarchean metamorphic zircon indicate the reworking of material that experienced alteration at low temperature. The Archean Saglek Block, North Atlantic craton, is one of the oldest crustal segments preserved on Earth. This area records two granulite facies metamorphic events: one in the late-Eoarchean at ca. 3.7 Ga and one in the Neoarchean, at ca. 2.75 Ga. Here, we report the results of combined U–Pb/Hf/O in-situ isotope analyses of detrital and metamorphic zircon domains from two meta -sedimentary samples, one psammitic, and one pelitic. Both samples are components of the oldest supracrustal assemblage of the Saglek Block: the Eoarchean Nulliak supracrustal assemblage. The isotopic data presented in this study: (i) confirm deposition age of the Nulliak supracrustal assemblage before ca. 3.65 Ga, (ii) indicate local provenance of the detrital zircon, (iii) suggest deposition of the sedimentary protoliths in a convergent setting, such as an arc, (iv) crystallization of the oldest zircon during the early Eoarchean in a protolith derived from a depleted mantle component, (v) involvement of material that experienced prolonged low temperature alteration during the late Eoarchean granulite facies metamorphism and (vi) selective metamorphic overprinting during the Neoarchean granulite facies metamorphism. The new zircon U–Pb/Hf/O isotope data presented here in conjunction with previously published analyses suggest that a depleted mantle domain existed in the early Archean, as reflected in the positive εHf signature of zircon from the Saglek Block. Yet, such positive Hf isotope deviations are not the norm, but rather the exception in the preserved early Earth zircon record. In addition, mildly elevated zircon δ18O values, i.e. those ≥ 5.9 ‰, are as common in the early Archean as they are in the late-Archean zircon record, implying that crustal reworking was an active and efficient process all through the Archean. Hence, no significant variation in the nature of the reworking and broader geodynamic processes occurred during this period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rock Canyon Creek REE–F–Ba deposit is a carbonate-hosted REE deposit located in the Alkaline Province of British Columbia, Canada, which hosts most REE mineralization. It shares tectonic, stratigraphic and structural similarities with nearby Mississippi Valley-type deposits. To constrain the dolomitization and mineralization processes, the δ26Mg, 87Sr/86Sr, and elemental compositions of dolomite, calcite, and fluorite were determined. The δ26Mg values of dolomite from the unmineralized zone (−1.83 ‰ and −1.67 ‰) are consistent with marine evaporative dolomite, but those from the mineralized zone (−0.97 ‰ to −0.17 ‰) are higher and more variable. The linear 87Sr/86Sr–Sr/Mg relationships, both in the dolomite and calcite from the unmineralized zone, suggest dolomitization in an evaporative marine environment. The high δ26Mg values with large variation and the non-stoichiometric Ca/Mg ratios in the dolomite from the mineralized zone suggest that this dolomite interacted with a relatively low-temperature hydrothermal fluid (<200 °C). Considering the Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, and LREE-enrichment and low 87Sr/86Sr signature in the dolomite from the mineralized zone as well as mineral paragenesis in the deposit, the most plausible scenario for the formation of the deposit is that marine-evaporitic dolomite re-equilibrated with basinal fluids along permeable zones, and at a later stage, carbohydrothermal REE-bearing fluids infiltrated into the Rock Canyon Creek brecciated zone and deposited the REE mineralization. Late-stage, post-mineralization calcite veins and iron oxides formed in the upper part of the deposit under supergene conditions, as suggested by combination of textural observations, REE patterns, and differences in isotopic compositions between dolomite and calcite from the mineralized zone. This study demonstrates that δ26Mg, 87Sr/86Sr, and element/Mg ratios in carbonate minerals are useful for characterizing mineralizing fluids in carbonate-hosted deposits, and discriminating mineralization-related dolomite from marine evaporative dolomite and unmineralized hydrothermal dolomite. • Mg and Sr isotopes of carbonates from carbonate-hosted REE–F–Ba deposit were determined. • Mg and Sr isotopes from the unmineralized zone suggested evaporative marine dolomitization. • Hydrothermal dolomite formed by a relatively low-temperature (<~200 °C) hydrothermal fluid. • REE mineralization caused by carbohydrothermal fluid after hydrothermal dolomite formation. • Mineralization-related and unmineralized dolomite can be discriminated by Mg isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• δ98Mo data of 0.85Ga microbial carbonate, lime mudstone and black shale fill temporal gap in Proterozoic Mo isotope record. • Carbonates and black shales are compared as suitable seawater δ98Mo archives. • Significant δ98Mo variation in carbonate samples likely related to porewater redox conditions. • 0.4‰ discrepancy between heaviest δ98Mo value of carbonate and shale indicates shale is unsuitable as seawater estimate. • Possible archive-dependent bias in δ98Mo interpretation may lead to underestimation of extent of Proterozoic oxic Mo sink. This study addresses marine palaeoredox conditions of the mid-Neoproterozoic by analysing the Mo isotope, trace element, and U-Th-Pb isotope compositions of shallow water microbial carbonate, deep water pelagic carbonate, and shale from the Stone Knife Formation (SKF) in NW Canada. The U-Th-Pb isotope SKF systematics of reef microbialite carbonates, and the moderately expressed negative Ce anomalies are consistent with the presence of dissolved O 2 in the surface waters. Thirteen of 14 analysed samples yield a depositional 206Pb/238U regression age of 0.850 ± 0.028 Ga. The Mo isotope data (δ98Mo) are distinct for the microbial and pelagic carbonates and the deeper water shales, with the isotopically heaviest black shales 0.4 ‰ lighter than the heaviest carbonate. The bulk digestion carbonate δ98Mo data scatter widely, ranging up to 1.64 ‰, and are not reproducible between repeat digestions. The spread in shallow-water carbonate δ98Mo cannot be attributed to a single origin (e.g., admixture of silicate-hosted Mo) and probably reflects a combination of factors, including the complex pathway of Mo into microbial carbonates. Regardless, we propose a minimum δ98Mo of 1.64 ‰ for the 0.85 Ga ocean, similar to other