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The present study describes the phytoremediation performance of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) for physicochemical pollutants elimination from paper mill effluent (PME). For this, pot (glass aquarium) experiments were conducted using 0% (BWW: borewell water), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments of PME under natural day/light regime. Results of the experiments showed that the highest removal of pH (10.75%), electrical conductivity (EC: 63.82%), total dissolved solids (TDS: 71.20%) biological oxygen demand (BOD: 85.03%), chemical oxygen demand (COD: 80.46%), total Kjeldahl's nitrogen (TKN: 93.03%), phosphorus (P: 85.56%), sodium (Na: 91.89%), potassium (K: 84.04%), calcium (Ca: 84.75%), and magnesium (Mg: 83.62%), most probable number (MPN: 77.63%), and standard plate count (SPC: 74.43%) was noted in 75% treatment of PME after treatment by P. stratiotes. PCA showed the best vector length for TKN, Na, and Ca. The maximum plant growth parameters including, total fresh biomass (81.30 ± 0.28 g), chlorophyll content (3.67 ± 0.05 mg g−1 f.wt), and relative growth rate (0.0051 gg−1 d−1) was also measured in 75% PME treatment after phytoremediation experiments. The findings of this study make useful insight into the biological management of PME through plant‐based pollutant eradication while leftover biomass may be used as a feedstock for low‐cost bioenergy production. Practitioner points: Biological treatment of paper mill effluent using water lettuce is presented.Best reduction of physicochemical and microbiological pollutants was attained in 75% treatment.Maximum production of chlorophyll, plant biomass, and highest growth rate was also observed in 75% treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a review of literature published in 2016 related to the prevention of water pollution by or recovery of beneficial materials from wastewater produced in the pulp and paper industry. This review includes the following sections: pulp and paper wastewater management, pollution avoidance, process modelling, physical and chemical treatment, biological treatment, phytoremediation and value added materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution has become increasingly prominent, and bioremediation of heavy metal polluted areas is urgently needed. Broussonetia papyrifera is a pioneer tree species for vegetation restoration in the tailings area, while its molecular mechanism of heavy metal adaptation is not clear. Here, we report that a R2R3 MYB from B. papyrifera (BpMYB1) is involved in Cd accumulation by controlling the down-stream genes and mineral accumulation. Overexpression of BpMYB1 in B. papyrifera resulted in a significant increase in Cd accumulation and multiple gene transcription. Among the up-regulated genes, BpMYB1 could bind to ferrochelatase (BpFC2), basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor bHLH93 (BpbHLH93), and basic leucine zipper transcription factor bZIPs (BpbZIP1 , BpbZIP-CPC1) by recognizing TATCCAOSAMY (TATCCA) motif and related promoter segments. Further investigations revealed that overexpression of BpbZIP1 promotes the absorption of Cd, BpMYB1 regulate Cd uptake in plant relating to Fe accumulation without Fe-deficiency pathway via recognizing the downstream BpbHLH93 and involving in PCs biosynthetic pathway via recognizing the target BpFC2. Moreover, the Cd response effect mediated by BpMYB1 was boosted by interacting with a DELLA protein BpGAI1, a vital member of GA signaling. These results provide new insights into the molecular feedback mechanisms underlying BpMYB1-BpGAI1 controlled Cd uptake in plants, which will benefit for phytoremediation of Cd polluted soil. [Display omitted] • BpMYB1 overexpression benefits for Cd enrichment and tolerance of B. papyrifera. • BpMYB1 could regulate the transcription of multiple genes in Cd stress response. • The Cd stress response of BpMYB1 involves in the gibberellin-dependant signaling. • BpMYB1 could recognize downstream genes of BpFC2 , BpbHLH93 , BpbZIP1 , BpbZIP-CPC1. • BpFC2 , BpbHLH93 , BpbZIP1 , BpbZIP-CPC1 overexpression improves plant Cd uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary source of soil pollution is a complex mixture of numerous inorganic and organic compounds (including chlorinated compounds, nutrients, and heavy metals, etc.). The presence of all of these compounds makes remediation and cleanup difficult. In this study, the phytoremediation ability of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata was tested to remove nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) from paper mill and municipal landfill contaminated soils, to understand the uptake potential and to estimate the accumulation pattern of Ni and Zn in the vegetative parts of the plant. The experiments were carried out in pots (3 kg capacity) and the different combinations of soil were made by mixing the contaminated soil with a reference soil (forest soil) as T 0 , T 25 , T 50 , T 75 and T 100. The plant biomass, chlorophyll content, proline, nitrate reductase activity and metal removal efficiency (%)were determined after 120 DAS (i.e., the days after sowing). The results of the study showed that with increasing metal stress, there is a reduction in the above-ground biomass content in both the plant species with a slightly less impact on the root biomass. Over a period of 4 months, J. curcas and P. pinnata removed 82–86% and 93-90% Ni, respectively. The removal of Zn was significantly less as compared to Ni as most of the Zn remained in the belowground part (roots) and in the soil. Besides, the phytostabilization capacities of the plants were calculated on the basis of their tolerance index (TI), bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF). The low BAF and TF values with increasing heavy metals (HMs) content indicates its higher phytostabilization capacity in the root and rhizospheric region as compared to phytoaccumulation. [Display omitted] • J. curcas and P. pinnata removes 82 - 86 % and 93- 90 % Ni respectively. • High biomass and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) > 1: Suitable for metal phytoextraction. • Low biomass and BAF < 1: Suitable for metal phytostabilization. • Low translocation factor (< 1) indicated the phytostabilization capacity of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year of 2013 has shown that pulp and paper (P&P) mills continue to seek sustainability of paper production. Use of innovative technologies is making closed-loop water systems even more efficient, reducing the water demand of P&P industry. Biogas generation through sludge management continues to provide opportunities for reduction in energy intensity and carbon footprint. P&P industries have also shown their commitment to environmental protection and conservation. Asia Pulp and Paper (APP), for example, promised to restore one million hectares of rainforest. Nevertheless, this industry continues to be one of the largest sources of environmental pollutants and management of pulp and paper mill effluents continues to be a priority to the industry and the focus of many research projects. This manuscript reviews publications in 2013 that geared towards the management of pulp and paper mill effluents. These set of publications addresses remediation technologies, biological treatments and the application of membrane technology for both sludge and wastewater derived from pulp and paper mill effluents. The publications have been categorized into sustainable technologies, membrane technology, agro application, biological and biochemical treatments, and phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted with an aim to remediate effluent from a pulp and paper mill, after treating it for 28 days with an aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata . The effluent had high BOD, COD, TS, TSS, TDS, P, hardness and chloride, and several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn) above national limits. However, the plant survived a wide range of effluent concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, v/v), and flourished well, particularly at 25% (v/v), resisted membrane injury and generation of H 2 O 2 and O 2 , showed better growth and induced all the major antioxidant enzymes. The plants also induced lipid peroxidation. Most of the elemental profiles were higher than the toxic levels stipulated for plants, indicating tolerance to metal. In fact, barring Fe, for Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mg and P, at all the effluent doses, and for Cd, Ni and Mn, up to 75% (v/v) effluent, greater concentrations were observed in leaf than in root. This plant was more suited for nutrient removal, as it effectively reduced BOD, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mg, P and increased dissolve oxygen. Further, pH, hardness, chloride, TS and Mn was reduced optimally by 25–50% (v/v) treatments. SEM revealed prominent structural damages from 50 to 100% treatments. Presence of Pb as well as Fe in the EDX peaks were observed in the cortex rather than in the root vascular zone. This plant could be suggested to be an effective phytoremediator of multi-contaminant effluent with maximum benefit at low doses (25–50%, v/v). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of physico-chemical analysis of pulp and paper mill effluent sedimented sludge revealed the presence of heavy metals (mg l −1 ) Fe (67.53), Zn (13.90), Cu (2.15), Cr (2.30), Cd (0.255), Mn (11.0), Ni (3.30), and Pb (1.05) along with persistent chlorolignin. The major persistent organic pollutants detected by GC–MS were ethane, 1,1-diethoxy; tetradecanoic acid; furane 2,5-dimethyl; n -hexadecanoic acid; nonacosane, trimethylenebis-1,3-dioxolane; 1,3-dioxolane, 2-(phynylmethyl). Twelve representative native plants were noted based on their population number growing on pulp and paper sludge and evaluated for their phytoextraction potential of heavy metals. The result revealed that Triticum aestivum was found as root accumulator for all metals except Cu. Similarly, the Brassica campestris accumulated all metals maximum in root except Ni, Fe and Pb. While, Eclipta alba accumulated majority of metals in their shoot and leaves, But Solanum nigrum, Rumex dentatus accumulated metals in root and shoot both. Rananculus scleratus accumulated all the tested metals in their aerial parts except Cd and Pb. Cammelina benghalensis accumulated metals in root except Cd, Pd. Similarly the Phragmites cummunis and Ricinus cummunis accumulated majority of metals in their shoot and leaves. It was also noted that several evaluated plant showed bioconcentration factor (BCF) greater than one for accumulated metals i.e. Pb in T . aestivum (1.285), C . benghalensis (5.142), Cannabis sativa (3.466), P . cummunis (7.180), R . cummunis (66.80) was also noted. Furthermore, greater than one translocation factor (TF) for all these plants showed strong evidence for phytoextraction and in situ remediation potential of these plants. The overall order of phytoextraction potential of native wetland plants were C . sativa > P . cummunis > C . benghalensis > T . aestivum > B . campestris > E . alba . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic metals and metalloids, especially from anthropogenic sources, now pollute substantial areas of our planet. Phytoextraction is a proven technology with the potential to reduce metal/metalloid pollution, and where financially viable, recover valuable metals ('phytomining'). Toward these aims, there has been a surge of publications over the last two decades. While important progress is being made, ongoing propagation of poor practice, and the resultant drain from funding sources, is hindering this promising research area. This includes mis-ascribing hyperaccumulator species, hydroponics with extremely high dose levels, misuse of Bioconcentration Factors, use of food or biomass crops with low accumulation for phytoextraction, the phenomenon of 'template papers' in which a known hyperaccumulator for element X is dosed with element Y, or a common weed species dosed with any variety of elements to make it 'hyperaccumulate'. Here we highlight these misconceptions with the hope that this will help to: (i) disseminate accurate definitions for in planta metal accumulation; (ii) quash the propagation of poor practice by limiting the inflation of unnecessary publications via the practice of 'template paper' writing; (iii) be used by journal editors and reviewers to validate their reasoning to authors; and (iv) contribute to faster progress in delivering this technology to in-the-field practitioners. In this note, we highlight some common misconceptions with the hope that this will help to disseminate accurate definitions for hyperaccumulation, promote the appropriate use of hydroponics, and limit template paper writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Discharged pulp and paper waste contains metal and metalloids. • Eclipta alba (L.) and Alternanthera philoxeroide (L.) have phytoremediation potential of pulp and paper mill. • Physico-chemical pollution parameter reduced more than 60%, respectively. • Selective plant showed >1.0 Bioconcentration factor. • This study may be effective technology for ecorestoration of polluted site. The aims of the study was the evaluation of phytoremediation potential by Eclipta alba (L) and Alternanthera philoxeroide (L) of pulp and paper mill waste after secondary treatment which a source of aquatic and soil pollution due to huge discharge of organometallic compounds per tone of paper production. The result revealed 50% reduction of pollution parameters after in-situ phytoremediation. The comparative analysis of metal and metalloids showed the highest accumulation of Fe (2251.24 ± 64.74) in both plants. The antioxidant activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were increased in E. alba (L.) and A. philoxeroide (L.) respectively. From the results, it was concluded that E. alba (L.) and A. philoxeroide (L.) could be effectively used for the removal of metals and metalloids from effluent and sludge of pulp and paper mill waste that may help to reduce adverse health effects of metal accumulation in humans and animals via their food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study unveiled the cadmium phytoremediation potential and its augmentation using 6-Benzylaminopurine in Strobilanthes alternata. Cadmium stress was provided by applying 250 mg/kg cadmium chloride in soil and 25 ppm of 6-BAP (25 ml) was administered to the plants as foliar spray. The results revealed high bioconcentration factor (BCF) (18.82 ± 0.54) and low translocation factor (TF) values (0.055 ± 0.002) for the plant based on which we strongly recommend S. alternata as a promising candidate for Cd phytoremediation. The phytostabilization potential of the plant was further enhanced by applying 6-BAP, which augmented its BCF to 22.09 ± 0.64 and reduced the TF to 0.038 ± 0.001. Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth parameters, root volume, adaxial-abaxial stomatal indices, relative water content, tolerance index, moisture content, membrane stability index, and xylem vessel diameter in S. alternata. However, Cd + 6-BAP treated plants exhibited an increase of the same compared to Cd-treated plants. FTIR analysis of Cd + 6-BAP treated plants revealed increased deposition of hemicellulose, causing enhanced retention of Cd in the root xylem walls, which is largely responsible for increased phytostabilization of Cd. Therefore, 6-BAP application in S. alternata can be exploited to restore Cd-contaminated areas effectively. STATEMENT OF NOVELTY: The research paper "6-Benzylaminopurine Mediated Augmentation of Cadmium Phytostabilization Potential in Strobilanthes alternata" has established the Cd phytostabilization potential of the plant Strobilanthes alternata and also identified the role of 6-BAP in augmenting the Cd phytoremediation potential of this plant for the very first time. The physiological and anatomical changes in relation to the applied stress signals were also studied for the first time in S. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical response of plants exposed to pesticides and inoculated with microorganisms is of great importance to explore cleaning up strategies for contaminated sites with pyrethroid-based pesticides. We evaluated the effects of a Trichoderma consortium on the biochemical responses of Echinochloa polystachya plants during the removal of a pyrethroid-based pesticide. Plants were inoculated or not with the Trichoderma consortium and exposed to commercial pesticide H24®, based on pyrethroids. Pesticide application resulted in significant reduction in root protein content (58%), but enhanced content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in shoots, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots and roots, and catalase (CAT) activity in roots. Inoculation of Trichoderma consortium in E. polystachya exposed to the pesticide resulted in increased protein content in roots and MDA content in shoots (2-fold). Trichoderma consortium improved protein content and SOD activity (140-fold) in plants. Fungal inoculation increased the removal (97.9%) of the pesticide in comparison to the sole effect of plants (33.9%). Results allow further understanding about the responses of the interaction between plants and root-associated fungi to improving the assisted-phytoremediation of solid matrices contaminated with organic pesticides. NOVELTY STATEMENT: This original paper describes the positive role of the Trichoderma sp. consortium on favoring the removal of a pyretrhoid-based pesticide. This is one of first reports on analyzing the influence of a Trichoderma consortium on the oxidative stress and antioxidant response of Echinochloa polystachya in presence of the pesticide. This experimental approach provides a new alternative for further fungal assisted-phytoremediation of a pyretrhoid-based pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically summarizes the ecological restoration efficiency of different aquatic plants on slightly polluted water bodies, such as rivers・ Explain the purification mechanism of aquatic plant restoration water body and analyze the influencing factors (temperature, transparency, pollutant concentration) and the interaction mechanism of aquatic plants in the purification process・ The results showed that the pollutant removal rate of Hg, Fe, Cu and Zn were 32. 6% 〜39・ 7%, 44・ 9% ~ 51 ・ 4%, 63・ 7% ~ 70. 5%, 74・7% ~79・4%, respectively. The removal rate of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn were 44. 7% 〜45. 3%, 55. 