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The phosphating of zinc surfaces, increasing their roughness and surface tension, provides high adhesion and a significant increase in the protective ability of subsequently applied organic coatings. This paper presents the results obtained in a study of combined coatings, including the formation of amorphous phosphate films on galvanized steel surfaces, followed by the application of layers of three type paints and varnishes. By means of gravimetric and physical-analytical methods, the influence of various factors such as concentration and temperature on the formation, composition and properties of the coatings obtained on zinc surfaces in phosphating solutions have been investigated. Coatings obtained at pH 4.0 are distinguished with best homogeneity and color density. The thickness of the coatings grows with increasing of temperature, at other conditions being equal. The composition, structure, roughness and probable compounds of the obtained phosphate coatings have been determined by physical analytical methods. The phosphate coatings contain such elements as oxygen, phosphorus, zinc, molybdenum, nickel, which are probably combined as phosphate and oxide compounds. The phosphate films are X-ray amorphous, with indefinite habit and very well expressive relief. Using physico-mechanical methods, the adhesion, elasticity and impact strength of paint and varnish coatings on phosphated and non-phosphated zinc surfaces were measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The origin of Libyan Desert Glass (LDG) found in the western parts of Egypt close to the Libyan border is debated in planetary science. Two major theories of its formation are currently competing: (1) melting by airburst and (2) formation by impact-related melting. While mineralogical and textural evidence for a high-temperature event responsible for the LDG formation is abundant and convincing, minerals and textures indicating high shock pressure have been scarce. This paper provides a nanostructural study of the LDG, showing new evidence of its high-pressure and high-temperature origin. We mainly focused on the investigation of Zr-bearing and phosphate aggregates enclosed within LDG. Micro- and nanostructural evidence obtained with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are spherical inclusions of cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic (Pnma or OII) zirconia after zircon, which indicate high-pressure, high-temperature decomposition of zircon and possibly, melting of ZrO2. Inclusions of amorphous silica and amorphous Al-phosphate with berlinite composition (AlPO4) within mosaic whitlockite and monazite aggregates point at decomposition and melting of phosphates, which formed an emulsion with SiO2 melt. The estimated temperature of the LDG melts was above 2750 °C, approaching the point of SiO2 boiling. The variety of textures with different degrees of quenching immediately next to each other suggests an extreme thermal gradient that existed in LDG through radiation cooling. Additionally, the presence of quenched orthorhombic OII ZrO2 provides direct evidence of high-pressure (>13.5 GPa) conditions, confirming theory 2, the hypervelocity impact origin of the LDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Due to the increasing contamination of the environment, including water pollution by numerous emerging contaminants, there is a growing interest in advanced water purification/treatment processes. A technique of particular and growing interest over the years is ozonation in its broadest sense. It is a complex process, and its course, both in the version without and with the participation of a catalyst, depends on a number of factors that can affect its efficiency and the correct interpretation of the obtained results. The paper discusses the importance of the most relevant of these factors: ozone initiation and decomposition, proper catalyst preparation, potential sources enhancing the ozonation process (H 2 O 2 and 1O 2), the influence of commonly used buffers and natural water admixtures, and the importance of adsorption processes. The paper also explains how the structure of the ozonated compound can affect its oxidation efficiency and identifies the most common sources of errors having the influence on the interpretation of experimental data. • It is easy to overlook factors which may increase/decrease the efficiency of the ozonation process. • Possible sources of experimental errors have been identified. • Basic parameters can be a source of error in estimating the reaction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In general, phosphate cements have a very rapid setting reaction at room temperature. The same holds for copper slag-based phosphate cements. This means that using them as a binder, for instance as mortar, is always possible on a small scale, but very difficult on a large scale. In this paper, the heat treatment of the copper slag was shown to be an effective way to increase the setting time and keep the mix workable for an adequate period. The main objective of this research was to examine the changes in the phase composition of quenched copper slag after exposure to 500 °C and to evaluate the impact of these changes on the reactivity of the material in an acidic environment, as well as on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and structure of the produced phosphate cement materials. Various experimental methods were utilized to characterize the raw materials and the obtained phosphate cementitious materials, including isothermal microcalorimetry (TAM Air), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the determination of the chemical composition using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the particle size distribution. Furthermore, compressive strength tests were conducted to gauge the mechanical resistance of the materials. The main findings of this work revealed that subjecting the copper slag to a thermal treatment of 500 °C induced a partial transformation in its structure. The high temperature caused the oxidation of some of the divalent iron oxide in the slag, leading to the formation of hematite. This treatment increased the setting time and reduced the reactivity of the copper slag with phosphoric acid, ultimately enabling the production of a dense phosphate-based cementitious material with outstanding mechanical properties. The compressive strength of the newly developed cement was recorded to be greater than 78.9 MPa after 7 days, and this strength continued to increase, reaching 82.5 MPa after 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and its most serious complication, acute kidney injury (AKI) are one of the emergency conditions in onco-hematology. It is difficult to predict the degree of kidney involvement. Therefore, we studied children with leukemia and lymphoma treated in four Hungarian tertiary centers (inpatient university clinics) retrospectively (2006–2016) from a nephrological aspect. Method: Data of 31 pediatric patients were obtained from electronic- and paper-based medical records. Physical status, laboratory test results, treatments, and outcomes were assessed. Patients were analyzed according to both "traditional" TLS groupings, as laboratory TLS or clinical TLS, and nephrological aspect based on pRIFLE classification, as mild or severe AKI. Results: Significant differences were found between the changes in parameters of phosphate homeostasis and urea levels in both classifications. Compared to age-specific normal phosphate ranges, before the development of TLS, hypophosphatemia was common (19/31 cases), while in the post-TLS period, hyperphosphatemia was observed (26/31 cases) most frequently. The rate of daily change in serum phosphate level was significant in the nephrological subgroups, but peaks of serum phosphate level show only a moderate increase. The calculated cut-off value of daily serum phosphate level increased before AKI was 0.32 mmol/L per ROC analysis for severe TLS–AKI. The 24-h urinalysis data of eight patients revealed transiently increased phosphate excretion only in those patients with TLS in whom serum phosphate was elevated in parallel. Conclusion: Daily serum phosphate level increase can serve