Neo- and Mesoproterozoic estimates from studies of proxies other than black shale. Our new black shale δ98Mo data agree with most previous results from 1.8 to 0.7 Ga shales. If interpreted as reflecting seawater, this would mean a minimum oceanic δ98Mo composition of only 1.29 ‰, implying a limited oxic reservoir compared to the modern Mo budget in agreement with previous studies. This study's results suggest that the discrepancy could also be explained by a systematic offset between δ98Mo compositions of black shales and the overlying water columns, regardless of depositional environment, akin to the relative depth distribution of δ98Mo in modern euxinic water columns such as the Black Sea. If valid, an implied heavier seawater δ98Mo throughout the Proterozoic would indicate that the magnitude of the Mo oxic sink remained relatively stable throughout the Proterozoic, shifting the apparent expansion of oxygen towards the younger boundary of the interpreted onset of the NOE (ca. 1.0–0.54 Ga). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique deposits that formed in the Precambrian oceans are the Banded Iron-Formations (BIFs) which are chemical sediments comprised of alternating layers of iron- and silica-dominated precipitates. The origin of this enigmatic banding is still debated, with most favoring a primary sedimentary and a few others arguing for a secondary diagenetic origin. We here use a high-resolution integrated multi-proxy approach and report on the Ge-Si-Fe and Th-U systematics and on the isotopic composition of Cr in exceptionally pure adjacent magnetite and metachert bands from the ∼2.7 billion years old Temagami BIF, Ontario, Canada. While each of the geochemical proxies alone may be controversial, our multi-proxy approach sheds new light on their applicability, as the two types of adjacent BIF bands are each characterised by a distinct geochemical signature. The magnetite bands show super-crustal (i.e. fractionated) Ge/Si ratios approaching those of modern marine high-temperature hydrothermal fluids, unfractionated Th/U ratios similar to those of crustal rocks, and unfractionated Cr isotope ratios similar to "Bulk Silicate Earth". Adjacent metachert bands, however, show lower (i.e. unfractionated) Ge/Si ratios close to those of modern seawater, sub-crustal (i.e. fractionated) Th/U ratios, and fractionated Cr isotope ratios above those of Bulk Silicate Earth. The composition of the magnetite bands suggests that the original iron-oxyhydroxide precipitated during periods when the dissolved Ge, Th, U, and Cr inventory of ambient seawater was dominated by input from mafic crust via anoxic high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. In contrast, the composition of the metachert bands indicates that these formed during times when ambient seawater was dominated by low-temperature riverine input from an evolved landmass that despite its Neoarchean age had provided environments for oxidative Cr and U mobilization during terrestrial weathering. This suggests that habitats with oxygenic photosynthesis existed on land at least 200 million years before the Great Oxidation Event. The systematic and internally consistent difference between the geochemical signatures shown by the two types of adjacent BIF bands also demonstrates that the prominent banding of BIFs is a primary depositional feature reflecting precipitation from different watermasses and is not the result of post-depositional separation of an initially homogeneous chemical sediment. • Metachert bands in Temagami BIF provide information about Neoarchean landmasses. • Temagami BIF's metacherts show unfractionated Ge/Si and fractionated δ 53 Cr and Th/U. • Fractionated δ 53 Cr and Th/U reveal oxidative weathering on land 200 my before the GOE. • Temagami magnetite bands show fractionated Ge/Si and unfractionated δ 53 Cr and Th/U. • Internally consistent signals from various proxies show primary origin of BIF banding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We investigated the molecular and isotopic compositions of biodegraded oils from the Alberta Basin. [•] Alberta heavy oils show increasing biodegradation from top to bottom of the oil columns. [•] The level of oil biodegradation varies regionally in the basin, ranging from PM2 to PM10+. [•] S and N isotopic compositions of the heavy oils are not affected by severe biodegradation. [•] The S and N isotopic compositions of biodegraded oils are indicative of the primary oil charge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aging of “new” mercury (Hg) was investigated in Experimental Lake 658 as part of the Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the United States (METAALICUS). Mercury enriched in 202Hg was added to the epilimnion over a three-year period to simulate direct atmospheric deposition. We evaluated the aging of newly added mercury (HgLake) in the water column using chemical methods and experiments to examine differences in phase partitioning and transport compared to the ambient pool, HgAmb. Aging was sufficiently slow to observe differences in the partitioning characteristics of HgLake and HgAmb. Amended HgLake initially partitioned to a greater extent to epilimnetic particulate matter (log Kd of HgLake =5.08; log Kd of HgAmb =4.9). HgLake was transported rapidly to the hypolimnion by settling particulate matter. Partitioning became more similar after amended Hg was recycled within the hypolimnion through redox processes. Experiments showed the removal of Hg from the aqueous phase by Fe and/or Mn oxyhydroxide–organic matter complexes. Separations using the anion exchange resin DEAE indicated that both HgLake and HgAmb were associated mainly with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and with partial association with sulfide in anoxic waters, but the degree of association of HgLake with DOM was higher in oxic (epilimnetic) waters. In the solid phase, chemical fractionation indicated greater association of HgLake with organic matter, while HgAmb showed greater association with oxyhydroxide and inert phases. Overall, the results suggest that “new” Hg added from the atmosphere is initially more particle-reactive than ambient Hg in the epilimnion, where initial sorption/partitioning occurs mainly to plankton and detrital particles. Once Hg has been deposited at the sediment–water interface, extended equilibration time in combination with microbial and chemical redox processes “age” the “new” Hg, and particle partitioning becomes similar for the added isotope and ambient pools. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Balloon-borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer (BESS) was flown from Lynn Lake, Manitoba, Canada in August, 2000, during the maximum solar modulation period, with an average residual atmospheric overburden of 4.3g/cm2. Precise spectral measurements of cosmic ray hydrogen isotopes from 0.178GeV/n to 1.334GeV/n were made during the 28.7h of flight. This paper presents the measured energy spectra and their ratio, 2H/1H. The results are also compared with previous measurements and theoretical predictions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report the activity measured in rainwater samples collected in the Greater Sudbury area of eastern Canada on 3, 16, 20, and 26 April 2011. The samples were γ-ray counted in a germanium detector and the isotopes 131I and 137Cs, produced by the fission of 235U, and 134Cs, produced by neutron capture on 133Cs, were observed at elevated levels compared to a reference sample of ice water. These elevated activities are ascribed to the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor complex in Japan that followed the 11 March 2011, earthquake and tsunami. The activity levels observed at no time presented health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tree-ring analyses have contributed significantly to investigations of past climate. Stable isotope climate proxies (δ18O, δD and δ13C values) enhance traditional ring-width data, although poor preservation of ancient wood has tended to limit development of stable isotope proxy records to the Holocene and the Late Pleistocene. Here we apply stable isotope techniques to wood that represent the remains of Mixed-Coniferous Boreal Vegetation preserved in Early Pliocene (4–5Ma) deposits at Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada (ca. 78°N). Four well-preserved tree trunks, identified through wood anatomical characteristics as Larix (larch), from this high Arctic site provide annually resolved sequences of up to 250years from which we developed a high-resolution record of Pliocene climate. Stable oxygen isotope values, in conjunction with ring-width measurements were used to derive annually resolved temperature records for this site. Our ring-width and isotope-based reconstructions provide an annually resolved record, up to 250years, of temperature and indicate growing season (JJ) temperatures (15.8±5.0°C) 11.8±5.1°C, and mean annual temperatures (MAT) (−1.4±4.0°C) 18.3±4.1°C warmer than present. Estimated isotope values of precipitation of −16.3±2‰ (δ18O) and −150.1±8.9‰ (δD) were calculated from the isotopic values of wood cellulose. Relative humidity estimated from both δ13C and δD records ranged from 60 to 80%. Paleotemperature, source water and humidity estimates are comparable to those of a modern Boreal Forest growing ca. 15–20° south of modern Ellesmere Island. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Brines in Cambrian sandstones and Ordovician dolostones of the St-Lawrence Lowlands at Bécancour, Québec, Canada were sampled for analysis of all stable noble gases in order to trace their origin and migration path, in addition to quantifying their residence time. Major ion chemistry indicates that the brines are of Na–Ca–Cl type, possibly derived from halite dissolution. 87Sr/86Sr ratios and Ca excess indicate prolonged interactions with silicate rocks of the Proterozoic Grenville basement or the Cambrian Potsdam sandstone. The brines constrain a 2–3% contribution of mantle 3He and large amounts of nucleogenic 21Ne∗ and 38Ar∗ and radiogenic 4He and 40Ar∗. 4He/40Ar∗ and 21Ne∗/40Ar∗ ratios, corrected for mass fractionation during incomplete brine degassing, are identical to their production ratios in rocks. The source of salinity (halite dissolution), plus the occurrence of large amounts of 40Ar∗ in brines constrain the residence time of Bécancour brines as being older than the Cretaceous. Evaporites in the St-Lawrence Lowlands likely existed only during Devonian–Silurian time. Brines might result from infiltration of Devonian water leaching halite, penetrating into or below the deeper Cambrian–Ordovician aquifers. During the Devonian, the basin reached temperatures higher than 250°C, allowing for thermal maturation of local gas-prone source rocks (Utica shales) and possibly facilitating the release of radiogenic 40Ar∗ into the brines. The last thermal event that could have facilitated the liberation of 40Ar∗ into fluids and contributed to mantle 3He is the Cretaceous Monteregian Hills magmatic episode. For residence times younger than the Cretaceous, it is difficult to find an appropriate source of salinity and of nucleogenic/radiogenic gases to the Bécancour brines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a short overview of the rare isotope facility at TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics. Plans for the future are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the measures undertaken by the government of Canada during the international shortage of medical isotopes, after it discovered the shutdown of the reactor in Chalk River, Ontario that included the termination of Linda Keen as chief executive officer and president of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. The forced resignation of Keen provoked an international debate on the interference of the government in an independent agency. However, the Federal Court sided with the government as it dismissed the appeal made by Keen.

Restoration and rehabilitation of native species in the Laurentian Great Lakes is a priority for fisheries management agencies. Restoration efforts are increasingly incorporating a perspective that considers species within a broader food web context. We used stable isotope analysis and museum-preserved specimens to describe and quantify 100 years of food web changes in the Lake Superior fish community. We validated stable isotope analysis of museum specimens by showing a positive correlation between isotope- and diet-based estimates of trophic position. While introductions have created a more trophically diverse food web than historically found in Lake Superior, two separate metrics revealed little community-wide change in the food web. Our species-specific analysis revealed trophic niche differences between shortjaw (Coregonus zenithicus) and shortnose (Coregonus reighardi) ciscoes, two species previously argued to be indistinguishable based on morphological characteristics. By