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The aim of presented study was to test nutritional properties of potato tubers and silver ions accumulation pattern after foliar application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) during potato vegetation. Potato plants were sprayed with different concentration of Ag nanoparticles (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg·dm−3) synthesized with incorporation with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium citrate as stabilizing agent. The lowest amounts of silver ions were transported to the tubers after spraying with AgNPs synthesized with SDS, rather than with citrate. Nevertheless silver ions accumulation in tubers was negligible. SDS method of synthesis was more favourable in terms of nutritional properties of potato tubers. The highest tested concentration of AgNPs_SDS had a favourable effect on a variety of macro- and micronutrients, ascorbic acid and soluble sugars. In turn, lower concentrations of AgNPs_SDS increased the content of phenolic compounds and free radical scavenging efficiency of tubers. These correlations were also confirmed by Principal Component Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (uvaia), a native species of the Atlantic Forest ecosystem, has received limited attention in scientific investigations. Renowned for its distinctive organoleptic characteristics, this fruit is suitable for immediate consumption and industrial processing. Additionally, it is rich in vitamins and bioactive compounds, which offer potential health benefits. These bioactive compounds, such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds, have demonstrated antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review consolidates recent research on uvaia, focusing on its chemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications within the food industry. It aims to lay the groundwork for future research and promote its recognition and utilisation in food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study examines the thermal degradation of vitamin C and phenolic compounds in two fruit smoothies: a base smoothie (BB) and an added carrot fiber smoothie (BF). Both products are treated at different temperatures (70-90 ºC) and times (0-60 min). Experimental data are fitted considering zero and first order models. The results show that degradation of vitamin C and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside during the thermal treatment follows first-order kinetics in both smoothie types. No specific effect of carrot fiber on the content of total phenolic compounds is observed. The z values obtained for BF indicate that fiber has a protective effect on the thermal degradation of vitamin C and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. It is concluded that the protective effect together with the beneficial effect of fiber consumption per se contribute to increasing the bioactive potential of heat-treated smoothies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foxtail millet is typically dehulled before consumption or processing. However, foxtail millet bran also contains abundant phenolic compounds and other nutrients. Edible fungi have rich extracellular enzyme systems; are environmentally friendly and safe for consumption; and have been shown to effectively degrade lignin and cellulose. This study aimed to screen edible fungi that can effectively ferment undehusked foxtail millet, improving its nutritional value and antioxidant properties through solid‐state fermentation (SSF). The results demonstrated that fermentation utilizing Pleurotus geesteranus exhibited significant improvements in both the phenolic compound content and antioxidant properties of foxtail millet, with the optimal fermentation period determined to be 30 days. The physical and functional properties of fermented undehusked foxtail millet (FFM) flour were effectively improved, increasing crude protein, vitamin C, and crude polysaccharide contents by 11.46%, 27.78%, and 54.17%, respectively. In vitro scavenging activities of FFM were 73.19%, 93.86%, and 63.75% for 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS·+), and superoxide anion radicals (O2−), respectively. The total antioxidant capability (T‐AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of FFM were 1.01 mM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g and 89.05 U/g, respectively. Additionally, T‐AOC, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in the heart, liver, and kidneys of mice treated with FFM flour, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity. Therefore, fermentation with edible fungi is suitable for improving the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of foxtail millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to assess the fruit traits and phytochemical properties of 39 mulberry genotypes [Morus alba L. (16 white mulberry), Morus rubra L. (11 red mulberry), and Morus nigra L. (12 black mulberry)] selected in Bitlis province (Hizan) of Türkiye. Approximately, 1 kg fruit were hand‐harvested from each genotype. The fruit size, fruit color, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content (SSC), vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and individual phenolic compounds were determined. The fruit weight varied between 1.80 and 5.84 g in black mulberry, 1.22 and 4.18 g in red mulberry, and 1.29 and 3.10 g in white mulberry. In white mulberry, SSC was determined to be between 19.00% and 38.86%, and in black and red mulberry it was between 11.86% and 21.90% and 12.60% and 18.90%, respectively. The titratable acidity rate, which varied depending on the species, was lower in white mulberry, but the highest acidity rate was recorded in red mulberry. Vitamin C was determined as 33.13 mg 100 g−1 in red mulberry, 24.10 mg 100 g−1 in black mulberry, and 14.03 mg 100 g−1 in white mulberry. Total phenolics in mulberries varied depending on the species, and the red mulberry fruit contained higher phenolic