as a prognostic factor for the severity of pediatric TLS, as well as predict the severity of kidney involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Infants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) form a vulnerable population who are highly prone to mineral and bone disorders (MBD) including biochemical abnormalities, growth retardation, bone deformities, and fractures. We present a position paper on the diagnosis and management of CKD-MBD in infants based on available evidence and the opinion of experts from the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN) CKD-MBD and Dialysis working groups and the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. Methods: PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes) questions were generated, and relevant literature searches performed covering a population of infants below 2 years of age with CKD stages 2–5 or on dialysis. Clinical practice points (CPPs) were developed and leveled using the American Academy of Pediatrics grading matrix. A Delphi consensus approach was followed. Results: We present 34 CPPs for diagnosis and management of CKD-MBD in infants, including dietary control of calcium and phosphate, and medications to prevent and treat CKD-MBD (native and active vitamin D, calcium supplementation, phosphate binders). Conclusion: As there are few high-quality studies in this field, the strength of most statements is weak to moderate, and may need to be adapted to individual patient needs by the treating physician. Research recommendations to study key outcome measures in this unique population are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Preventing hypertension by restricting dietary salt intake, sodium chloride, is well established in public health policy, but a pathophysiological mechanism has yet to explain the controversial clinical finding that some individuals have a greater risk of hypertension from exposure to salt intake, termed salt-sensitive hypertension. The present perspective paper synthesizes interdisciplinary findings from the research literature and offers novel insights proposing that the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is mediated by interaction of salt-induced hypervolemia and phosphate-induced vascular calcification. Arterial stiffness and blood pressure increase as calcification in the vascular media layer reduces arterial elasticity, preventing arteries from expanding to accommodate extracellular fluid overload in hypervolemia related to salt intake. Furthermore, phosphate has been found to be a direct inducer of vascular calcification. Reduction of dietary phosphate may help reduce salt-sensitive hypertension by lowering the prevalence and progression of vascular calcification. Further research should investigate the correlation of vascular calcification with salt-sensitive hypertension, and public health recommendations to prevent hypertension should encourage reductions of both sodium-induced hypervolemia and phosphate-induced vascular calcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Oseltamivir phosphate is an effective anti-influenza drug. In this paper, the synthetic history, mechanism, and clinical application of oseltamivir phosphate are briefly described based on anthropomorphic techniques and easily understandable medical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In recent years, the production of galvanized sheet steels with organic coatings applied to its surfaces has considerably expanded. Phosphating of the zinc surfaces raises its roughness and surface tension, providing high adhesion of subsequent organic coatings and respectively, significant increasing of their protective properties. The paper presents the results obtained in the investigation of combined anti-corrosion coatings, including formation of phosphate films on galvanized steel surfaces followed by the application of three types of paint and varnish coatings. The indicators characterizing the phosphating preparation (density, pH, conductivity, acid capacity) as well as the thickness of the coatings were measured. The chemical composition of the phosphate films, their morphology and topography were determined by means of EDX and SEM, respectively. The adhesion, elasticity and impact toughness of the organic coatings, with and without phosphating treatment of the zinc surfaces were measured. The corrosion resistance of the combined coatings in a model sodium chloride solution was also determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A very rare secondary Zn-Al phosphate, kleemanite, was found in association with Al-rich chalcosiderite and krásnoite on samples from the Huber stock in the Krásno deposit near Horní Slavkov (Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic). Kleemanite forms small white needle-like to fibrous crystals clustering into urchin-like aggregates up to 2 mm in size. Individual crystals reach a length of up to 0.5 mm. The mineral grows on the walls of the corrosion cavity of the fluorapatite aggregate in quartz gangue. Its chemical composition corresponds to the empirical formula Zn1.02(Al2.04 Fe0.09)Σ2.13(PO4)2.00[(OH)2.41(F)0.04] Σ2.45·3H2 O. Kleemanite is monoclinic, unit-cell parameters refined from X-ray powder diffraction data are a 7.286(8), b 7.194(5), c 9.774(8) Å, β 110.2(6)° and V 480.9(7) ų . The Raman spectrum of kleemanite has not been published before and is included in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In view of the current situation wherein acid resources and valuable components in titanium dioxide waste acid cannot be effectively extracted and are prone to secondary pollution, our research team proposed a new technique consisting of step extraction and the comprehensive utilization of titanium dioxide waste acid. In this paper, the thermodynamics of selective precipitation and the preparation of doped iron phosphate from waste acid were studied. The thermodynamics results show that the content of Al3+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in the reaction system can be tuned by adjusting the pH during the pre-precipitation process. In the first step, these impurity ions should be settled as much as possible; then, Fe2+ should be oxidized to Fe3+ so as to obtain iron phosphate with higher purity in the next step of the precipitation process. The effects of the reaction temperature, seed crystals, pH value, and P/M on the precipitation process were investigated in detail. The experimental results show that in the reduced state, the optimal precipitation conditions are a temperature of 75 °C, an initial pH value of 4.5, and an optimal P/M molar ratio of 1.1. In the oxidized state, the optimal precipitation conditions are a temperature of 60 °C, a solution pH = 2.5, and a reaction time of 25 min. After calcination, the precipitate mainly consists of iron phosphate, which basically meets the requirements of an iron phosphate precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Enemas containing phosphate are widely prescribed and may cause important adverse effects. A systemic review published in 2007 reported the literature on the adverse effects of phosphate enemas from January 1957 to March 2007 and identified 12 deaths. These were thought due to electrolyte disturbances, heart failure and kidney injury. These data raised concerns about the use of phosphate enemas in routine practice. Newer osmotic-based enema alternatives are now available that do not contain absorbable ions. We sought to review the literature since this review and evaluate the latest data on the toxicity of phosphate-containing enemas. To gain a fuller picture we included case series and larger studies as well as case reports. To review the toxicity of phosphate enemas, particularly with respect to acute metabolic consequences and their associated clinical features. To identify risk factors for metabolic toxicity and consider whether phosphate enemas should be relatively contra-indicated in specific patient groups. A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Reviews (2005–2021) using the search terms 'phosphate enema or sodium phosphate enema' or 'phosphate-based enema' or (phosphate AND enema) or (Fleet AND enema) or 'sodium phosphate laxatives' or 'sodium phosphate