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Purpose: The survival benefit of combined radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) compared with ADT alone for clinically lymph node-positive prostate cancer remains controversial.Methods and Materials: We identified patients with clinically node-positive, nonmetastatic prostate cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2015 and treated with ADT (n = 450) or ADT-RT (n = 198) from a national Veterans Affairs database. We compared prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) between treatment groups using multivariable competing-risks regression and Cox regression, respectively. An interaction term between ADT-RT and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (dichotomized about the median) was included in the multivariable models.Results: ADT-RT was associated with improved PCSM among patients with PSA levels less than the median of 26 ng/mL (sub-distribution hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.88; P = .02) but not greater than the median (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% CI 0.67-1.96; P = .62) (P = .038 for interaction). ADT-RT was also associated with improved ACM among patients with PSA levels less than the median (HR, 0.38; 95% CI 0.25-0.57; P < .001) but not greater than the median (HR, 0.91; 95% CI 0.60-1.38; P = .66) (P = .004 for interaction).Conclusions: Definitive treatment with ADT-RT is associated with improved PCSM and ACM among patients with clinically node-positive prostate cancer and lower baseline PSA levels. Patients with clinically node-positive disease appear to be a heterogeneous cohort, with a subset who may achieve long-term survival with combined RT and ADT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate geographic heterogeneity in the delivery of hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer among Medicare beneficiaries across the United States.Methods and Materials: We identified 190,193 patients from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Chronic Conditions Warehouse. The study included patients aged >65 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer treated with breast conservation surgery followed by radiation diagnosed between 2000 and 2012. We analyzed data by hospital referral region based on patient residency ZIP code. The proportion of women who received hypofractionated RT within each region was analyzed over the study period. Multivariable logistic regression models identified predictors of hypofractionated RT.Results: Over the entire study period we found substantial geographic heterogeneity in the use of hypofractionated RT. The proportion of women receiving hypofractionated breast RT in individual hospital referral regions varied from 0% to 61%. We found no correlation between the use of hypofractionated RT and urban/rural setting or general geographic region. The proportion of hypofractionated RT increased in regions with higher density of radiation oncologists, as well as lower total Medicare reimbursements.Conclusions: This study demonstrates substantial geographic heterogeneity in the use of hypofractionated RT among elderly women with invasive breast cancer treated with lumpectomy in the United States. This heterogeneity persists despite clinical data from multiple randomized trials proving efficacy and safety compared with standard fractionation, and highlights possible inefficiency in health care delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adjuvant radiation therapy, which has proven benefit against breast cancer, has historically been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease. Modern techniques have reduced this risk, but a detailed evaluation has not recently been conducted. The present study evaluated the effect of current radiation practices on ischemia-related cardiac events and procedures in a population-based study of older women with nonmetastatic breast cancer.Methods and Materials: A total of 29,102 patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2009 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. Medicare claims were used to identify the radiation therapy and cardiac outcomes. Competing risk models were used to assess the effect of radiation on these outcomes.Results: Patients with left-sided breast cancer had a small increase in their risk of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after radiation therapy-the 10-year cumulative incidence for these patients was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9%-6.2%) and 4.5% (95% CI 4.0%-5.0%) for right-sided patients. This risk was limited to women with previous cardiac disease. For patients who underwent PCI, those with left-sided breast cancer had a significantly increased risk of cardiac mortality with a subdistribution hazard ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.23-3.34). No other outcome, including cardiac mortality for the entire cohort, showed a significant relationship with tumor laterality.Conclusions: For women with a history of cardiac disease, those with left-sided breast cancer who underwent radiation therapy had increased rates of PCI and a survival decrement if treated with PCI. The results of the present study could help cardiologists and radiation oncologists better stratify patients who need more aggressive cardioprotective techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]