substances, followed by black and white mulberries. The total flavonoids varied between 0.27 and 7.83 g QE kg−1, whereas the flavonoids varied depending on the species and genotype. The highest values in terms of bioactive compounds were recorded in fruits of the 13HZN23 and 37 genotypes. Black and red mulberry fruit were found to have higher levels of individual phenolic content than the white mulberrry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water shortage induces physiological, biochemical, and molecular alterations in plant leaves that play an essential role in plant adaptive response. The effects of drought and post-drought rewatering on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and levels of H2O2, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and proline were studied in six local tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties. The contents of H2O2 and ascorbic acid increased in all drought-exposed tomato plants and then decreased upon rewatering. The level of phenolic compounds also decreased in response to water shortage and then recovered upon rehydration, although the extent of this response was different in different varieties. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) and the content of proline significantly increased in the drought-stressed plants and then decreased when the plants were rewatered. The activities of 8 constitutive APX isoforms and 2 constitutive POX isoforms varied upon exposure to drought and were observed after rewatering in all studied varieties. The information on the response of tomato plants to drought and subsequent rewatering is of great importance for screening and selection of drought-tolerant varieties, as well as for development of strategies for increasing plant productivity under adverse environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosehip fruits, characterized by their high concentrations of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (AA), have been traditionally used to make jams, infusions, and juices. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the stability of rosehip juice by determining the concentrations of bioactive compounds and total phenols and the AA using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The stability of the juice was evaluated with three treatments and different storage conditions, namely, unpasteurized–refrigerated, pasteurized–room temperature, and pasteurized–refrigerated, and measurements were taken for eight months. Individual and total phenolic compounds, evaluated by chromatographic methods, reported differences until the end of this study. The total phenolic compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu method presented an average decrease of 57% in the three treatments in relation to the initial conditions. On the other hand, the ascorbic acid content decreased considerably, disappearing at week six. Furthermore, for the unpasteurized–refrigerated and pasteurized–refrigerated samples, a correlation was found between flavonols, total phenols, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity determined by the TEAC method. For the pasteurized–room temperature samples, correlations were found between the levels of several flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid, total phenols, and ascorbic acid and the antioxidant activity determined by the CUPRAC method. The stability of the compounds was mainly correlated with the storage conditions of the juice and not with pasteurization. The highest stability was observed for the unpasteurized–refrigerated and pasteurized–refrigerated samples. Although the concentrations of the compounds evaluated decreased during this study, significant levels of AA persisted, providing beneficial characteristics for consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen Russian potato cultivars (cvs.) grown for three years in the field plots of VIR (North-Western region of the Russian Federation) were evaluated annually for productivity and 12 biochemical parameters of tubers one month after harvesting and after cold storage (at 2–4 °C). The aim of this study was to quantify the level of biochemical components in tubers and to determine the influence of the environment on their content. The results indicated a substantial variation in different nutrients in potatoes during cultivation for three consecutive years. The nutritional value of tubers (the content of dry matter, sugars, starch and protein) was determined to a greater extent (38–49%) by varietal characteristics, rather than by meteorological conditions in the vegetation period. The content of vitamin C, carotenoids, protein and anthocyanins varied depending on the year. Of the cultivars, 'Kumach' has the highest productivity, but the nutritional value of tubers is lower than that of standard 'Nayada'. Cv. 'Fioletovyi' is suitable for consumption as part of a low-calorie diet because of a low amount of starch (11.8–12.7%) and a higher anthocyanins content (102.0–103.9 mg/100 g). Cv. 'Sokur' is distinguished by its high nutrition because of its high content of dry matter (24.3%) and protein (more than 2.0%). Cv. 