7% ~ 59・ 3%, 64・ 8% ~69・ 4%, and 61.3% 〜65. 4%, respectively. This paper can provide a theoretical basis for the preferred work of aquatic plants in ecological restoration projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is one of the most suitable techniques for the remediation of heavy metals from polluted soils. The purpose of this paper is to determine the efficiency of several plants varieties for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with lead, iron and arsenic in the vicinity of the municipality of Probishtip. The research was done in the period from May to September 2023. During this period, representative soil samples were taken from several locations in the vicinity of Probishtip. These samples were subjected to laboratory testing to determine the concentration of the elements that compose it. After receiving the results, certain types of plants are planted in the soil samples. Тhe same soil samples are subjected to laboratory testing again after a certain period of time, sufficient for the plants to have an impact on the soil. The results of the soil analysis and risk assessment indicate the presence of heavy metal contamination in the soils surrounding Probishtip, especially in samples near Cranfield and the old tailings dump. The most frequently found metals include iron, lead, zinc, arsenic, copper, and chromium, all of which are the focus of our research. It can be inferred that the heavy metal content before planting the crops is higher than after planting, suggesting a process of soil remediation is underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on relevant domestic and international research on POPs in bioretention facilities, this paper reviews the removal efficiency and influencing factors of POPs in bioretention facilities, the adsorption characteristics of POPs by facility media, and the mechanism and response of microorganisms and plants in the facilities to POPs. It also looks forward to future development directions, in order to provide theoretical basis for improving the service life of bioretention facilities and controlling POPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agriculture sector has been acknowledged as the backbone of the economy of many countries. Specifically, phytoremediation can help to increase the GDP of a country by decontaminating the soil that is unavailable for cultivation. Very few research advancements have been reported on soil moisture transport, drying, and biomass valorization. Hence, the present paper highlights the importance of soil moisture transport by highlighting its impact on heavy metal sequestration along with the valorization of biomass. The objective of the present work is to provide a critical overview of the literature about moisture transport, and heavy metals (HMs) leaching in contaminated soils which is unsuitable for agricultural purposes, and simulating its responses using various available artificial intelligence techniques. Furthermore, insights have been made on various approaches to decontaminate soil that can be used for the cultivation of various crops along with other agricultural practices and thereby it can contribute to food safety and security as well as mitigating the global food crisis from waste to wealth conversion. Valorization of biomass in the field of phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Role of drying in the field of phytoremediation, biomass management, and food safety. Benefits, and limitations of AI focusing on ML and DL simulation in phytoremediation. Scope and application of AI based simulation model in phytoremediation and agriculture. Graphical representation to depict the role of drying and AI based simulation in phytoremediation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Past mining activities in northwestern Mexico have left a large number of abandoned mine tailings deposits, such as in San Felipe de Jesus, Sonora, that is known to be transferring metal(oid)s to nearby agricultural fields. Given the risk and the need to implement mitigation measures, in this paper, we describe the results of two experiments evaluating the phytostabilization potential of five plant species collected in the area. Methods: We evaluated the assisted phytostabilization approach using compost and nutrients and the soil capping approach using combinations of soil, gravel, clay, and tailings layers. Results: The assisted experiment revealed that seedlings were unable to establish under unamended treatments and only Ricinus communis showed potential under this approach. Compost and nutrients reduced the accumulation of As, Pb, Mn, and Zn in leaves of R. communis, but some were above the maximum tolerable levels for domestic animals. Under the capping approach, R. communis also showed better performance under some combinations of soil, gravel, and tailings layers than the other species. The accumulation of As, Pb, and Mn in leaves was below the maximum tolerable levels for domestic animals, indicating that soil capping has greater potential in this abandoned tailing deposit. Conclusion: The capping approach has more phytostabilization potential than the use of amendments, reducing the risk of incorporating metal(oid)s in the trophic web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the setting up and long-term continuous operation of the first real-life, pilot scale, sewage treatment plant based on the recently patented phytoremediation technology, trademarked as SHEFROL®. The unit was about three times cheaper to install, operate and maintain than the least expensive of the other wetland-based technologies presently in vogue. Its semi-permanent version is 30 times cheaper. Monitoring of flow rates and levels of treatment intermittently over a 3 year course of continuous operation indicated the constancy and robustness of the reactor in treating total solids, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and soluble phosphorous to the average extents of 94, 84, 79, 70, 62 and 28% respectively. Earlier experience with bench-scale SHEFROL® units has indicated that removal of metals like Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn also takes place to the extent of 25–45% in these systems. These primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments occurred in a single unit process with no necessity of any pumping, aeration, or recycling. Models based on artificial intelligence were developed which enable forecasting the reactor performance in terms of secondary and tertiary treatment, respectively. The paper describes the setting-up, long-term (3 years) performance evaluation at pilot scale, and modeling of a recently patented novel and unprecedented phytoremediation-based sewage treatment technology. The system is seen to be much more robust, versatile, space efficient, and economical, than existing macrophyte-based sewage treatment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophyte plant Salicornia has potential uses in farming and environmental management. Salicornia is one of the most important families of halophytes and known for its exceptional salt tolerance. It thrives well in saline habitats near coastal areas. A comprehensive review paper provides an overview of Salicornia, including details on the impact of temperature and salinity on the germination of different ecotypes, as well as the influence of day length and salinity on seedling establishment. Salicornia L. presents a promising opportunity for sustainable agriculture and economic development as it may improve the lives and livelihoods of underprivileged groups while also benefiting the environment through carbon sequestration, soil preservation, and biodiversity preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duckweed species (Lemnaceae) are suitable for remediation and valorization of agri‐feed industry wastewaters and therefore can contribute to a more sustainable, circular economy where waste is a resource. Industrial applications will, however, require space efficient cultivation methods that are not affected by prevailing weather conditions. Here, the development and operation of a multi‐tiered duckweed bioreactor is described. The developed prototype bioreactor depicted in this paper is composed of four cultivation layers (1 m2 each) with integrated LED lighting (generating up to 150 μmol m−2 s−1), a system of pumps and valves to manage the recirculatory flow (2.5 L min−1) of wastewater, and an automatic harvesting system. Using a nutrient poor medium, good growth of the duckweed species Lemna minor was achieved in the bioreactor, and this was matched by strong nutrient depletion from the medium, especially for phosphorus (45‐mg total phosphorus [TP] removed per m−2 day−1). A fully automatic harvesting arm reliably captured similar amounts of duckweed biomass across multiple harvesting cycles, revealing a future scenario whereby labor and interventions by human operators are minimized. Further developments to advance the system towards fully automated operation will include, for example, the use of specific nutrient sensors to monitor and control medium composition. It is envisaged that multi‐tiered, indoor bioreactors can be employed in the agri‐feed industry where wastewaters are, in many cases, continuously generated throughout the year and need remediating immediately to avoid costly storage. Given the extensive