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Quasar outflows are fundamental components of quasar environments that might play an important role in feedback to galaxy evolution. We report on the emergence of a remarkable new outflow absorption-line system in the quasar PG1411+442 (redshift ∼0.089) detected in the UV and visible with the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph, respectively. This new 'transient' system contains thousands of lines, including Fe  ii and Fe  ii ∗ from excited states up to 3.89 eV, H  i ∗ Balmer lines, Na  i  D λλ5890, 5896, and the first detection of He  i ∗ λ5876 in a quasar. The transient absorber is spatially inhomogeneous and compact, with sizes ≲0.003 pc, based on covering fractions on the quasar continuum source ranging from ∼0.45 in strong UV lines to ∼0.04 in Na  i  D. cloudy photoionization simulations show that large total column densities log  N H(cm−2) ≳ 23.4 and an intense radiation field ≲0.4 pc from the quasar are needed to produce the observed lines in thick zones of both fully ionized and partially ionized gas. The densities are conservatively log  n H(cm−3) ≳ 7 based on Fe  ii ∗, H  i ∗, and He  i ∗ but they might reach log  n H(cm−3) ≳ 10 based on Na  i  D. The transient lines appear at roughly the same velocity shift, v  ∼ −1900 km s−1, as a 'mini-BAL' outflow detected previously, but with narrower Doppler widths, b ∼ 100 km s−1, and larger column densities in more compact outflow structures. We propose that the transient lines identify a clumpy outflow from the broad emission-line region that, at its current speed and location, is still gravitationally bound to the central black hole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present initial results from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) and Gemini Mapping the Circumgalactic Medium (CGMCGM ≡ CGM2) survey. The CGM2 survey consists of 1689 galaxies, all with high-quality Gemini-GMOS spectra, within 1 Mpc of 22 z ≲ 1 quasars, all with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼10 Hubble Space Telescope/COS G130M+G160M spectra. For 572 of these galaxies with stellar masses 107 M⊙ < M⋆ < 1011 M⊙ and z ≲ 0.5, we show that the H i covering fraction above a threshold of NHI > 1014cm−2 is ≳0.5 within 1.5 virial radii (Rvir ∼ R200m). We examine the H i kinematics and find that the majority of absorption lies within ±250 km s−1 of the galaxy systemic velocity. We examine H i covering fractions over a range of impact parameters to infer a characteristic size of the CGM, , as a function of galaxy mass. is the impact parameter at which the probability of observing an absorber with NHI >1014 cm−2 is >50%. In this framework, the radial extent of the CGM of M⋆ > 109.9 M⊙ galaxies is kpc or. Intermediate-mass galaxies with 109.2 < M⋆/M⊙ < 109.9 have an extent of kpc or. Low-mass galaxies, M⋆ < 109.2 M⊙, show a smaller physical scale of kpc and extend to. Our analysis suggests that using Rvir as a proxy for the characteristic radius of the CGM likely underestimates its extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new measurements of the flux power-spectrum P (k) of the z < 0.5 H   i Lyman-α Forest spanning scales |$k \sim 0.001\!-\!0.1\, \mathrm{s \, km}^{-1}$|⁠. These results were derived from 65 far-ultraviolet quasar spectra (resolution |$R \sim 18\, 000$|⁠) observed with the Cosmic Origin Spectrograph (COS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The analysis required careful masking of all contaminating, coincident absorption from H   i and metal–line transitions of the Galactic interstellar medium and intervening absorbers as well as proper treatment of the complex COS line-spread function. From the P (k) measurements, we estimate the H   i photoionization rate (⁠|$\Gamma _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$|⁠) in the z < 0.5 intergalactic medium. Our results confirm most of the previous |$\Gamma _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$| estimates. We conclude that previous concerns of a photon underproduction crisis are now resolved by demonstrating that the measured |$\Gamma _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$| can be accounted for by ultraviolet emission from quasars alone. In a companion paper, we will present constraints on the thermal state of the z < 0.5 intergalactic medium from the P (k) measurements presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]