providing a historical context, our findings show the ability of the Lake Superior food web to accommodate non-native species introductions over the last century while still supporting native species populations. This long-term information about food web structure can help guide management and restoration goals in Lake Superior. Furthermore, Lake Superior can serve as a basis for comparing food web changes in other, more highly altered Great Lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neotropical migratory songbirds typically breed in temperate regions and then travel long distances to spend the majority of the annual cycle in tropical wintering areas. Using stable-isotope methodology, we provide quantitative evidence of dual breeding ranges for 5 species of Neotropical migrants. Each is well known to have a Neotropical winter range and a breeding range in the United States and Canada. However, after their first bout of breeding in the north, many individuals migrate hundreds to thousands of kilometers south in midsummer to breed a second time during the same summer in coastal west Mexico or Baja California Sur. They then migrate further south to their final wintering areas in the Neotropics. Our discovery of dual breeding ranges in Neotropical migrants reveals a hitherto unrealized flexibility in life-history strategies for these species and underscores that demographic models and conservation plans must consider dual breeding for these migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon stable isotope analyses have been widely used to estimate terrestrial carbon contribution to lake secondary production. In such approaches, phytoplankton is tacitly assumed as a single, isotopically homogenous source. Such assumption might be valid if (i) zooplankton do not feed selectively on specific algal taxa within bulk phytoplankton, or (ii) although zooplankton do feed selectively, the variability in the δ13C values amongst the different algal taxa is small compared with the variability between the δ13C values of bulk phytoplankton and terrestrial end-members. In a summer field study of six coastal lakes of British Columbia, Canada, we tested these assumptions using gut pigments and stable isotope measures on zooplankton and particulate organic matter. Results revealed that filter-feeding cladocerans positively selected cryptophytes, shown to be substantially 13C-enriched compared with bulk phytoplankton and even with the terrestrial end-member. Comparing a classical two-source mixing model and a model that accounted for algal isotopic heterogeneity, we showed that the use of a classical two-source model can result in an overestimation of terrestrial contribution to zooplankton secondary production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on isotope dilution headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to assess levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in 56 samples of bottled water products sold in Canada. Levels of BPA in samples of all 51 non-polycarbonate (PC) bottled water products were lower than the method detection limit (0.50 µg l-1). Levels of BPA in most bottled water products in PC carboys were low, ranging from <0.50 to 1.4 µg l-1 with an average of 0.75 µg l-1. However, BPA was detected at levels of 8.8 and 6.5 µg l-1 in two bottles of the bottled water products in PC carboys from the same product analysed over a 5-week period, likely due to accidental or careless exposure of the products to heat (e.g. under the sun) during storage and/or transportation for extended periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although lead isotope ratios have been used to identify lead ammunition (lead shotshell pellets and bullets) as a source of exposure for First Nations people of Canada, the actual source of lead exposure needs to be further clarified. Whole blood samples for First Nations people of Ontario, Canada, were collected from participants prior to the traditional spring harvest of water birds, as well as post-harvest. Blood-lead levels and stable lead isotope ratios prior to, and after the harvest were determined by ICP-MS. Data were analyzed by paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests. All participants consumed water birds harvested with lead shotshell during the period of study. For the group excluding six males who were potentially exposed to other sources of lead (as revealed through a questionnaire), paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests showed consistent results: significant (p <0.05) increases in blood-lead concentrations and blood levels of 206Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/207Pb towards the mean values we previously reported for lead shotshell pellets; and a significant decrease in 208Pb/206Pb values towards the mean for lead shotshell pellets. However, when we categorized the group further into a group that did not use firearms and did not eat any other traditional foods harvested with lead ammunition other than waterfowl, our predictions for 206Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb hold true, but there was not a significant increase in blood-lead level after the hunt. It appears that the activity of hunting (i.e., use of a shotgun) was also an important route of lead exposure. The banning of lead shotshell for all game hunting would eliminate a source of environmental lead for all people who use firearms and/or eat wild game. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The basement-hosted Bong uranium deposit in the Kiggavik region is associated with a broad hydrothermal alteration halo characterized by an inner illite-rich zone and an outer chlorite-rich zone. The uranium-bearing zones characterized by intense illite alteration yield high δ56Fe and δ26Mg values relative to the host rocks, with average whole-rock values of δ56Fe = 0.58 ± 0.15‰ and δ26Mg = 0.61 ± 0.29‰, and clay-size fraction values of δ56Fe = 0.51 ± 0.20‰ and δ26Mg = 0.82 ± 0.09‰. These isotopic values correlate with a decrease in average Fe2+ concentrations (0.47 versus 2.30 mol% Fe2+ in least-altered hosts). The high δ26Mg values reflect intense illite alteration, which preferentially incorporated heavier magnesium isotopes during alteration of both the ore zones and an upper hematite-altered horizon. Although the clay alteration with high δ56Fe and δ26Mg values coincides with the main uranium-bearing zone, the δ56Fe signatures reflect multiple stages of alteration and mineralization. The high