use of automation technology in conventional wastewater treatment plants, multi‐tiered duckweed bioreactors can be realistically integrated within the operating environment of such treatment plants. Practitioner Points: Duckweed is suitable for remediation and valorization of agri‐feed wastewater.Industrial duckweed applications require space efficient cultivation methods.Development and operation of a multi‐tiered duckweed bioreactor is detailed.Flow dynamics and automatic harvesting in the bioreactor are optimized.It is concluded that a multi‐tiered bioreactor can be used in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-invasive Micro-test Technology (NMT) measures the ions/molecules in and out of the samples in a real-time, three-dimensional and dynamic manner without damaging the biological samples to obtain ions/molecules concentration, flow rate and movement direction, providing evidence for the study of the transport mechanism of biological and external environmental substances. This paper introduces the structure, operation system and technical advantages of NMT, and compares it with other ion testing technologies. Additionally, we conclude that it possesses the following attributes: no damage to biological activity, large range of measurable samples and targets, high sensitivity, and rich data content. Furthermore, its application progress in recent years has been reviewed and prospected from the perspectives of environmental bioremediation and stress physiology, which provides a reference for sustainable biological and environmental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation of arsenic (As) by Pteris vittata (P. vittata) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for restoring As-contaminated sites. However, the phytoextraction efficiency is low in some cases, such as clay soil, thus biochar was applied to enhance the efficiency of As extraction. The paper investigated the effect of biochar on soil characteristic, As mobility, and As uptake in P. vittata with a 90-day greenhouse experiment. Biochar derived from rice straw was added at rates of 0.5, 1.5, and 4% (w/w). The results showed that, under biochar amendment, soil pH raised from 5.24 to 6.03 and 4.91 to 5.85, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased 11.1–46.1% and 2.8–11.2%, respectively, in rhizosphere and bulk soils. Biochar also increased soil catalase (CAT) activity significantly, especially for the rhizosphere soil. Besides, biochar increased the labile As in the soils and transfer coefficient from roots to aboveground, thereby enhancing As accumulation by P. vittata tissues. The accumulation of As in fronds of P. vittata was up to 350 mg kg−1 in 1.5% biochar, which was more than twice the control and far beyond other biochar treatments. The results indicate that biochar addition is favorable to improve phytoremediation of P. vittata in As-contaminated soil and 1.5% (w/w) biochar may be a reasonable application ratio, thus providing an effective solution to enhance the efficiency of As phytoextraction. Biochar increased soil catalase activity in the rhizosphere of P. vittata. Biochar increased the labile concentration of arsenic in soil and arsenic accumulation in P. vittata significantly. Combining biochar and P. vittata reduced arsenic in soil. Biochar amendment was favorable for phytoremediation of P. vittata in arsenic-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoextraction has been proposed in many papers as a low‐cost method for remediating contaminated soil. However, if national regulation is based on total metal(loid) concentrations in soil, phytoextraction is generally infeasible because of the long time required for remediation. Assessing phytoextraction requires determination of the dynamic rate of metal removal from soil. Phytoextraction may be feasible if the main goal is to reduce the soluble fraction of the metal(loid) with the goal of reducing bioavailability. However, it has been reported that there is a large mass balance mismatch between the reduction of the soluble metal fraction in contaminated soil and metal uptake by plants. Several studies report that the decrease of soluble fraction of metals in soil is higher than can be accounted for by plant uptake. In other words, studies generally overestimate the feasibility of bioavailable contaminant stripping. Therefore, a more rigorous approach is advisable to ensure that papers on bioavailable contaminant stripping include relevant information on mass balances. Furthermore, to implement the concept of bioavailable contaminant stripping, regulations must distinguish between the bioavailable fraction and the total metal concentration in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:558–565. © 2022 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is increasing environmental concern about the impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on ecosystem sustainability and human health. Many EDCs are present within wastes which are routinely spread to land (e.g. biosolids). The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour and fate of the EDC, 4-nonylphenol (NP), in a range of soils and to assess the potential risk it may pose to soil and freshwaters environments. We showed that NP was not persistent in soil, that NP mineralization was concentration-dependent and was stimulated by the addition of organic residues (e.g. biosolids, glucose, dead roots) but not by the presence of a rhizosphere. NP had no negative effect on soil respiration or plant growth unless present at extreme concentrations (⩾10,000mgNPkg−1) and the uptake of NP by plants was very low. While NP was sorbed to the solid phase it could easily be leached from soil. Taking all of our results together, we conclude that the spreading of NP contaminated waste soil to soil probably poses a very low environmental risk to freshwater ecosystems and human health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Now a days, most of the industrial bodies outlet numerous quantity of effluents that directly harms the environment by increasing pollution and reducing the availability of pure water. For controlling certain environmental aspects, government bodies have taken several steps to control the effluent outlet from industry by applying the technique named as phytoremediation that receives attention as most cost effective treatment and also act as eco-friendly that uses natural sources such as plants, algae to decrease contaminants from sediments, soil and wastewater. It also plays a major role in removing heavy metals from wastewater using various parts of plants like flower, root and shoot system, this method is commonly known as Rhizofiltration. Different parts of plants has the ability to remove 60% of toxic metals when gets contacted with effluents. Aquatic plants like algae are also infused in effluent treatment using capsulation methods. Rather than this some conventional treatment methods are also used such as ion exchange, adsorption, reverse osmosis, electrochemical treatment, chemical precipitation, etc. This paper mainly overviews the water pollution problems and describe how plants play a major role in phytoremediation by focusing on the plans that are utilised for controlling the effluent outlet from industrial bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was the comparison of two process in pentachlorophenol (PCP: 100 mg L−1) removal by combined process bioaugmentation-adsorption and bioaugmentation-phytoremediation in secondary treated wastewater (STWW). The phytoremediation procedure was conducted by using two plants such as Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus, and the bioaugmentation procedure was operated by Pseudomonas putida HM 627618 as a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR). The adsorption process was performed by palm date activated carbon. The PCP monitoring was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the optical density determination at 600 nm (OD600). The performance of the two processes was observed by the determination of total bacteria, chlorophylls and physical and chemical analysis (COD, pH, conductivity, chloride, and organic carbon). The alfalfa seed germination test was conducted to assess the two operational performance procedures. According to the results obtained from the physical and chemical analysis of the treated STWW, there was no significant differences in the pH and in the EC content of the bioaugmentation-phytoremediation treatment, while a significant increase of the EC content was observed in the bioaugmentation-adsorption to 5.08 mS cm−1. The COD value significantly decreased up to 1320 mg L−1 in bioaugmentation-adsorption treatment (control value 2400 mg L−1) and 98 mg L−1 in bioaugmentation-phytoremediation treatment (control value 98 mg L−1). Microbial biomass monitoring of P. putida shows significant greater in both processes in the order of 9.18 and 7.01 Log CFU mL−1 for bioaugmentation-adsorption and bioaugmentation-phytoremediation, respectively. The chlorophyll content in Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus significantly decreased after 144 h with the exception of the chlorophyll a content of Schoenoplectus acutus in which the content increased up to 3.31 mg mL−1. Comparing the performance of these two treatments, it was found according to HPLC