catharsis' or 'sodium phosphate cathartic'. Relevant papers were read, and data were extracted. The searches identified 489 papers of which 25 were relevant: seven papers were case reports or small case series of metabolic abnormalities from the use of phosphate enemas in nine children, six were case reports on 16 adults. Nine papers were large case series or clinical studies that included data on systemic metabolic effects, of varying size from 24 healthy volunteers to a cohort of 70,499 patients. Case reports identified seven adult deaths but none in children. Children most often presented with decreased consciousness (6/9), and tetany (4/9). In adults overall only five cases had clinical features reported, hypotension was seen in four and QT prolongation in two. Treatment was generally symptomatic, with intravenous fluid and calcium salts for electrolyte changes and hypocalcaemia, and vasopressors for severe hypotension. Haemodialysis was used in three children and peritoneal dialysis in one, all of whom survived. In adults, haemodialysis did not prevent death in two of four cases in whom it was used. Common factors underlying toxicity were inappropriately high phosphate dose, or enema retention, both resulting in greater absorption of phosphate. Associated pre-disposing conditions included Hirschsprung disease in children and co-morbidity and renal impairment (2/5) in older adults. Absolute reported changes in serum phosphate or calcium were not accurate indicators of outcome. Larger case series and clinical trials confirm an acute effect of phosphate enemas on serum phosphate, which was related to both dose and retention time. These effects were not seen with non-phosphate preparations. In these cases series, adverse events were rarely reported. Phosphate enemas are potentially toxic, particularly in young children with Hirschsprung disease and in the elderly with co-morbidity. Raised awareness of the risk of phosphate enemas is still required. Other less toxic enema preparations are available and should be considered in patients at extremes of age. If phosphate enemas are the only clinical option careful monitoring of biochemical sequelae should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper concerns the development of a central tenet of modern biochemistry: that cellular metabolism coordinates biological energy supply through the cyclical making and breaking of "energy-rich" phosphate bonds. This interpretation of intermediary metabolism was comprehensively set forth in two review articles published nearly simultaneously (though independently) in early 1941 by German biochemist Fritz Lipmann and Danish biochemist Herman Kalckar. Lipmann and Kalckar first met in the early 1930s in Copenhagen, where they were in frequent contact until 1939, when both left Denmark. Despite the similar claims advanced in Lipmann's and Kalckar's reviews, the two men's presentations differed substantially with respect to their descriptions of "energy-rich" phosphate bonds and their target audiences. In order to explore the circumstances behind these divergences, this paper utilizes a "parallel lives" approach. By analyzing Lipmann's and Kalckar's lives in parallel, particular institutional contexts emerge as having been especially significant in shaping their differing interpretations of the power of phosphate bonds. The period that Lipmann spent in muscle researcher Otto Meyerhof's laboratory (1927-30) conditioned his physiological interpretation of the role of phosphate bonds in cellular energy metabolism. Kalckar's time at California Institute of Technology (1939-40)-- where he was in regular communication with chemists such as Linus Pauling--played the most significant role in his decision to present the power of phosphate bonds from a chemical perspective. Ultimately, an examination of the life stories behind Lipmann's and Kalckar's 1941 reviews illuminates how older physiological perspectives were combined with recent advances in theoretical chemistry to explain how energy flows through living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a food additive, labeled E341(iii), used in powdered food preparation, such as baby formula. In the United States, calcium phosphate nano-objects were identified in baby formula extractions. Our goal is to determine whether the TCP food additive, as is used in Europe, can be classified as a nanomaterial. The physicochemical properties of TCP were characterized. Three different samples (from a chemical company and two manufacturers) were thoroughly characterized according to the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority. A commercial TCP food additive was identified as actually being hydroxyapatite (HA). It presents itself in the form of particles of different shapes (either needle-like, rod, or pseudo-spherical), which were demonstrated in this paper to be of a nanometric dimension: E341(iii) is thus a nanomaterial. In water, HA particles sediment rapidly as agglomerates or aggregates over a pH of 6 and are progressively dissolved in acidic media (pH < 5) until the complete dissolution at a pH of 2. Consequently, since TCP may be considered as a nanomaterial on the European market, it raises the question of its potential persistency in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper according to the requirements of the unique production process of the "Tangshan bone china" geographic indication products, specified 315 pieces of bone china 8 inch flat produced by 15 different enterprises as the experimental samples. By measuring the tricalcium phosphate content in the prime tyres and the bibulous rate value of white bone china, map out a series of C3P-ω detection data points accumulation line chart. Verified by analysis of the qualitative and quantitative relationship between tricalcium phosphate content and bibulous rate of "Tangshan bone china", derived the following conclusions: with the increase of tricalcium phosphate content of "Tangshan bone china", its bibulous rate value increases accordingly, they have approximate linear positive correlation; with 36%∼42% of C3P levels corresponding to the bibulous rate numerical range of 0.10%∼0.30%.The research results can provide scientific reference to the manufacturing enterprise for improving the production process and the quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Many empirical exercises estimating demand functions are concerned with estimating dynamic effects of price and income changes over time. Researchers are typically interested in getting estimates of both short-run (SR) and long-run (LR) elasticities, along with their standard errors. This study aimed to contribute with estimations of demand elasticities of world phosphate fertilisers. It answered the research question "How world demand of phosphate fertilisers is affected by its own price changes, cross price changes, income changes and other variables?". Short and long run elasticities are calculated using an economic model in this paper. The findings indicate that global phosphate demand is price inelastic both in the short and long run. In addition, in both the short and long run, income elasticity, cross price elasticity, and cross yield elasticity are inelastic. Our modeling predicts that phosphate consumption for fertilisers will increase from 45.35 million tons in 2018 to around 59.16 million tons by 2028; which implies that an average annual growth rate of 2.7% of P 2 O 5 will be required every year by phosphate consumers and that additional production capacity may be needed in order to meet this future demand. The results suggest that phosphate prices are forecast to increase, as long as demand continues to rise and no new production facilities are built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this experiment, 20P 2 O 5 –50SnF 2 -(30-x-y)SnO-xWO 3 -yB 2 O 3 (x = 0,y = 0,5,10,15; x = 5,10,15,y = 0; x = 10,5, y = 5,10mol%) phosphate glasses were prepared. In this paper, the effect of the addition of WO 3 and B 2 O 3 on the properties of phosphate glasses was investigated. The results show that the network structure of all glass samples is basically composed of Q 1 and Q 0 short chain groups. The addition of WO 3 disrupts the network structure of the glass and leads to a decrease