δ56Fe values and lower Fe2+ contents of the uranium-bearing zones support leaching of Fe2+ (aq) enriched in lighter iron isotopes. Sequential leach δ56Fe experiments also indicate that formation of fine-grained iron oxides/hydroxides with positive δ56Fe values (+0.23 to +0.60‰) in late chemical fronts enhanced the primary positive δ56Fe signatures recorded in ore zones. Near surface samples with similar isotopic signatures provide clues to buried mineralization and support structural disruption of the systems after primary mineralization. Distal geochemical expressions of this system may include enrichment in iron contents with negative δ56Fe values and/or negative δ26Mg whole-rock or clay-size fractions values, reflecting precipitation of the isotopically light iron and magnesium leached during hydrothermal alteration. Although more costly to process, sequential leach δ26Mg or δ56Fe analyses produced greater variance in the ore zones relative to background values and removed anomalous values from carbonate minerals. Isotopic analyses of the clay-size fraction produced results comparable to the final digestion in the sequential leach process but this method in particular requires greater understanding the mineralogical controls on the isotopic signatures. [Display omitted] • Application of iron and magnesium isotope methods to hydrothermal uranium deposits • Complex hydrothermal fluid history revealed through iron and magnesium isotopes • Quantifying fluid-rock and redox reactions in the formation of unconformity-related uranium deposits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three curves delineating δ 13C variations across the Early Cambrian Sekwi Formation carbonate ramp, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada, are incorporated into a biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic framework that provides a higher resolution temporal and spatial framework for the Sekwi Formation. The three δ 13C curves were correlated across a range of depositional environments, from tidal flat to deep subtidal on the Sekwi carbonate ramp. Eight δ 13C “cycles” in the curves (A–H) were correlated across the basin, complimenting the sequence stratigraphic framework. The most complete δ 13C curve from the Sekwi Formation correlates well with a composite Early Cambrian δ 13C curve from the Siberian Platform. However, the differing magnitude and absolute timing of some of the correlative isotopic excursions records the influence of regional tectonism, sea level changes, and diagenesis on the Sekwi ramp. Additionally, the Sekwi Formation δ 13C curve has more high-frequency variations than the Siberian curve, due in part to the higher sample density used to construct the Sekwi curve. The Early–Middle Cambrian boundary was not sampled in this study, but a large negative isotopic excursion in the very latest Early Cambrian coincides with a regional drowning that may be correlative throughout western Laurentia, but recognizing this event globally is problematic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We compared the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem-respired CO2 (δ13CR) from 11 forest ecosystems in Canada and the USA and examined differences among forest δ13CR responses to seasonal variations in environmental conditions from May to October 2004. Our experimental approach was based on the assumption that variation in δ13CR is a good proxy for short-term changes in photosynthetic discrimination and associated shifts in the integrated ecosystem-level intercellular to ambient CO2 ratio (ci/ca). We compared δ13CR responses for three functional groups: deciduous, boreal and coastal forests. The δ13CR values were well predicted for each group and the highest R² values determined for the coastal, deciduous and boreal groups were 0.81, 0.80 and 0.56, respectively. Consistent with previous studies, the highest correlations between δ13CR and changes in environmental conditions were achieved when the environmental variables were averaged for 2, 3 or 4 days before δ13CR sample collection. The relationships between δ13CR and environmental conditions were consistent with leaf-level responses, and were most apparent within functional groups, providing support for our approach. However, there were differences among groups in the strength or significance, or both, of the relationships between δ13CR and some environmental factors. For example, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil temperature were significant determinants of variation in δ13CR in the boreal group, whereas photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was not; however, in the coastal group, variation in δ13CR was strongly correlated with changes in PPF, and there was no significant relationship with VPD. At a single site, comparisons between our δ13CR measurements in 2004 and published values suggested the potential application of δ13CR measurements to assess year-to-year variation in ecosystem physiological responses to changing environmental conditions, but showed that, in such an analysis, all environmental factors influencing carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthetic gas exchange must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the sources and sinks of atmospherically deposited Pb at a forested watershed (Plastic Lake) in central Ontario, Canada, Pb pools and fluxes through upland, wetland and lake compartments were measured during 2002/2003 and compared with previous measurements taken between 1989 and 1991. In 2002/2003, annual bulk deposition of Pb was 0.49 mg m−2 compared with 1.90–1.30 mg m−2 in 1989–1991. Annual Pb concentrations in stream water draining the upland part of the catchment were very low (0.04 μg l−1) and were approximately half those measured in 1989–1991 (0.11–0.08 μg l−1). Leaching losses in stream water were small and mass balance estimates indicate almost complete retention (>95%) of atmospherically deposited Pb in upland soils. In contrast, annual Pb concentrations in stream water draining a wetland were between 0.38 and 0.77 μg l−1, with the highest concentration occurring in 2002/2003 and mass balance calculations indicate that the wetland is a net source of Pb in all measured years. Lead concentrations in the lake outflow were low and the average Pb concentration measured in 2002/2003 (0.09 μg l−1) was approximately half the value recorded in 1989–1991 (0.19 μg l−1 both years). Annual mass balance estimates indicate that the lake retained between 