analysis that the bioaugmentation-adsorption process was more efficient in removing about 97% of PCP after 48 h, against around 90% of PCP after 72 h for the phytoremediation-bioaugmentation. The alfalfa seeds showed a germination rate after the 5th day of incubation of 100% and 95%, respectively for the PCP-non-contaminated and treated STWW, while for wastewater containing PCP the germination was totally inhibited. This paper describing sensitive methods of combined bioaugmentation-phytoremediation and bioaugmentation-adsorption for pentachlorophenol (PCP) depletion in wastewater. The novelty is the choice of a macrophyte Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus in constructed wetland fixed in clay matrix. The two-selected plants are still used for the elimination of heavy metals but not for pesticide in wastewater. Also, the combined process bioaugmentation-adsorption was not tested in other researches. On the other side, in this study, the phytoremediation technique combined with bacteria positively affected the plants activity in order to promote pollutant remediation. Hence, the Pseudomonas putida HM 627618 in wastewater with the macrophyte presence or date stone adsorbent have a great capacity to reduce this pollutant (PCP) by improving the bioremediation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is green technology based on the application of plants to remediate contaminated media. This paper reviews five species of local plants used for phytoremediation in Thailand: Pteris vittata L., Pityrogramma calomelanos L., Chrysopogon zizanioides L., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, and Pistia stratiotes L. For each plant, its pollutant removal efficiency and mechanism is reviewed. The main mechanisms of phytoremediation, such as phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, and phytovolatilization, are concisely described. Screening local plants for phytoremediation is a cost-effective and easy to manage approach to derive suitable plants that are resistant to harmful environmental conditions. To be suitable, plants should have a fast growth rate, produce a large biomass yield, have a high tolerance to the toxic effects of the pollutants, and have a good capacity for pollutant uptake. Moreover, applying the proper species for each contaminant enhances the removal efficiency and supports sustainable phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REE), with their distinct physical and chemical properties, are critical components of green economic development. Intensive exploitation and application of REE are wreaking havoc on the environment. But research on REE is still limited to a small number and in a few countries. With the growing interest of REE in modern technologies and their potential ecological risks, phytoextraction seems promising for both REE pollution reduction and resource circulation. This paper summarizes the recent findings in the literature concerning REE hyperaccumulating plants and relevant accumulation mechanisms. Additional interests should be focused on a broader range of plant species and a global scale to achieve a sustainable REE supply. This paper summarized the referenced potential rare earth elements (REE) hyperaccumulator plants that accumulated higher than REE 100 µg/g and discussed their accumulation and translocation mechanisms. We addressed the synonyms of Dicranopteris pedata, Dicranopteris dichotoma Bernh., and Dicranopteris linearis. Although Dicranopteris pedata has been extensively studied in the sense of REE hyperaccumulation, active phytoextraction outside of its native range, as well as in accumulation of the precious heavy rare earth elements, may be difficult. Thus, further interests should take these disadvantages into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro and macroalgae are renewable and carbon-neutral sources of energy that can grow naturally or can be cultivated in nutrient-rich wastewater, without compromising the production of food crops. Microalgae use nutrients, accumulate heavy metals and reduce coliform bacteria from wastewater, thus contributing to their phytoremediation. Furthermore, the conversion of algae biomass into biofuels contributes to reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Depending on the species and cultivation method, microalgae have a very fast growth rate (12 days) and their potential to produce biodiesel is 15 to 300 times higher than that of agricultural and energy crops conventionally used for biofuels. Lipid content in microalgae can reach 75-80% by weight of dry biomass. To produce 39 billion liters of biodiesel, 15 million tons of nitrogen and 2 million tons of phosphorus are required during the growth process of microalgae. From algae cultivated in 500 billion m3 of industrial wastewater, approximately 37 million tons of oil can be extracted that can be transformed into biodiesel. However, there are also challenges in large-scale utilization of microalgae, due to the high energy input, technical difficulties encountered in harvesting unicellular microalgae, and the need for subsequent pretreatment operations to improve lipid extraction. This paper reviews the potential of microalgae species to thrive in wastewater and the technological achievements in converting microalgae biomass for the sustainable biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium is a major inorganic pollutant released into soil and water bodies through natural processes and anthropogenic activities, such as rock weathering, volcanic eruptions and the metallurgy, chemical and leather industries. Chromium mainly exists in two different stable oxidation states: Cr（III）and Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）is a widely recognized class I carcinogen due to its high toxicity, strong fluidity and high ecological risk. Therefore, the research on the treatment of Cr（VI）pollution has received extensive attention. Traditional physical and chemical remediation technologies have some disadvantages, such as high execution cost, low efficiency, toxic by-products and inability to be implemented on a large scale. Bioremediation technology improves the limitations of traditional remediation technologies and is a more economical, more environmentally friendly and sustainable green remediation technology. In this paper, the pollution sources and toxicity characteristics of chromium are introduced. The process and mechanism of microbial remediation and phytoremediation are described in detail. Several suggestions on bioremediation of chromium contamination are summarized, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for the application of bioremediation of Cr（VI）contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a product of lipid peroxidation that is often determined in abiotic stress-related phytoremediation research. This study assessed (July 14, 2022) the frequency of eight nomenclatural forms of MDA between 2001 and 2021 using three major databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS9). The most common form (75,060, 57,874, and 65,663 times in PubMed, Scopus, and WoS, respectively) of MDA was "malondialdehyde", followed by "malonaldehyde" (68,240, 3815, and 2337 times in these three databases, respectively). According to WoS, the journals that used "malondialdehyde" and "malonaldehyde" most frequently were Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Springer-Nature) (587 times) and The Journal of Chemical Physics (AIP Publishing) (57 times). Other less-frequent forms were: malonyldialdehyde, malonic dialdehyde, malon-dialdehyde, malone dialdehyde, malonic aldehyde, and malonodialdehyde. We recommend that the editors of journals that publish papers with themes that are closely associated with plant stress specify in their instructions for authors their journal's preferable nomenclatural form of MDA. The plant abiotic stress community, including phytoremediation specialists, need to debate this topic with the objective of seeking a standardized nomenclatural form of MDA, which would help to fortify the integrity of searches in major databases by allowing all relevant literature to be accurately identified. Novelty statement Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation that is often determined in stress-related phytoremediation research, has various forms to its name. These nomenclatural variations were assessed in PubMed-, Scopus-, and Web of Science-indexed literature. This is the first study to detect, report, quantify and debate these forms of MDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a seven-year study of a phytoremediation system consisting of 349 hybrid poplars (Populous deltoids x Populus nigra 'DN-21') that were emplaced to reduce the migration of impacted groundwater toward a nearby stream. For the relatively small tree stand, the achievement of hydraulic containment was challenged by several factors, including topographic constraints on tree placement, spatial heterogeneity in depth-to-groundwater, and lack of controls on surface runoff. However, the interpretation of measured diurnal water table fluctuations indicated substantial and increasing levels of groundwater extraction, consistent with poplar sap flow measurements collected during two growing seasons. The project also provided unique educational experiences for undergraduate