'Plamya' is remarkable for the lowest content of reducing sugars (0.24–0.47%) in tubers during the post-harvest and post-storage analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatoes are low in calories, however, they provide the precious content of vitamins, minerals, organic acids, carbohydrates, and, especially, carotenoids (β-carotene and lycopene), as essential requirements for the normal functioning of the human body. The latest study aimed to quantify the various compounds that exhibit antioxidant activities in different tomato cultivars. Tomato landraces with the supreme content of individual chemicals and complex of varied traits can serve as genetic sources in breeding for obtaining the tomato genotypes with the highest content of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenols, dry matter, and soluble sugars. Comparative analysis of tomato cultivars showed that to obtain genetic material with an enhanced content of secondary metabolites, the following tomato cultivars are recommendable for the desired hybridization to make possible cross combinations, i.e., Black Jack, Shirley, Bosare blue, and Christmas Blueberry and can suggest more precisely for high carotenoids content. Tomato cultivars VS169-19 and Paul Robeson can benefit as sources of soluble sugars and antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market value of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) is affected by their quality and harvesting time. Veraison and stage of ripening are the most important factors determining table grape quality. Therefore, the present research was performed to determine the effects of various ripening stages on the combination and postharvest quality of two red grape cultivars. Based on color change, fruits were harvested at the veraison stage, two weeks after the veraison stage, and at the full ripening stage. Fruits harvested at the fully ripe stage were stored for 7, 14, and 21 days (at 1 °C with 85–90% relative humidity). The greatest soluble solids content (SSC) (16.1%) and SSC/TA ratio were observed in 'Khoshnav', while the greatest titratable acidity (TA) (0.45%) and pH (3.60) were observed in 'Rashah'. The results of the present study showed that regardless of the storage period, fruits harvested at time V (veraison time) and two weeks after veraison (2WAV) had significantly higher firmness and vitamin C content. 'Khoshnav' had the lowest weight loss (2.05%), and 'Khoshnav' and 'Rashah' had the greatest firmness (5.95 N) and vitamin C content (89.48 mg 100 g−1 FW). The greatest anthocyanin content was observed on day 7 of storage in 'Rashah'. Total phenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents and antioxidant capacity (AC) increased significantly until harvest and decreased thereafter during cold storage. 'Rashah' showed the greatest AC, TP, and TF values. Based on the findings of this study, the 'Rashah' grape cultivar is shown to be rich in vitamin C, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, and antioxidants. It holds potential for utilization in both processing and breeding programs as a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and sun protection factor (SPF) values of 26 extracts obtained from 24 plants naturally grown in the Marmara Region were investigated, and phenolic compound characterization of 8 active plants was performed. All of the plants mentioned in this study have been evaluated for their Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values for the first time, as well as 3 of them evaluated for antioxidant activity and 15 of them evaluated for tyrosinase inhibition for the first time. The results showed that the plant extracts generally exhibited high antioxidant activities. In terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay exhibited a very close IC50 value (0.038 mg/mL) to the standard compounds, ascorbic acid and quercetin. Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange demonstrated the highest CUPRAC radical scavenging activity (0.187 mM ascorbic acid equivalent). Hypericum perforatum L. was determined to have the highest total phenolic content (0.268 mg GAE g/extract). Among the plant extracts, Sambucus ebulus L. fruit extract exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibition (IC50 0.08 mg/mL), showing a similar effect to the standard compound kojic acid. The extract with the highest SPF value was calculated Inula oculuschristi L. extract, with a value of 28.55. The phenolic compound analysis of eight plants, which have been determined to exhibit high efficacy in both antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibition, was conducted. Some of phenolic compounds obtained from these eight plants were novel for these species. According to the experiments conducted in this study, Euphorbia helioscopia has high potential as natural sources of antioxidants and skin whiteners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornelian cherry (CC) is a source of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, melatonin and, vitamin C and used as traditional food and in folk medicine. In this study, we analyzed and compared the variation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in CC fruits depending on ripening and genotype. CC fruit was sampled at different ripening times (unripe, semi‐ripe and ripe) and the contents of sugars, vitamin C, melatonin and phenolic compounds were analysed by ultra‐fast liquid chromatography (UFLC‐PDA). The results showed that the fruits at the unripe samples had a significantly higher chemical components and antioxidant capacity. Chlorogenic acid, catechin, gallic acid and rutin were the four major phenolic compounds identified in all genotypes. Melatonin concentration of unripe fruits was found to be high in all genotypes (ranged from 1664.78–114.60 ng/mL) and a decrease was detected in ripe fruits. Significant increases in vitamin C and individual sugar contents (glucose and fructose) occurred with advancing maturity. The highest vitamin C concentration was determined as 77.38 mg/100 g during the full ripening period. Antioxidant capacity results determined by both methods showed a decreasing tendency with the ripening of the fruits. Concerning antioxidant activity, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity were maximal at unripe in all CC genotpes. During the development and maturity periods of fruits, important physiological and biochemical changes occured that affect antioxidant capacity, nutritional and chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of two concentrations of Aloe vera gel (7.5 and 15%) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of lime during storage time (20, 40, and 60 days). The study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. After dipping (5 minutes) and drying, the fruits were packaged in low-density polyethylene containers and transferred