2.47 mg m−2 (1989/1990) and 1.42 mg m−2 (2002/2003) and that in 2002/2003 68% of the Pb input to the lake is derived from the terrestrial catchment. These estimates are higher than sediment core records, which indicate around 18 mg m−2 Pb was retained in sediment during the 1990s. Nevertheless, Pb concentrations decrease with sediment depth and 206Pb/207Pb concentrations increase with depth, a pattern also observed in mineral soils that reflects the substantial contribution of anthropogenic Pb to the watershed. Lead isotope data from soil and sediment indicate a recent anthropogenic Pb signal (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.185) in upper soils and sediments and an older anthropogenic signal (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.20) in deeper soil and sediment. Lead isotope data in sediment and vegetation indicate that practically all the Pb cycled in the forest at Plastic Lake is anthropogenic in origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lu–Hf, Sm–Nd and in-situ clinopyroxene Sr and Pb isotope systematics, and mineral major and in-situ trace element compositions were obtained for a suite of non-diamond and diamond-bearing eclogites from the Diavik kimberlites (A154; 55 Ma old), Slave craton (Canada). Temperature estimates of last equilibration in the lithosphere for the non-diamond-bearing Diavik eclogites define two groups; low-temperature (800–1050 °C) and high-temperature eclogites (1100–1300 °C). Most diamond–eclogites indicate temperatures similar to those of the high-temperature eclogites. Isotopic and major and trace element systematics for the non-diamond- and diamond-bearing eclogites indicate overlapping chemical compositions suggesting similar rock formational histories. Calculated whole rock major and trace element abundances using chemical and modal abundances for constituent minerals exhibit broad similarities with mafic cumulates from ophiolite sequences. Most importantly the calculated whole rock eclogite compositions display positive Sr and Eu anomalies, typically interpreted as the result of plagioclase accumulation in cumulate rocks of oceanic crust sequences. Initial whole rock Hf isotopic values and in-situ Sr isotope data from clinopyroxene grains provide evidence that the eclogites were derived from precursor rocks with depleted mantle isotope characteristics. These combined results support the interpretation that the eclogites from Diavik represent remnants of subducted oceanic crust. Lu–Hf isotope systematics indicate that the oceanic protolith for the eclogites formed in the Paleoproterozoic at ∼2.1 Ga, which is in agreement with the in-situ Pb isotope data from clinopyroxene. This result also corroborates the ∼2.1 Ga Lu–Hf model ages recorded by mantle zircons from eclogite found within the Jericho kimberlite in the northern Slave Province (∼200 km northwest of Diavik). The results from both studies indicate a link between eclogite formation and Paleoproterozoic subduction of oceanic lithosphere along the present-day western margin of the Archean Slave craton. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The lowering of the water table resulting from peatland drainage may dramatically alter C and N cycling in peatland ecosystems, which contain one-third of the total terrestrial C. In this study, tree annual ring width and C (δ13C) and N (δ15N) isotope ratios in soil and plant tissues (tree foliage, growth rings, and understory foliage) in a black spruce-tamarack (Picea mariana-Larix laricina) mixed-wood forest were examined to study the effects of drainage on tree growth and C and N dynamics in a minerotrophic peatland in west-central Alberta, Canada. Drainage increased the δ15N of soil NH4+ from a range of +0.6‰ to +2.9‰ to a range of +4.6‰ to +7.0‰ most likely through increased nitrification following enhanced mineralization. Plant uptake of 15N-enriched NH4+ in the drained treatment resulted in higher plant δ15N (+0.8‰ to +1.8‰ in the drained plots and -3.9‰ to -5.4‰ in the undrained plots), and deposition of litterfall N enriched with 15N increased the δ15N of total soil N in the surface layer in the drained (+2.9‰) as compared with that in the undrained plots (+0.6‰). The effect of drainage on foliar δ13C was species-specific, i.e., only tamarack showed a considerably less negative foliar δ13C in the drained (-28.1‰) than in the undrained plots (-29.1‰), indicating improved water use efficiency (WUE) by drainage. Tree ring area increments were significantly increased following drainage, and δ13C and δ15N in tree growth rings of both species showed responses to drainage retrospectively. Tree-ring δ13C data suggested that drainage improved WUE of both species, with a greater and more prolonged response in tamarack than in black spruce. Our results indicate that drainage caused the studied minerotrophic peatland to become a more open ecosystem in terms of C and N cycling and loss. The effects of forested peatland drainage or drying on C and N balances deserve further research in order to better understand their roles in future global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury biomagnifies in aquatic foodwebs in freshwater lakes, and common loons ( Gavia immer) breeding in eastern Canada can be exposed to reproductively toxic concentrations of mercury in their fish prey. We assessed the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury in juvenile and adult common loons, and their preferred prey: yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) in Kejimkujik National Park (KNP), Nova Scotia by measuring mercury levels and stable isotope ratios in tissues. Total mercury levels and stable-carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) were determined in composite whole-fish samples from lakes in KNP and blood samples from juvenile and adult loons captured on lakes in KNP and southern New Brunswick. Geometric mean mercury concentrations were 0.15 and 0.38 μg/g (wet wt.) in small (9-cm fork length) and large (17-cm fork length) yellow perch, and were 0.43 and 2.7 μg/g (wet wt.) in blood of juvenile and adult common loons, respectively. Mercury concentrations in perch and loons were positively associated with body mass and δ15N values. Juvenile loons and large yellow perch had similar mercury levels and δ15N values, indicating similar trophic status despite their 22-fold difference in body mass. Mercury concentrations were higher in yellow perch and common loons in acidic lakes. Our findings highlight the