and graduate students from multiple academic disciplines who participated in monitoring, site maintenance, and data interpretation. Novelty statement The paper adds to the limited literature on poplar-based phytoextraction of contaminated groundwater by describing a seven-year case study with detailed hydrologic measurements. Novel elements include (1) a very large data set of poplar sap flow measurements that provides insight into potential spatial and temporal variability, and (2) a detailed application of an under-utilized analytical tool (water table fluctuations) to evaluate hydraulic capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly describes the mechanism of phytoremediation, the advantages and the application of ornamental woody plants. Based on the article analysis, it is found that the concept of hyper accumulation has been emphasized too much in the study of phytoremediation, the usage of herbal hyper-accumulator plants can not last for a long period in field level as the economic benefits is fairly low. Thus, the outstand advantages of ornamental woody plants are outlined, such as more biomass, casier management, pollution remediation and improvement of cultural environments. Relevant studies of remediation by ornamental woody plants are focused on variety, absorption characteristics and resistance assessment. Conclusion: ornamental woody plants show strong resistance and significant ability of metal adsorption. Ornamental woody plants have great potential in remediation of heavy metal comminuted soil. In the future, the theory of resistance and absorption should be strengthened. Other studies are also important, such as expanding the types of ornamental woody remediation plants and screening out more economic and effective plants. As a result, more and more ornamental plants will be put into practice in remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping a Cd-accumulator with economically valuable crops is common in slightly or moderately Cd-polluted farmland soils. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) on the growth and Cd uptake of the Cd-accumulator Hylotelephium spectabile and soybean (Glycine max) during a co-cultivation in Cd-contaminated agricultural soil (WSC, 0 and 10 g·m−2). The results indicated that soybean yields were highest in response to the intercropping and WSC treatment. The results from the field trials generally showed that intercropping and WSC treatments significantly decreased Cd concentrations in inedible parts of soybean by 42.9–72.1% (except for stems), in the meantime, increased 95.8%–334.6% in shoot and root tissues of H. spectabile compared with the control (p < 0.05). The data revealed that Cd uptake was highest for H. spectabile during the intercropping and WSC treatment. The application of WSC in the intercropping system significantly increased the uptake of Cd by H. spectabile, but not by soybean. The findings of this study suggest that combining an intercropping system with a WSC treatment may be better for remediating Cd-contaminated soils than other methods involving the growth of a single hyperaccumulator. This paper clearly focused on the accumulation and uptake of Cd in the system of intercropping of Cd-accumulator (Hylotelephium spectable) and soybean (Glycine max) grown in Cd-polluted farmland soils supplied with water-soluble chitosan (WSC) under field conditions. Some studies mainly focused on active agent to promote remediation efficiency of (hyper) accumulators. This study indicated that combining the intercropping system with WSC may be better for remediating Cd-contaminated soils than the methods involving a single hyperaccumulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetraselmis indica, a strain of microalgae, was cultivated in four distinct wastewaters in a photobioreactor of 1000 ml in a 16:8 light/dark period beneath the light intensity of 94.5 μmol m−2 s−1 for 14 days. The maximum biomass growth of 1125 mg/L was attained in the sewage wastewater (SWW). The T. indica eliminated the maximum pollution load from the primary wastewater of the paper mill (PWW), which was 94.95% nitrate, 96.625% phosphate, 99.5% ammonia, 72.8% COD, 94.14% BOD, and 98.9% TDS and heavy metals (94.84% Pb, 93.83% Mg, 99.78% Cu, 81.25% Mn, 94% Cd, 70.34% Zn, 99.84% Fe). The effectiveness of a lithium‐impregnated calcium oxide 1.75‐Li‐CaO nanocatalyst in the transesterification of microalgae was evaluated after growing an appropriate amount of microalgae on all four wastewaters. The nanocatalyst 1.75‐Li‐CaO was prepared by the wet impregnation method and characterized by various structural and spectral techniques. The scanning electron microscopy study shows the structure of nanocatalyst, which is in the shape of oval and hexagonal with a particle size of 20 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum confirms that the nanocatalyst contains necessary functional groups, which were visible at 1470 cm−1. Because of its highest basic strength, 1.75‐Li‐CaO exhibits the highest activity for trans‐esterifying microalgal oil. The FAME profile of PWW‐based microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification shows the existence of myristic acid (2.81%), stearic acid (5.28%), palmitic acid (38.74%), oleic acid (16.43%), linoleic acid (21.19%), and arachidic acid (5.85%). Thus, this research work validates that microalgae grown on SWW have the highest biomass output, and microalgae cultivated on PWW have the highest FAME yield when used to make biodiesel using nanocatalytic transesterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the macroenvironmental background of global warming, all countries are working to limit climate change. Internationally, biofuel plants are considered to have great potential in carbon neutralization. Several countries have begun using biofuel crops as energy sources to neutralize carbon emissions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is considered a resource-efficient low-input crop that produces bioenergy. In this paper, we reviewed the effects of switchgrass cultivation on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, the future application and research of switchgrass are discussed and prospected. Switchgrass has huge aboveground and underground biomass, manifesting its huge carbon sequestration potential. The net change of soil surface 30 cm soil organic carbon in 15 years is predicted to be 6.49 Mg ha−1, significantly higher than that of other crops. In addition, its net ecosystem CO2 exchange is about −485 to −118 g C m−2 yr−1, which greatly affects the annual CO2 flux of the cultivation environment. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main source of N2O emission in the switchgrass field. Nitrogen addition increases the yield of switchgrass and also increases the N2O flux of switchgrass soil. It is necessary to formulate the most appropriate N fertilizer application strategy. CH4 emissions are also an important indicator of carbon debt. The effects of switchgrass cultivation on CH4 emissions may be significant but are often ignored. Future studies on GHG emissions by switchgrass should also focus on CH4. In conclusion, as a biofuel crop, switchgrass can well balance the effects of climate change. It is necessary to conduct studies of switchgrass globally with the long-term dimension of climate change effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carcinogenic metalloid arsenic (As), owing to its persistent behavior in elevated levels in soils, aggravates environmental and human health concerns. The current strategies used in the As decontamination involve several physical and chemical approaches. However, it involves high cost and even leads to secondary pollution. Therefore, it is quite imperative to explore methods that can eradicate As menace from the environment in an eco-friendly, efficient, and cost-competitive way. Searching for such viable alternatives leads to the option of bioremediation technology by utilizing various microorganisms, green plants, enzymes or even their integrated methods. This review is intended to give scientific and technical details about recent advances in the bioremediation strategies of As in soil. It takes into purview the extent, toxicological manifestations, pathways of As exposure and exemplifies the substantive need of bioremediation technologies such as phytoremediation and biosorption in a descriptive manner. Additionally, the paper looks into the wide potential of some plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) that improve plant growth on one hand and alleviate As toxicity on the other. Furthermore, it also makes a modest attempt to assimilate the use of nanoparticles, non-living biomass and transgenic crops which are the emerging alternative bioremediation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The absence of a systematic framework is a significant obstacle to scaling up phytoremediation efforts. • Databases containing plant traits relevant to metal contaminants are still incomplete. • Functional traits are indicative of heavy metals stress which is crucial for predicting phytoremediation activities. • Our framework is rooted in heavy metals phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is acknowledged as a sustainable solution for mitigating heavy metals contamination in soils yet faces challenges