in the glass thermal, mechanical, corrosion properties. B 2 O 3 participates in the formation of the glass as a [BO 4 ] structural unit, which strengthens the network structure and thus improves the glass properties. However, with the increase of B 2 O 3 , some of the B 2 O 3 existed as [BO 3 ], which reduced the cross-linkage of the glass structure and the glass properties appeared abnormal. In the glass with the coexistence of WO 3 and B 2 O 3 , the glass properties were better, especially the chemical stability of the glass was significantly improved. The smallest weight loss rate in the aqueous solution is only 9.52 × 10−7 g·cm−2·min−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper reports on the preparation and properties of phosphate materials for medical applications: brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) or monetite (CaHPO4) based cements prepared from β- and α-Ca3(PO4)2 (TCP) via isomorphous substitutions of Na+ or K+ for Ca2+ and of or for . The mixing liquid used to prepare phosphate cements from substituted TCP was orthophosphoric acid or H2O, and TCP was mixed with dry Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O. Isomorphous substitutions of Na+ and K+ for Ca2+ ions and and for were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction. It has been shown that, as a result of hardening of cement pastes with the use of different mixing liquids, one can obtain materials differing in microstructure, in which brushite or monetite prevails, depending on the TCP phase used in the preparation of the cement. In addition, we have studied interaction of the cements with water for a long time (16 days). The pH of the aqueous medium has been shown to vary from 5 to 7.5. This pH range is favorable for medical applications of the phosphate materials studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The soluble phosphates in phosphogypsum (PG) are generally considered to hinder its utilization without pretreatments. This paper investigated the positive effect of soluble phosphates on the strength development of anhydrite calcined from PG at 800 °C for 1 h. PG, washed PG with different soluble phosphate contents, washed PG added with washed water, and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGD) were used to prepare anhydrite. The hydration degree and strength development of anhydrite were measured. The effect mechanism was explored by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Results showed the 28-day strength decreased from 35.9 MPa to almost no strength when the soluble P 2 O 5 content decreased from 0.7480 % to 0.0471 %. Soluble phosphates in PG would affect the microstructure of anhydrite particles, promoting the strength development, however, they did not affect the strength of anhydrite calcined from FGD. It is concluded that the soluble phosphates in PG are beneficial for manufacturing anhydrite, which is a promising utilization. • Positive effect of soluble phosphates in Phosphogypsum (PG) on anhydrite was found. • Calcining PG containing soluble phosphates is essential to high-strength anhydrite. • Gradient content of soluble phosphate in PG was achieved by washing. • Soluble phosphates in PG are helpful in melting and blurring of anhydrite particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper the most recent advances in lithium iron phosphate batteries recycling are presented. After discharging operations and safe dismantling and pretreatments, the recovery of materials from the active materials is mainly performed via hydrometallurgical processes. Moreover, a significant number of works are currently being focused on direct regeneration processes. Both approaches are currently applied only at laboratory scale. The main challenges to be faced when dealing with upscaling these technologies (for example mechanic vs manual dismantling, valuable elements recovery strategy vs all-components recovery strategy) are here presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Construction of a convenient and multi-responsive sensor for visual and real-time detecting of phosphate (Pi) is important to monitor the eutrophication pollution or drinking water quality. Herein, we developed a highly selective and anti-interference fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode sensor for Pi detection. Since only the Ce4+ ion was used as the center with copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) and 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the signal carriers, the construction of the sensor was significantly simplified. The dissociated Ce4+ showed ability of triggering the CuNCs aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and oxidase-like enzyme, independently bringing red fluorescence (AIE of CuNCs) and blue color (oxidized TMB) signals. With the presence of Pi, the strong binding between Pi and Ce4+ through P-O-Ce bond quenched both the fluorescent and colorimetric signals. More significantly, the selective and anti-interference ability were effectively improved by self-validation between fluorescent and colorimetric modes. Meanwhile, combining with smartphone, the Pi lowered at 1 μM could be visually detected. Based on the fluorescent and colorimetric outputs could be directly quantified by the naked eye, a paper-based dual-mode visualization platform was constructed. The reliable dual-mode also showed robust analysis of the Pi in environmental water, indicating its great potential as a simple and efficient tool for field monitoring. [Display omitted] • Independent dual mode sensing of Pi was facilely realized based on Ce4+. • Self-validation endowed excellent selectivity and anti-interference. • Combining with smartphone, the Pi lowered at 1 μM can be visually detected. • Monitoring of real water quality was realized through dual-mode sensing of Pi. • A portable paper-based platform was developed to facilitate field detection of Pi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Phosphates and citrates are calcium sequestering salts (CSS) most commonly used in the manufacture of processed cheese, either singly or in mixtures. Caseins are the main structure forming elements in processed cheese. Calcium sequestering salts decrease the concentration of free calcium ions by sequestering calcium from the aqueous phase and dissociates the casein micelles into small clusters by altering the calcium equilibrium, thereby resulting in enhanced hydration and voluminosity of the micelles. Several researchers have studied milk protein systems such as rennet casein, milk protein concentrate, skim milk powder, and micellar casein concentrate to elucidate the influence of calcium sequestering salts on (para-)casein micelles. This review paper provides an overview of the effects of calcium sequestering salts on the properties of casein micelles and consequently the physico-chemical, textural, functional, and sensorial attributes of processed cheese. A lack of proper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the action of calcium sequestering salts on the processed cheese characteristics increases the risk of failed production, leading to the waste of resources and unacceptable sensorial, appearance, and textural attributes, which adversely affect the financial side of processors and customer expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper presents the results of a study exploring the potential of magnetic-susceptibility and phosphate soil analyses to locate and characterize buried Neolithic settlements in Thessaly, Greece. Using the preliminary results of large-area magnetometer surveys, soil samples were collected at three well-known sites along exploratory lines and augers targeting the locations of possible features of interest, including habitational structures and enclosures. The results demonstrated the capability of these analyses to detect the sites, outline hotspots and better interpret the features identified in the magnetometer results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Sodium-rich phosphate and silicate melt inclusions as well as chromite and schreibersite grains have been studied in the troilite nodule of the Darinskoe IIC iron meteorite. Sulfide association (K-sulfides, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, cubanite ?) commonly occurs around the inclusions. Many phosphate inclusions are altered and represented now by unidentified hydrated Сa–Fe–Mn–Mg-phosphates, which are the replacement products of unhydrated high-Na orthophosphates. Buchwaldite NaCa(PO4) was only found as primary phase of the inclusions; and monetite CaH(PO4) was determined among secondary phosphates. Silicate inclusions contain glass, sometimes Fe-rich serpentine (?), and phosphate. Silicate glasses have highly siliceous and high-Na alkaline composition (SiO2—60.8–74.4 wt %, Na2O + K2O—13.9–16.8 wt %), and are enriched in TiO2 (2.2–11.2 wt %) and Cr2O3 (1.5–3.4 wt %) and virtually free in Al2O3 (<0.2 wt %). It is suggested that the inclusions represent the latest crystallization products of the Darinskoe meteorite formed due to silicate–natrophosphate liquid immiscibility in a sulfide melt. The chemical compositions of the key meteorite minerals, as well as data on rare and potentially new minerals (Cl-free djerfisherite, "Cu-djerfisherite" K7(Cu,Fe)25S26, NiTe, Ni3Fe2, Os–Ir–Pt-rich Fe–Ni alloys, czochralskiite) are also given in the paper. Raman spectra for buchwaldite and monetite are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper, a self-repairing polyurethane without external stimulation was synthesized. First, a reversible acyl hydrazone bond was introduced into the polyurethane molecular chain. The bond could be dynamically reversible under acidic stimulation to repair the material damage. After that, different contents of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate components were added to modify the material in the synthesis, and its performance was compared to pure polyurethane (PU-0). The polymer was tested using digital viscometer, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), tensile test, etc. The results showed that the addition of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate can promote the healing of the material, so that the synthetic polyurethane material can be repaired to a certain extent without external stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

CaO and phosphates showed synergistic effects in the regulation of pyrolysis products in the pyrolysis of when they were directly mixed with camphor wood. The alkyl phenol yield increased during the pyrolysis process of corn straw fermentation residue directly mixed with KH2PO4 supported by γ-Al2O3. Rice stalks from agricultural crops are often disposed as waste. However, the potassium phosphate impregnated raw straw pyrolysis with CaO and Al2O3 has not been reported. This paper studied the synergistic effects of CaO or Al2O3 and three potassium phosphates (i.e., KH2PO4, K2HPO4·3H2O, and K3PO4·3H2O) in the rice straw pyrolysis through pyrolysis–gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) experiments. The results showed that CaO/Al2O3 and potassium phosphates showed synergistic effects in the regulation of the types or contents of phenols, ketones, aldehydes, etc. and increased the contents of phenols, aldehydes, acids, and levoglucosan (LG) from most samples and increased those of ketones compared with those catalyzed by potassium phosphates alone. They were suitable for the production of ketone-rich and acid-low bio-oil, which is an important precursor for the preparation of power or jet fuel. The highest contents of ketones (HCK) reached 56.65% and 56.02% in the pyrolysis of K3PO4·3H2O impregnated rice straw with CaO or Al2O3, respectively. The lowest contents of acids and acetic acid (LCA) were nearly or equal to 0, respectively. HCK and LCA were respectively significantly higher and lower than the values reported in the literatures for biomass catalytic pyrolysis using CaO/Al2O3 and potassium phosphates alone or in combination. Dehydration reactions, etc. were further promoted under the co-catalysis of the two catalysts, and some phenols could be converted to benzene products, etc. For 50% K3PO4·3H2O impregnated sample, the yields of furans reduced sharply after CaO addition. For most impregnated samples except 50% K2HPO4·3H2O and 30% and 50% K3PO4·3H2O samples, the contents of total furans and furfural increased after Al2O3 addition. Highlights: CaO/Al2O3 and potassium phosphates showed synergistic effects in the regulation of the types or contents of phenols, ketones, aldehydes, etc. They were suitable for the production of ketone-rich and acid-low bio-oil, which was an important precursor for the preparation of power or jet fuel. Dehydration reactions, etc. were further promoted under the co-catalysis of the two catalysts, and some phenols could be converted to benzene products, etc. The lowest contents of acids and acetic acid were nearly or equal to 0, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Many compounds containing sulfur and phosphorous are present in wastewater of various industries like food processing, paper making, etc. The higher level of phosphate and sulfate ions causes many problems in everyday life. Based on this, nickel monometallic and nickel-cobalt bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using leaves extract of Coix lacryma-jobi L. and applied for sulfate and phosphate ions removal. UV-Vis. spectroscopy, fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used as characterizing techniques for synthesized nanoparticles. UV spectra for Ni nanoparticles showed the absorption band in the 380–400 nm range, while for Ni-Co bimetallic nanoparticles was noticed at 396 nm and 513 nm. Different functional groups were observed in FTIR spectra of leaves extract which acted as reducing and capping agents to form stable NPs. Different factors like adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, adsorbate concentration, and time were optimized for maximum removal of sulfate and phosphate anions. The antioxidant potential of prepared nanoparticles was assessed by three different methods. The kinetics, thermodynamics, and adsorption isotherms were also studied for these ions removal. In the current study, the green approach was easy, time-saving and proved to be beneficial to remove sulfate and phosphate anions from wastewater. The leaves extract of Coix lacryma-jobi L. were employed for the synthesis of nickel monometallic and nickel-cobalt bimetallic nanoparticles and employed for the removal of sulfate and phosphate ions from aqueous solution. Antioxidant potential of biosynthesized nanoparticles was also assessed. Hence, the biosynthesized nanomaterial found to be novel adsorbent for removal of sulfate and phosphate from waste water. This research work has not been previously reported in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Objective: Granular myringitis is a chronic and difficult-to-treat condition of the tympanic membrane. This paper presents a minimally invasive treatment technique using the potassium titanyl phosphate laser. Design: A retrospective case review of patients who underwent potassium titanyl phosphate laser treatment between 2015 and 2020 was performed. All patients underwent final telephone follow up in 2020 to ascertain whether they had any ongoing myringitis symptoms, and all were offered further face-to-face follow up. Results: Fourteen patients with myringitis were identified, with one patient having both ears affected. Of the 15 affected ears, 2 required a second treatment, resulting in a total of 17 laser treatment cases. At the first post-operative review, the appearance of the drum had improved in 10 out of 17 treatments (59 per cent). Conclusion: Potassium titanyl phosphate laser surface tympanoplasty may provide safe, quick and effective resolution of myringitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Lists forthcoming papers concerning biochemistry, published in the February 1983 issue of the "European Journal of Biochemistry". "Kinetic Properties of Hydrogenase Isolated From Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough)," by H.J. Grande, A. van Berkel-Arts, J. Bregh, K. van Dijk; "Sequence Analysis of the Cloned mRNA Coding of for Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase From Chicken Heart Muscle," by H. Domdey and colleagues; "Mitochondrial Pantetheinephosphate Adenylytransferase and Dephospho-CoA Kinase," by S. Skrede and O. Halvorsen. more...