importance of both chemical and ecological factors in understanding mercury biomagnification in lakes and associated risks to fish-eating wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Surface water samples were collected from 55 sites in the Great Lakes Basin and analyzed for the presence of perchlorate using HPLC/MS/MS with an isotopically enriched internal standard. Sites included areas impacted by heavy industry, urbanization, agriculture and atmospheric deposition. Perchlorate was detected at several of the sites at concentrations close to the method detection limit (0.2μg/l). Despite these low concentrations, its presence was confirmed by sample concentration and determination of the isotopic ratio of perchlorate. The presence of perchlorate at two of the sites was related to a fireworks display which had occurred prior to sampling. The other detections of perchlorate were in rivers/creeks draining watersheds which had high density livestock and crop farming activity. We suspect the two are related. To our knowledge, these are the first reported concentrations of perchlorate in Canadian surface waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) continues to be an important food species for Arctic communities, despite concerns about its high mercury (Hg) content. We investigated whether Hg and cadmium (Cd) concentrations had changed during the 20th century in beluga near Somerset Island in the central Canadian Arctic, using well-preserved teeth collected from historical sites (dating to the late 19th century and 1926–1947) and during subsistence hunts in the late 1990s. Mercury concentrations in both historical and modern teeth were correlated with animal age, but 1990s beluga exhibited a significantly more rapid accumulation with age than late 19th century animals, indicating that Hg concentrations or bioavailability in their food chain had increased during the last century. The geometric mean tooth Hg concentration in modern 30 year old animals was 7.7 times higher than in the late 19th century, which corresponds to threefold higher concentrations in muktuk and muscle. Teeth from 1926 to 1947 were similar in Hg content to the late 19th century, suggesting that the increase had occurred sometime after the 1940s. In contrast, tooth Cd was not correlated with animal age and decreased during the last 100 years, indicating that anthropogenic Cd was negligible in this population. Late 19th century beluga displayed a greater range of prey selection (tooth δ 15N values: 15.6–20.5‰) than modern animals (δ 15N: 17.2–21.1‰). To prevent this difference from confounding the temporal Hg comparison, the Hg–age relationships discussed above were based on historical animals, which overlapped isotopically with the modern group. Tooth δ 13C also changed to isotopically more depleted values in modern animals, with the most likely explanation being a significant shift to more pelagic-based feeding. Industrial Hg pollution is a plausible explanation for the recent Hg increase. However, without further investigation of the relationship between the range exploitation of modern beluga and their possible exposure to regional marine food chains with (naturally) higher Hg contents than their historical counterparts, we cannot unequivocally conclude that the increase was anthropogenically driven. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many Phanerozoic time-scale boundaries are characterized by oceanic anoxia and mass extinction events with the deposition of black shale. The Re-Os isotope system in black shale can be used to provide depositional ages for these rocks, thus yielding direct radiometric ages for time-scale boundaries. We demonstrate that the Re-Os black shale geochronometer can yield precise ages useful for time-scale research through study of the Devonian-Mississippian boundary within the Exshaw Formation, Canada. The Re-Os date determined places the Devonian-Mississippian boundary at 361.3 ± 2.4 Ma (2σ including λ uncertainty, model 1, mean square of weighted deviates = 1.2), in accord with recent calibration interpolated from U-Pb zircon dates (360.7 ± 0.7 Ma) for the Hasselbachtal section, Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of stable water isotopes ( 18 O and 2 H) in precipitation and surface waters in the Mackenzie River basin of northern Canada has created new opportunities for researchers to study the complex hydrology and hydroclimatology of this remote region [1]. A number of prior studies have used stable isotope data to investigate aspects of the hydrological regime of the wetland-dominated terrain near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada [2, 3]. The present paper compares estimates of groundwater contributions to streamflow derived using the WATFLOOD distributed hydrological model, equipped with a new water isotope tracer module, with the results of conventional isotope hydrograph separation [4] for five wetland-dominated catchments along the lower Liard River. The comparison reveals highly promising agreement, verifying that the hydrological model is simulating groundwater flow contributions to total streamflow with reasonable fidelity, especially during the crucial snowmelt period. Sensitivity analysis of the WATFLOOD simulations also reveals intriguing features about runoff generation from channelized fens, which may contribute less to streamflow than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moonmilk, which is often seen coating walls in temperate caves, is a porous secondary calcite deposit composed of an aggregate of microcrystalline calcite and water. This study, based on moonmilk deposits found in Caverne de l'Ours, Ottawa Valley region, proposes a model for its formation based on the calcite and water isotope chemistry and evaluates its use as a climatic proxy. In Caverne de l'Ours, non-calcitic mineral inclusions protrude from the bedrock (Grenville marble) into the moonmilk, while others are entirely enclosed within the moonmilk. This observation suggests a mechanism of bedrock dissolution and reprecipitation for the formation of moonmilk, which is controlled by the changing seasonal climate in the cave. The δ18O of the moonmilk interstial water indicates that the condensation of water vapour occurs mostly in winter and spring. The condensation of water vapour on the surface of the walls allows for the dissolution of the Grenville marble and releases ions necessary for the precipitation of moonmilk. The δ18O and δ13C of calcite and δ18O of the moonmilk