in transitioning from laboratory experiments to practical field applications, essential for widespread adoption and commercialization. Phytoremediation techniques employing high biomass plants and hyperaccumulators have demonstrated promise in various contexts, such as extracting heavy metals from tailings using short rotation forestry. However, the disparity between laboratory and field results underscores the need for a framework to bridge this gap. This review screened and reviewed papers published in international peer-reviewed journals indexed in Web of Science Core from 2014 to 2024. The potential of effect and response traits as early plant selection tools and predictors of phytoremediation efficacy, respectively, to assess plant performance and response in heavy metal phytoremediation is outlined. In addition, a comprehensive framework for heavy metal phytoremediation is proposed to enhance the understanding and practical application of phytoremediation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly, economical, and sustainable technique for restoring farmland. It can remove heavy metals and organic pollutants from the soil through the implementation of hyperaccumulator plants. In recent years, it has garnered significant interest from academic and industrial sectors. This article screened 368 research papers from the Web of Science core collection database related to farmland phytoremediation and conducted a bibliometric analysis of the domain based on CiteSpace. The paper intuitively demonstrates the most influential countries, the most productive institutions, the most contributing groups of authors, and the primary sources of farmland phytoremediation research domain. The findings additionally indicate that the research hotspots include: (1) mechanisms and principles of phytoremediation, (2) the improvement of restoration efficiency, (3) the economic, ecological, and sustainable development of phytoremediation. The exploration of plants with potential to accumulate heavy metals and produce large amounts of biomass is the research frontier within the field of farmland phytoremediation. Additionally, this bibliometric analysis can help scholars willing to work in this research field by concisely understanding the overall research field and frontiers. With the continuous improvement of phytoremediation and its combination with other remediation technologies, the future of farmland remediation will have a promising prospect. • Papers of farmland phytoremediation in the past three decades were comprehensively and systematically bibliometric analyzed. • Internal connection of farmland phytoremediation was elaborated from various aspects. • Research hotspots and frontiers of farmland phytoremediation were clarified through keyword cluster analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cynodondactylon and orange peel powder were investigated in this paper for the remediation of Cr(VI) from an aqueous medium at different pH values. The maximum adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) varied from 1.94 ppm to 0.03 ppm in the pH range of 2-4. The maximum percentage removal of Cr(VI) at pH 2 with orange peel powder and Cynodondactylon was 97.5 and 98.5 respectively. The effect of contact time and adsorbent doses were also studied. Experimental data revealed that the maximum percentage removal of Cr(VI) on treatment of 100 ml 2 ppm Cr(VI) solution with 1 g orange peel powder upto 3 hours was 97.5 %. The maximum percentage removal using Cynodondactylon with similar conditions is 98.5. Experimental data were the best fit in the Langmuir adsorption isotherm at 26oC and pH 6.5 for Cynodondactylon. This process of removal was considered due to the exploitation of abundant Cynodondactylon and orange peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews investigations in which Canna indica was utilized in constructed wetlands (CW) for wastewater treatment of a variety types. It is strongly urged that ornamental flowering plants be used in CWs as monoculture or mixed species to improve the appearance of CWs whilst still treating wastewater. Plants play important roles in CWs by giving the conditions for physical filtration of wastewater, a large specific surface area for microbial growth, and a source of carbohydrates for bacteria. They absorb nutrients and integrate them into plant tissues. They release oxygen into the substrate, establishing a zone in which aerobic microorganisms can thrive and chemical oxidation can occur. They also provide wildlife habitat and make wastewater treatment system more visually attractive. The selection of plant species for CW is an important aspect during the CW design process. Canna indica's effectiveness in CWs has shown encouraging results for eliminating contaminants from wastewater. There is still a scarcity of information on the mechanisms involved in removal of specific contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, pesticides and steroids and their potential toxicity to the plants. Therefore, this paper reviews some published information about the performance of Canna indica in wastewater treatment, as well as potential areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of toxic substances in wastewater and natural water resources, as well as in other environments, is an important ecotoxicological problem. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly, cost-effective technology that uses plants to remove, transform or stabilize a variety of contaminants located in water, sediment or soil. Aquatic macrophytes have been widely used to remedy pollutants in wastewater and aquatic environment effluents in the last 20 years, mainly using plants of the Lemnaceae family, the genus Lemna being considered to have some of the most effective macrophytes that have been applied for remediation studies. These plants and the highlighting of their testing capacity constitute the main interest of the paper, the highlighting being made by looking for the most relevant information about the evaluated parameters, tested substances and their effects. This paper is based on the study of the aquatic phytoremediation potential of the floating macrophytes genus Lemna, based on statistics applied to specialized articles resulting from the introduction of keywords in the Google Scholar search engine. The search covered data in the form of articles describing Lemna's ability to remove naturally occurring pollutants, classified into review or research articles. Scores were made according to the relevance of the parameters influenced in the phytoremediation processes and also the contaminants tested were classified according to the nature of the substance. Following the results, Lemna showed, as expected, strong potential for phytoremediation of heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, nanoparticles and synthetic dyes. The morphological and physiological peculiarities, but especially the sensitivity of this macrophyte make it an aquatic model for testing toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper the effectiveness of biochar-aided phytostabilization of metal/metalloid-contaminated soil under freezing–thawing conditions and using the metal tolerating test plant Lolium perenne L. is comprehensively studied. The vegetative experiment consisted of plants cultivated for over 52 days with no exposure to freezing–thawing in a glass greenhouse, followed by 64 days under freezing–thawing in a temperature-controlled apparatus and was carried out in initial soil derived from a post-industrial urban area, characterized by the higher total content of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, As and Hg than the limit values included in the classification provided by the Regulation of the Polish Ministry of Environment. According to the substance priority list published by the Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Agency, As, Pb, and Hg are also indicated as being among the top three most hazardous substances. The initial soil was modified by biochar obtained from willow chips. The freeze–thaw effect on the total content of metals/metalloids (metal(-loid)s) in plant materials (roots and above-ground parts) and in phytostabilized soils (non- and biochar-amended) as well as on metal(-loid) concentration distribution/redistribution between four BCR (community bureau of reference) fractions extracted from phytostabilized soils was determined. Based on metal(-loid)s redistribution in phytostabilized soils, their stability was evaluated using the reduced partition index (Ir). Special attention was paid to investigating soil microbial composition. In both cases, before and after freezing–thawing, biochar increased plant biomass, soil pH value, and metal(-loid)s accumulation in roots, and decreased metal(-loid)s accumulation in stems and total content in the soil, respectively, as compared to the corresponding non-amended series (before and after freezing–thawing, respectively). In particular, in the phytostabilized biochar-amended series after freezing–thawing, the recorded total content of Zn, Cu, Pb, and As in roots substantially increased as well as the Hg, Cu, Cr, and Zn in the soil was significantly reduced as compared to the corresponding non-amended series after freezing–thawing. Moreover, exposure to freezing–thawing itself caused redistribution