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This paper explores how uncertainty has become a central constitutive feature under the ongoing attempts at rapid extension of highway corridors across India. Contrary to the terra nullius assumption that India's highway programmes operate under, the pathways to accumulation they seek to open present a palimpsest of pre‐existing claims, occupancies and forms of dwelling that come into conflict with the attempts to extend urban space. The paper specifically follows the prolonged uncertainty surrounding a regional highway corridor between the cities of Delhi and Gurgaon, the Dwarka Expressway, which underwent multiple legal contestations over evictions and land disputes. In doing so, it analyses how managing uncertainty in the production of highway corridors becomes profitable for the state, powerful corporate actors and middle‐class homebuyer‐investors, presenting a form of value that can be commodified and exchanged. However, on the other hand, owing to its double‐edged nature, uncertainty also becomes productive for the urban majority in laying claims to urban space. As rapid extended urbanisation increasingly disrupts the lifeworlds of marginal communities, this paper calls for embracing the politics and practices of uncertainty in the continued efforts to push ex‐centric urban analysis beyond the narrow focus on state processes and commodification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transport has serious problems that are symptoms of the general process of rapid urbanization and environmental degradation. Policymakers in general and urban economists in particular have paid little attention to public transport system pricing leading to the absence of a financially viable, self-supporting urban transport system. In this paper, we report a partial equilibrium model developed by us, which captures transport tax reforms in the presence of certain transport externalities. Our theoretical model shows that the question of public transport subsidies to reduce congestion and provide quality transport services depends on three factors: (a) the extent to which such subsidies induce people to switch from private transport to public transport; (b) if the price elasticity of current users of public transport is higher, there may be a sharp rise in public transport ridership as a reaction to increased subsidies, which will have an undesirable effect; and (c) there is the danger that subsidies will cause a loss in productive efficiency. The numerical model of our paper for Delhi shows that the cross price elasticity of public transport demand with respect to the price of private transport is significant (0.63) in the off-peak period whereas the same in the peak period is somewhat low (0.16) and the combined effect of these elasticities will result in a considerable modal shift in favour of bus transport demand (19%) if the price of public transport were to be subsidized and private transport were to be priced optimally. Even without subsidy, the modal shift will be significant (18%), if the under-priced private transport modes are optimally priced keeping the current bus prices constant. This paper shows that there will be significant welfare gains in both these scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-making is a process of creating subjects and places, in order to produce and perpetuate relations of power that facilitate projects of rule. Viewing development as a particular form of state-making, scholars and activists have highlighted the coercive and often traumatic nature of the displacement that development induces. This paper suggests that the power of the development discourse stems not only from its repressive apparatus, but also from the multiple ways in which it is able to address the desires of different social groups for better lives. Violence and desire are fused together in the practices of development and displacement. This argument is made ethnographically, through an analysis of the conflicts around planned urban development and environmental improvement in Delhi, the capital of India. This paper describes the making and unmaking of Delhi as a "clean and green" city, and the powerful contestations around the making of urban place and personhood. It examines state attempts to control and restructure urban space and argues that, through strategies of compromise as well as resistance, working class struggles to secure housing and employment reconstitute the relationship between environment and development that urban planners and the bourgeoisie seek to impose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Indian cities expand, water becomes extremely necessary to support the process of urbanisation. These growing water needs are translated onto the body of the city in the form of intense conflicts over the limited supply. These conflicts place water at the centre of socio-spatial, cultural, political and ecological tensions in the city. Through persistent struggles to access water by strategies such as passive resistance, self help, individual resistance and social mobilisation, the marginalised groups and individuals in the contemporary Indian city negotiate their water claims. However, the State through its ability to legalise (or make illegal) certain practices and spaces, controls the right to potable water in the city. This paper explores how the right to potable water and the right to the city are defined and challenged by the politics of the State and the counter politics of the marginalised groups in the context of urban poor in Delhi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sustainable urban infrastructure interventions can help achieve both public health and low-carbon goals in cities. This paper explores the extent to which civil infrastructure (i.e., water, sanitation, energy, transport and building infrastructures) and environmental factors (e.g. air and water quality) associated with these infrastructures shape current urban health outcomes in cities in Asia using Delhi, India as a case study. Current mortality data for Delhi are used as context to estimate the extent to which urban health outcomes are shaped by infrastructure and infrastructure-related environmental factors, some of which could directly or indirectly reduce mortality through low-carbon interventions. Mortality data along with a preliminary survey of expert opinion indicate up to 19 percent of all recorded deaths in Delhi may be infrastructure-related. More detailed epidemiology studies and infrastructure models are needed to confirm these initial findings. The findings suggest public health outcomes may be a large factor in motivating low-carbon development in Asian cities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Landfills are important anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4) emission especially in fast urbanizing countries. This paper presents the CH4 emission estimations carried out using the in-situ CH4 measurements, IPCC 1996 Default methodology (DM), Modified Triangular Method (MTM) and First Order Decay (FOD) method for the three landfills currently operational in the capital city Delhi of India. The in-situ methodology has yielded the landfills specific methane emission factors (EFs). The annual average methane emission rates from three landfills namely, Ghazipur (GL), Bhalswa (BL) and Okhla (OL) are 14.6, 23.6 & 7.5 Gg y−1 by DM; 13.3, 10.6 & 7.2 Gg y−1 by the FOD; 17.0, 13.7 and 10.7 Gg y−1 by the MTM; and 4.6, 4.2 and 1.4 Gg y−1 by the in-situ measurement method respectively. The CH4 EFs have been found to be 9.7 ± 2.6, 5.5 ± 1.6 and 5.5 ± 1.7 g kg−1 of waste respectively for the GL, BL and OL landfills in Delhi. The study reveals that in-situ methodology seems to provide better representative emission estimation compared to other methods. The FOD method also yields comparable results with that of in-situ methodology in cases where good waste composition data is available. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes the process of urbanization and land use change in the urban ecosystems of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, India. Two types of land use change are considered--from natural to urban and from agricultural to urban. Both types are explained in terms of economic variables known to be drivers of change. A panel data method was used, and economic variables were combined with GIS-based information on land use change during 1986-2004 for 11 administrative units of the NCR. The results suggest that investment in the construction sector plays a major role in converting the land from natural to urban areas, while differences in land productivity seems to be the major driver for change from agricultural to urban uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper is the first study to report quality of urban runoff, focusing on the diffuse sources contributing to pollutant loads in the Delhi watershed. The quality of stormwater runoff from the urban watershed of Delhi was evaluated to assess the effects of different land-use practices on pollutant concentrations. Six sites within the Delhi watershed with different land-use characteristics were selected. The microbial quality of the urban runoff from sub-catchments of Delhi watershed is very poor with Faecal Coliform (FC) levels varying between 6 and 7 log orders. There was a good correlation between the chemical and biological quality of urban runoff with land-use characteristics such as impervious land and population density. Except for chemical oxygen demand all other parameters in urban runoff were found to exceed the effluent discharge standards set by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), India. The public health risks associated with exposure to urban runoff via different routes have also been qualitatively estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]