The article lists several research papers that would be published in the coming issues of the European Journal of Biochemistry. Some of the articles and topics are related to glucogen synthase, protein phosphates, DNA sequences, etc. more...

CrystEngCommrsc. li/ crystengcomm ISSN 1466- 8033 Volume 26 Number 42 14 November 2024 Pages 5971– 6092 PAPER Taishi Yokoi et al. LaMer- model- based synthesis method for fine particles of octacalcium phosphate and related functional compounds [Extracted from the article] more...

Processed cheese is a dairy product made by heating and mixing natural cheese with emulsifying salts (sodium phosphates, polyphosphates, and citrates) to create a smooth and homogeneous cheese matrix. Adding emulsifying salts improves the emulsifying capacity of proteins (caseins), enhancing their ability to act as emulsifiers. Furthermore, processed cheese can contain various ingredients, focusing on nutrient content modification and techno-functional properties improvement, resulting in a final product with the desired properties. This review paper provides a comprehensive point of view of the existing information regarding emulsifying salt applications in manufacturing processed cheese and their impact on processed cheese quality and techno-functional properties. In particular, the ion exchange phenomenon, pH adjustment and stabilization, and creaming processes were detailed for solely applied emulsifying salts, and their binary and ternary mixtures. The prospects of emulsifying salts replacement were also considered. Generally, processed cheese's consistency (evaluated in terms of textural and rheological parameters) depends on the composition of emulsifying salts mixtures (ratios of sodium monophosphate, sodium diphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, and sodium citrate). The information summarized in this review could serve as a tool for the dairy industry to help appropriately select emulsifying salts for manufacturing processed cheese with desired properties. Future perspectives on emulsifying salt usage in processed cheese could include evaluating their role in improving nutritional profiles, enhancing functional properties, and addressing specific dietary requirements. • Emulsifying salts are essential substances in processed cheese manufacture. • The roles of emulsifying salts in processed cheese are described. • Antimicrobial properties of emulsifying salts are discussed. • Strategies in the reduction/replacement of emulsifying salts are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Arterial stiffness and calcification propensity are associated with high cardiovascular risk and increased mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both magnesium and phosphate are recognized as modulators of vascular calcification and chronic inflammation, both features of CKD that contribute to arterial stiffness. In this paper, we outline the rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating whether 24 weeks of oral magnesium supplementation with or without additional phosphate-binding therapy can improve arterial stiffness and calcification propensity in patients with stage 3-4 CKD.Methods: In this multi-center, placebo-controlled RCT, a total of 180 participants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15 to 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 without phosphate binder therapy will be recruited. During the 24 weeks intervention, participants will be randomized to one of four intervention groups to receive either magnesium citrate (350 mg elemental magnesium/day) or placebo, with or without the addition of the phosphate binder sucroferric oxyhydroxide (1000 mg/day). Primary outcome of the study is the change of arterial stiffness measured by the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity over 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include markers of calcification and inflammation, among others calcification propensity (T50) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. As explorative endpoints, repeated 18F-FDG and 18F-NaF PET-scans will be performed in a subset of participants (n = 40). Measurements of primary and secondary endpoints are performed at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks.Discussion: The combined intervention of magnesium citrate supplementation and phosphate-lowering therapy with sucroferric oxyhydroxide, in stage 3-4 CKD patients without overt hyperphosphatemia, aims to modulate the complex and deregulated mineral metabolism leading to vascular calcification and arterial stiffness and to establish to what extent this is mediated by T50 changes. The results of this combined intervention may contribute to future early interventions for CKD patients to reduce the risk of CVD and mortality.Trial Registration: Netherlands Trial Register, NL8252 (registered December 2019), EU clinical Trial Register 2019-001306-23 (registered November 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Aluminosilicate phosphate (ASP) geopolymers are a new kind of green cementitious materials synthesized from aluminosilicate precursors and acidic activators (phosphoric acid or phosphate), which have received extensive attention from researchers because of their excellent and unique characteristics. The current investigation indicates that ASP geopolymers have the characteristics of a low-carbon synthesis process, high mechanical properties (e.g., the highest compressive strength can reach 146 MPa), a strong heat resistance (e.g., withstanding a high temperature of 1500 °C), and excellent dielectric properties. These excellent properties make them have broad application prospects in the fields of new building materials, coating materials, insulating materials, and heavy metal curing. Based on the research findings of approximately 85 relevant literatures on ASP geopolymers in past decades, this paper focuses on the latest research progress of ASP geopolymers from the perspectives of synthesis processes, performances, modifications, and application developments. In addition, this study summarizes the key problems existing in the current research of ASP geopolymers and suggests their possible applications in the future, which will help to provide directions for further research activities of relevant researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The present paper investigated the association of Parkinson's disease etiology with phosphate toxicity, a pathophysiological condition in which dysregulated phosphate metabolism causes excessive inorganic phosphate sequestration in body tissue that damages organ systems. Excessive phosphate is proposed to reduce Complex I function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in Parkinson's disease and is linked to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species, inflammation, DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP depletion causing cell death. Parkinson's disease is associated with α-synuclein and Lewy body dementia, a secondary tauopathy related to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and tauopathy is among several pathophysiological pathways shared between Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Excessive phosphate is also associated with ectopic calcification, bone mineral disorders, and low levels of serum vitamin D in patients with Parkinson's disease. Sarcopenia and cancer in Parkinson's disease patients are also associated with phosphate toxicity. Additionally, Parkinson's disease benefits are related to low dietary phosphate intake. More studies are needed to investigate the potential mediating role of phosphate toxicity in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