of examined metal(-loid)s from mobile and/or potentially mobile into the most stable fraction, but this transformation was favored by biochar presence, especially for Cu, Pb, Cr, and Hg. While freezing–thawing greatly affected soil microbiome composition, biochar reduced the freeze–thaw adverse effect on bacterial diversity and helped preserve bacterial groups important for efficient soil nutrient conversion. In biochar-amended soil exposed to freezing–thawing, psychrotolerant and trace element-resistant genera such as Rhodococcus sp. or Williamsia sp. were most abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pennisetum hydridum has several beneficial characteristics, including the ability to grow quickly, a highly developed root system, the ability to produce high yields, strong resistance to environmental stressors, and the ability to adapt to different growth environments. Recent studies have shown that Pennisetum hydridum has the potential to play an important role in the sectors of bioenergy, environmental remediation, and livestock fodder. The objective of this paper is to review the current research on Pennisetum hydridum in China and discuss its potential for phytoremediation, biofuel development, and feed utilization. Pennisetum hydridum is resistant to a variety of stressors and can adapt to different growth environments. It can be used for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated land, restoration of saline-alkali land, and nutrient removal of constructed wetlands, as well as soil and water conservation. Pennisetum hydridum exhibits a higher biomass yield, caloric value, and cellulose content than other bioenergy crops, suggesting it has superior potential as a second-generation biofuel resource. As a type of forage grass, Pennisetum hydridum also has an appealing taste and high feeding value, in addition to its high nutrition value. A comprehensive utilization framework for Pennisetum hydridum has been proposed in order to promote high-efficiency utilization of this multipurpose crop and fully realize its maximum potential. Research on Pennisetum hydridum as a bioenergy resource, however, is still in its infancy. Additional work is needed to better understand its breeding and genetic transformation processes, its energy conversion mechanism, and the biological pathways that support its growth and adaptability, so that this valuable resource may be utilized in the most productive way possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to provide a reference basis for the safe production in tobacco fields with medium risk of Cd pollution and remediation, the uptake of Cd by tobacco and its distribution pattern in the whole plant were studied. [Method] The tobacco planting soil with medium risk of Cd pollution was selected for pot experiments to explore the remediation potential of 5 tobacco varieties for Cd in the contaminated soil and safety production about of tobacco. [Result] The concentrations of Cd（1.510-2.110 mg/kg) in 5 tobacco varieties were far less than the limit value of Cd（5.0 mg/kg) in Guizhou tobacco leaves. The order of Cd concentration of 5 tobacco varieties was as follows: Guiyan 8 > Yunyan 87 > CF225 > Nanjiang 3 > Bi’na 1.The Cd concerntration of Guiyan 8 was significantly higher than others. There were no significant difference between Bi’na 1 and Nanjiang 3, and they were significantly lower than others. All of 5 tobacco varieties had strong enrichment ability for Cd（127.695%-204.549%), and the order of enrichment ability was as follows: Bi’na 1>Yunyan 87>CF228>Guiyan 8>Nanjiang 3. The accumulation of Cd in Bi’na 1 had 583.102 μg/plant and the remediation efficiency of Cd in soil was 4.113%, more than 4 other tobacco varieties（2.269%-3.262%). The Cd of Bi’na 1 was mainly stored in the unusable parts such as roots, stems and leaf veins in the tobacco. The distribution rate of Cd in leaves of Bi’na 1 was the lowest with 41.03% concentration, which was lower than that of other tobaccos（above 50%). Bi’na 1 reduced the adverse factors（Cd concentration and distribution rate) in the tobacco production. [Conclusion] Among 5 tobacco varieties, Bi’na maximum accumulation amount of Cd, which mainly exists in unusable part, including root, stalk, leave vein, etc. Compared with other four tobacco varieties, Bi’na 1 reduces the disadvantages during tobacco production. Hence, Bi’na 1 has the potential for safe utilization and restoration of tobacco field medium-polluted by Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon and environmentally friendly development are becoming increasingly important in the metallurgical industry. In this study, the use of biomass as a source of both material and energy in metallurgical technologies is reviewed. The paper discusses the preparation of bio-based raw materials, their utilization in metallurgical processes, phytoremediation and metal extraction technology, and forestry as a carbon dioxide sequestration method. Bio-based raw materials, such as bio-based fuels, reductants, adhesives, and activated carbons, are found to provide energy, act as reductants and binders, dispose metallurgical flue gas, and adjust metal melt composition, thereby reducing energy consumption in metallurgical processes. Additionally, heavy metals can be enriched in plants through biomass-mediated soil remediation, and these metals can then be processed to obtain raw materials for metallurgical processes. Moreover, metallurgical waste heat can be used to prepare biomass as soil amendments, remediate deserts, and indirectly reduce metallurgical industry carbon dioxide emissions through forest carbon sinks. Based on these findings, the concept of biomass metallurgy is proposed, which promotes the use of biomass as energy or raw materials, ecological restoration and reforestation, and reduction of carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions in metallurgical processes. This study emphasizes the advantages of biomass metallurgy and encourages the development of low-carbon and green metallurgical processes. [Display omitted] • Development of metallurgical technologies using bio-based material and energy. • Bio-based materials including fuels, reductants, adhesives, and activated carbon. • Biomass used in metallurgy for combustion, reductants, pellets making, etc. • Heavy metals in hyperaccumulators extracted and recovered by biochemical methods. • Indirectly reducing CO 2 by transforming metallurgical waste heat into carbon sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Willow is considered an ideal plant species for environmental applications, including phytoremediation. Improving planting efficiency and reducing the costs of phytoremediation have become key steps for increasing its application. This paper reports the most update-to-date information on frequently used techniques for establishing willow, including plant material, planting methods, and the factors influencing the early establishment of trees in the field. The five main types of planting materials (rods, cuttings, billets, micro-cuttings and single-bud short branches), and the seven main planting techniques, especially different vertical and horizontal planting directions, were assessed. Factors affecting willow establishment were also reviewed, including the characteristics of planting materials (i.e., clones, cutting phenology, propagules size, pre-treatments), operation during planting (i.e., timing, orientation and planting depth) and post-planting management (i.e., soil conditions and weed management). New planting approaches with small-sized cuttings (of about 5 cm in length) have been recently proposed showing promising economical and effectiveness characteristics, especially for the establishment of willows in harsh soil and challenging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial air pollutants in indoor environments, emitted from building materials, furniture, consumer products, cleaning products, smoking, fuel combustion, cooking, and other sources. VOCs are also emitted from human beings via breath and whole-body skin. Some VOCs cause dermal/ocular irritation as well as gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, and/or carcinogenic damage to human health. Because people spend most of their time indoors, active control of indoor VOCs has garnered attention. Phytoremediation and microbial remediation, based on plant and microorganism activities, are deemed sustainable, cost-effective, and public-friendly technologies for mitigating indoor VOCs. This study presents the major sources of VOCs in indoor environments and their compositions. Various herbaceous and woody plants used to mitigate indoor VOCs are summarized and their VOCs removal performance is compared. Moreover, this paper reviews the current state of active phytoremediation and microbial remediation for the control of indoor VOCs, and discusses future directions. [Display omitted] • With well-known sources, humans are notable indoor VOCs sources. • Various herbaceous/woody plants are employed to mitigate indoor VOCs. • Most studies on phyto- & microbial remediation for indoor VOCs remains at Lab-scales. • Synergistic interaction of plant-microbe can enhance indoor VOCs removal. • Long-term field tests are needed to innovate biotechnology for indoor VOCs control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]