interstitial water indicate that precipitation of moonmilk occurs during summer and fall. During these seasons, the relative humidity in the cave decreases resulting in moonmilk growth through the slow evaporation of calcite-saturated water. A comparison of the δ18O record of moonmilk from caves in Gaspésie (Canada) and from Aven d'Orgnac (France) shows that this material retains temperature information valuable for paleoclimatic reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Mountain Batholith (SMB) of southwestern Nova Scotia is a large, highly differentiated, peraluminous, granitic batholith in which the average A/CNK (mol Al2O3/mol(CaO + Na2O + K2O)) increases from 1.16 to 1.23 with chemical evolution. We use vector analysis of variations solely in Al2O3–(CaO + Na2O + K2O) space to assess the fractionation, assimilation, fluid, and source controls on the peraluminosity of the SMB. With increasing chemical evolution, Al2O3 decreases, CaO decreases sharply, Na2O is approximately constant, and K2O increases in the early and middle stages but decreases in the most evolved stage. Initial 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios for granites and average Meguma Supergroup country rocks suggest an upper limit of ~33% of wall-rock contamination for the most evolved rocks, if the most primitive rocks are uncontaminated. The trend of chemical evolution of the SMB through Al2O3–(CaO + Na2O + K2O) space is the resultant of all input vectors (processes). In the early stages, those processes are fractional crystallization of plagioclase ± K-feldspar ± cordierite ± biotite and contamination by country rocks. In the later stages, those processes are fractionation of plagioclase ± K-feldspar ± andalusite ± muscovite, further contamination by country rocks, and selective partitioning of Ca–Na–K into aqueous fluid phases. Clear geochemical evidence for variation in the source composition is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on scientific analyses of the only well-preserved ancient human body ever recovered from a North American glacier. The body was found high in the mountains of northwest British Columbia at about 80 km from the nearest point of the strongly indented coast of southern Alaska. The geographical location suggests that the young man, aged about 20 years, could have lived either on the mild coast or in the continental interior. Preliminary environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and light microscope studies of the contents of the digestive tract reveal pollen of an intertidal salt-marsh plant and pieces of a marine crustacean. Remains of coastal zone plants (a fruit of a flowering plant and a needle of a coniferous tree) had adhered to the deceased's robe. Stable isotope analyses of bone and muscle show that more than 90 % of the dietary protein was from marine sources. We conclude that this individual had strong coastal connections during his life and had been on the coast shortly before he died about 550 to 600 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations on the distribution of thorium isotopes in the water column have been utilized as powerful tracers to investigate the geochemical pathways of particle-reactive material in the ocean. We measured Th (228Th, 230Th, 232Th and 234Th) isotopes in samples collected along a horizontal profile from Barrow, AK to the Canada Basin as well as two vertical profiles in the Canada Basin. The suspended particle concentrations were also measured to investigate the role of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Th scavenging.The SPM inventory is more than an order of magnitude higher than that reported for the Alpha Ridge ice station, indicating that the SPM inventories vary over an order of magnitude in the deep Arctic Basins. The conditional partition coefficient of Th isotopes between suspended particulate matter and dissolved phase generally appears to be higher than those in non-polar regions, and this is attributed to more reactive suspended particulate matter. The residence times of total 230Th are significantly lower than those calculated for the Alpha Ridge station, while higher than those found in the Eurasian Basin and Beaufort Sea in the Canadian Basin. The calculated residence time in all the deep basins of the Arctic Ocean varied between 13±1 and 45±1 years. A reversible scavenging model applied to the distribution of Th isotopes (230Th–228Th in the deep waters and 234Th–228Th in the upper 100 m) indicates that the forward removal rate constant is higher than the value reported for the Alpha Ridge while the reverse rate constant is comparable to the Alpha Ridge station suggesting faster removal onto particulate matter and slower desorption of Th from the particulate matter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Gas composition and stable isotope data were integrated to constrain the controls on the occurrence of H2S and CO2 in the subsurface Triassic of the west central Alberta Basin in Canada. Compositional data reveal that the wettest gases occur in the central part of the study area and are flanked by gases of increasing dryness to the east and west. H2S production in the Triassic system is attributed to sulfate reduction. Present temperatures in the subsurface are approximately 60 to 80 °C in the interval of interest. These temperatures are 50 to 55 °C less than the minimum threshold for thermal sulfate reduction (TSR), suggesting that bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) is the probable mechanism of active H2S generation. Higher temperatures present during previous stages of burial were within the range of thermal sulfate reduction (TSR). Variability in the measured δ34S values of gases in Lower and Middle Triassic strata appears be controlled by dissolved sulfate fluxes from two sulfate sources having disparate δ34S signatures, as well as by the admixing of H2S generated by TSR at previous stages of deeper burial. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article provides information on studies of elemental synthesis in exploding stars using the Detector of Recoils And Gammas Of Nuclear reactions (DRAGON) and the TRIUMF UK Detector Array (TUDA). The goal of the DRAGON experimental program, which is based at the ISAC Radioactive Beams facility in Canada, is to study the probability of reactions involving the capture of hydrogen or helium by a short lived exotic isotope, which results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation only.