As the population continues to rise, the demand for resources and environmentally friendly management of produced wastes has shown a significant increase in concern. To decrease the impact of these wastes on the environment, it is important to utilize the wastes in producing and/or recovering usable products to provide for the sustainable management of resources. One non-renewable and rapidly diminishing resource is phosphorus, which is used in several products, the most important being its use in manufacturing chemical fertilizer. With the increase in demand but reduction in availability of naturally occurring mineral phosphorus, it is important to investigate other sources of phosphorus. Phosphorus is most commonly recovered through struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) precipitation. The recovery of phosphorus from various wastewater has been well established and documented with recovery rates mostly above 90%. However, one of the major drawbacks of the recovery is the high cost of chemicals needed to precipitate the phosphorus. Since the external magnesium needed to achieve struvite precipitation accounts for around 75% of the total chemical cost, applicability of low-cost magnesium sources, such as bittern or seawater, can help reduce the operational cost significantly. This paper investigates the different magnesium sources that have been used for the recovery of phosphorus, highlighting the different approaches and operating conditions investigated, and their corresponding phosphorus recovery rates. An investigation of the economic aspects of the magnesium sources used for removal/recovery show that costs are dependent on the raw waste treated, the source of magnesium and the location of treatment. A review of published articles on the economics of phosphorus removal/recovery also indicates that there is a lack of studies on the economics of the treatment processes, and there is a need for a comprehensive study on life cycle assessment of such processes that go beyond the technical and economical aspects of treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The experimental data reported in this paper suggest that titanium(IV) oxyhydroxyphosphate-based ion-exchange materials are potentially attractive for extraction of heavy metal cations from solutions. We have studied the time-dependent ion exchange activity of titanium phosphates for Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ cations in relation to the liquid : solid ratio, temperature, and equilibrium pH of the cation exchange process. The results demonstrate that the selectivity of an ion exchanger for metal cations is determined by the ionic radii of the metals. Conditions for effective use of titanium phosphate materials for extraction of Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ cations from solutions (liquid : solid ratio, temperature, and pH) have been optimized experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

ZDDPs are the most widely used antiwear additive in lubricants. It adds several performances attributes to lubricant but also adds to metal ashes produced due to the aging and burning of the lubricants. Being the major contributor to the ash produced by lubricants, Zinc needs to be replaced or removed out to claim lubricants ashless. This paper gives insights on various dithiophosphate compounds that can be considered a replacement to the ZDDP without compromising the performance of lubricants. In this study, the synthesis methods were analyzed for ashless dithiophosphate compounds. These compounds were tested on a four-ball machine to compare their performance with ZDDP. The effect of the carbon chain length of the alkyl group attached to the dithiophosphate group was also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Oyster shells are considered as a byproduct or solid waste in mariculture or related food processing areas that face a major disposal problem at the landfill in coastal regions for sustainable development. Oyster shell is composed mostly of CaCO3, and it is also considered as a secondary source of calcium for various applications. In this paper, we extracted the calcium carbonate from oyster shell and used it as the source of calcium for the preparation of feed-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The investigation shows that the heavy metal contents in oyster shells as well as in the synthesized MCP are extremely low, and the synthesized product meets the requirements for the European Union (EU) maximum limits applied for feed additives. The XRD, TG, and IR data analyses confirmed that the synthesized product is monocalcium phosphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper has developed a new compound curing agent powder for a modified phosphate binder (3 wt% of raw sand). This combination can be self-cured and achieve relatively high bonding strength. The optimal composition ratio of curing agent powder is fused magnesia powder:silica fume:sodium polyacrylate at a ratio of 6:6:5, respectively. In this case, the tensile strength of phosphate binder sand sample at 4 h and 24 h is 0.65 MPa and 1.27 MPa, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to analyze the variation of functional groups and the morphology of bonding bridge fracture of phosphate bonded sand samples after the addition of curing agent (fused magnesia powder, silica fume and sodium polyacrylate). The result shows that fused magnesia powder, silica fume and sodium polyacrylate all participate in the polymerization and curing reaction of phosphate binder; furthermore, sodium polyacrylate can effectively mitigate the propagation of cracks on bonding film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The sodium‐dependent phosphate transporters Pit 1 and Pit 2 belong to the solute carrier 20 (SLC20) family of membrane proteins. They are ubiquitously distributed in the human body. Their crucial function is the intracellular transport of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the form of H2PO4−. They are one of the main elements in maintaining physiological phosphate homeostasis. Recent data have emerged that indicate novel roles of Pit 1 and Pit 2 proteins besides the well‐known function of Pi transporters. These membrane proteins are believed to be precise phosphate sensors that mediate Pi‐dependent intracellular signaling. They are also involved in insulin signaling and influence cellular insulin sensitivity. In diseases that are associated with hyperphosphatemia, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD), disturbances in the function of Pit 1 and Pit 2 are observed. Phosphate transporters from the SLC20 family participate in the calcification of soft tissues, mainly blood vessels, during the course of CKD. The glomerulus and podocytes therein can also be a target of pathological calcification that damages these structures. A few studies have demonstrated the development of Pi‐dependent podocyte injury that is mediated by Pit 1 and Pit 2. This paper discusses the role of Pit 1 and Pit 2 proteins in podocyte function, mainly in the context of the development of pathological calcification that disrupts permeability of the renal filtration barrier. We also describe the mechanisms that may contribute to podocyte damage by Pit 1 and Pit 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

[Display omitted] • OLP's were able to replace 70% of TOFA and improve recovery. • Higher recovery (+2%) and small decrease in grade (−0.3 %) in rougher-cleaner tests. • Visually, more stable froths were formed when OLP was added with TOFA. • Small difference in zeta potential and FTIR peaks may indicate weak OLP attachment. Beneficiation of the tailings from Iron Oxide Apatite (IOA) ore has become an important topic in the field of mineral processing as phosphate rock is considered as critical raw material by the European Union. Driven by the strong call for sustainability and green technology, this paper introduces the application of novel and bio-based organosolv lignin particles (OLP) as a reagent for apatite flotation. In the artificial mineral mixture flotation tests, OLP addition or replacement to tall oil fatty acid-based collector (TOFA) was shown to improve flotation kinetics and recovery. In this study, it was demonstrated that one of the widely used commercial TOFA collectors could be replaced with OLP by 70 %. The replacement led to an increase in recovery (+2%) and only a minimal decrease in P grade (−0.3 %) for the rougher-cleaner flotation tests in one of the two feed types tested. The influence of OLP and other reagents on apatite floatability has been investigated through Hallimond tube tests and laboratory scale batch flotation tests as well as zeta potential measurements and spectroscopy tests to further understand the possible mechanism and synergism of reagents in the apatite flotation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The object of research in this work is model aqueous solutions containing phosphate ions. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all life forms and determines the trophic state of freshwater ecosystems. The existing problem is that when excessive phosphorus enters water bodies, it causes their eutrophication, and, as a result, the accumulation of biotoxins, deterioration of water quality, death of aquatic organisms, etc. Phosphorus comes to surface water from domestic wastewater containing phosphates as components of synthetic detergents, photoreagents and water softeners. A significant contribution is made by the washout of phosphate fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural land, and runoff from livestock farms and industrial enterprises. Among the methods of wastewater treatment from phosphates, a special place is occupied by sorption. An analysis of modern scientific publications on this topic shows that the search for new effective sorbents obtained using resource-saving technologies is an important scientific and practical problem. The work was aimed precisely at the search for such sorbents. Iron is known to have a high affinity for phosphate. Therefore, the paper proposes to use the sediments of groundwater iron removal stations as a sorbent. These sludges are produced in significant quantities and create significant environmental problems. The sorption of iron-containing sorbent, which is a waste of iron removal stations with respect to phosphate ions, has been studied. It has been established that this sorbent is effective for extracting phosphate ions from water with an adsorption capacity of 72.67 mg/g. The sorption process is quite accurately described by the pseudosecond order sorption kinetic equation (determination coefficient R² = 0.9737). The rate constant of the sorption process was calculated to be 3.8·10–4 g/mg PO43–·min1/2. The use of the proposed sorbent will allow solving two environmental issues: replenishment of the list of cheap effective sorbents for removing phosphates and utilization of sludge from iron removal stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

[Display omitted] Hydrogen has attracted increasing attention as clean energy for fuel cells over the past decade. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is considered the most feasible production method but its practical efficiency depends significantly on the photogeneration rate of electron (e−) and hole (h+) on a semiconductor photoanode and the rapid separation of these charge carriers. A proper match of small and large bandgap positions is also necessary. This paper presents a three-dimensional core–shell heterostructured tungsten trioxide/bismuth molybdate/cobalt phosphate (WO 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 /Co‐Pi) photocatalyst synthesized using simultaneous hydrothermal and electrodeposition techniques. Uniform Bi 2 MoO 6 nanoflakes formed on WO 3 nanoplates as evidenced by various micro-spectroscopic techniques. The as-prepared WO 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 /Co‐Pi hetero-photocatalyst exhibited significantly high photoelectrochemical activity, where its photocurrent efficiency was 4.6 times greater than that of the constituent WO 3. Such drastic improvement in the PEC properties can be corroborated by the appropriate bandgap alignment among WO 3 , Bi 2 MoO 6 , and Co‐Pi, resulting in a sufficient charge carrier density with efficient, fast charge-transport complementing their structural-morphological synergy. Furthermore, a heterojunction charge-transfer mechanism was proposed to verify the role of the co-catalyst, Co‐Pi, in enhancing the photocurrent at the WO 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 photoanode under the same applied bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper, polyphosphazene was synthesized as precursors using benzene-1,4-diboronic acid and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) by a simple one-step ultrasonic method. Furthermore, B, N, and P co-doped carbon materials containing phosphate functional groups (denoted as BNPCs-PO4) was obtained by the carbonization and functionalization of precursors at high temperature. Through the structural characterization and the investigation of electrochemical and electrosorption properties, it can be proved that BNPCs-PO4 has excellent porous structure and electrosorption properties with the maximum electrosorption capacity of 750 ± 40 mg/g for U(VI) and the equilibrium time of 24 min. The optimal pH and applied potential for electrosorption were 5.0 and 0.9 V, respectively. Meanwhile, it also showed high selectivity under the coexistence of multiple metal ions and excellent recyclability after six cycles. The results showed the introduction of heteroatoms improved the electrosorption properties of carbon materials and BNPCs-PO4 can be utilized as electrode for the removal of U(VI) in aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The inherent in vivo instability of oligonucleotides presents one of many challenges in the development of RNAi-based therapeutics. Chemical modification to the 5′-terminus serves as an existing paradigm which can make phosphorylated antisense strands less prone to degradation by endogenous enzymes. It has been recently shown that installation of 5′-cyclopropyl phosphonate on the terminus of an oligonucleotide results in greater knockdown of a targeted protein when compared to its unmodified phosphate derivative. In this paper we report the synthesis of a 5′-modified uridine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

• The behaviour of DAP consolidation on artificially weathered mortars was investigated. • Multi-analytical approach examining physical properties was used. • Novel protocol for the evaluation of surface condition was proposed. • DAP treatment effectively restored the weathered mortars. The present paper investigates the effectiveness of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) as a consolidation treatment for artificially weathered lime-based mortars. Laboratory prepared samples were exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles and then subjected to 2.0 M DAP solution via 24 h poultice. The microstructural variations due to freeze-thaw cycles and the effects induced by the subsequent DAP consolidation were assessed with the use of a multi-analytical approach combining optical observations, weight variations, dynamic elastic modulus change and peeling test outcomes. The results indicate that DAP treatment significantly restored the weathered mortars in terms of physical and cohesive properties. The correlation between the weight loss and surface degradation by the peeling test examination was projected. The new properties of weathered and consolidated mortars are critically discussed with an eye on their expected behaviour in the field of Built Heritage conservation. Lastly, as a chief outcome of this study, a novel protocol for the evaluation of surface cohesion through peeling tests combined with image analysis is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper explores an interconnection between timescales of dynamic heterogeneity (DH) in a neat ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]), and slow solvation of a dipolar solute, coumarin 153 (C153) in it at 298 K and 450 K. Molecular dynamics simulations employing realistic interaction potentials for both the IL and the solute have been performed. DH timescales have been obtained from non-Gaussian and new non-Gaussian (NNG) parameters, and four-point dynamic susceptibilities (χ4(k, t)) and overlap functions (Q(t)). Simulated ion displacement distributions exhibit pronounced deviations from Gaussian behaviour and develop bimodality in the timescale of structural relaxation, Τa, indicating ion hopping at long-time. DH timescales from x4(k, t) and Q(t) have been found to be longer than ΤNNG although Τα ≈ ΤNNG. Maximum cation jump length detected here corresponds to ~50% of the ion diameter and agrees well with experimental estimates. DH length-scale (f ) extracted from x4(k, t) spans about an ion diameter and shows correct temperature dependence. Our simulated solvation response functions for C153 in [Bmim][PF6] are tri-exponentials with fast time constants in good agreement with the available experimental and/or simulation data. The slow solvation rate at 298 K, however, is ~ 4 times slower than that found in experiments, although the same at 450 K corroborates well with simulation data at similar temperature from different sources. Importantly, our simulated slow solvation rates at these temperatures strongly correlate to longer DH timescales, suggesting DH as a source for the slow solvation at long-time in IL. Moreover, ion jumps at long-time suggests viscosity decoupling of long-time solvation rate in ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...