to cold storage at 4±1°C and 85±2% relative humidity. The results showed a decrease in fruit sourness and aroma and an increase in fruit bitterness during storage. The highest rate of chilling injury and decay belonged to the control. Aloe vera gel 15% had the lowest fruit bitterness (30%), decay, and malondialdehyde compared to the control on day 60 of storage. The Aloe vera gel enhanced peroxidase activity as an antioxidant enzyme and decreased defense-related enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. The maximum vitamin C was related to Aloe vera gel 15%. According to the results, Aloe vera gel, could not effectively control weight loss and firmness. During 60 days of storage, compared to the control, Aloe vera gel 15% increased Chroma index (2.07%) and vitamin C (26.37%), and prevented decay (100%), chilling injury (25.75%), bitterness (42.85%), and malondialdehyde (35.80%) of lime fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica Lam.) has been interested for its medicinal bioactive compounds, which can be promoted using biostimulants. This study was conducted to evaluate the foliar application of arginine (0, 300, 600, and 900 μM) and folic acid (0, 100, and 200 μM) on the metabolites content and antioxidant activity of tomatillo fruits. Results showed that the combined application of higher concentrations of arginine and folic acid significantly improved the content of acid ascorbic, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tropane alkaloids (scopolamine and atropine), total alkaloid, physalins, and antioxidant activity of tomatillo fruits. The ascorbic acid content increased by 49.0 and 54.7% under Arg (900 μM) + FA (100 or 200 μM) treatments, respectively, compared to untreated plants. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as tropane and total alkaloids were recorded in plants treated with 900 μM Arg + 200 μM FA. The atropine content was higher than the scopolamine content. The physalins content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity of fruits under Arg (900 μM) + FA (100 or 200 μM) treatments increased by 2.1 and 1.7 times, respectively, in comparison to the control. Significant positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.92–0.99) were found between all phytochemical parameters, which indicates that acid ascorbic, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, physalins, and alkaloids are related to the antioxidant activity of tomatillo fruits. Therefore, exogenous application of arginine and folic acid could be considered as a valuable and safe tool to improve the pharmaceutical potential of tomatillo fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of three medicinal plants: thyme (Thymus callieri Borbás ex Velen), cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium L.), and hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) from the Western Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria. The first stage determined the physicochemical characteristics (moisture, ash, carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamin C) of the three herbs. The second stage investigated four types of extracts (aqueous, oil, methanolic, and ethanolic) of each herb and evaluated their total phenolic content, the presence of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), their antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties. Thyme was characterised by the highest ash, protein, and vitamin C content (6.62%, 11.30%, and 571 mg/100 g, respectively). Hawthorn fruit showed the highest moisture and carbohydrate content (8.50% and 4.20%, respectively). The 70% ethanolic extracts of the three herbs exhibited the highest levels of phenolic compounds and, consequently, pronounced antioxidant activity, compared to the other three types of extracts. The aqueous, oil, methanolic, and ethanolic thyme extracts demonstrated the highest total phenolic content—TPC (27.20 mg GAE/g, 8.20 mg GAE/g, 31.70 mg GAE/g, and 310.00 mg GAE/g, respectively), compared to the extracts of the other two plants. These results were consistent with the highest antioxidant activity of the thyme extracts determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC) assay (except for the oil extract examined using the DPPH method). The results from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the flavonoid quercetin-3-ß-glucoside had the highest concentration in thyme (374.5 mg/100 g), while myricetin dominated in the cotton thistle (152.3 mg/100 g). The phenolic acid content analysis showed prevalence of rosmaric acid in the thyme (995 mg/100 g), whereas chlorogenic acid was detected in the highest concentration in the cotton thistle and hawthorn fruit (324 mg/100 g and 27.7 mg/100 g, respectively). The aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts showed moderate to high antibacterial potential but limited antifungal activity. None of the oil extracts inhibited the test microorganisms used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying, and evaluating, the nutritional and toxic compounds in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for breeding. This study investigates the quality and health indices in leaves of radish cultivars: Cherry Belle, Champion, French Breakfast, Sparkler, and a local landrace (Isfahan). Difference were observed in contents of dry matter (7.84–11.23%) and ash (1.12–2.05%) in leaves of radish cultivars. Nitrate content in leaves 1780–5234 mg·kg−1 which was 71.2–209.3% of the permissible limit. "Cherry Belle" and the local cultivar had the highest nitrate content. With increased dry matter accumulation in leaves, nitrate content decreased. Cultivars that have a higher photosynthesis capacity, represent more capability in nitrate consumption. The IC50 in leaves was 33.1%. The local landrace had the highest antioxidant capacity and "Cherry Belle" the lowest. The phenolic content and vitamin C in leaves of radish cultivars was 99.9 mg GAE/100 g and 34.25 mg/100 g, respectively. Radish leaves were rich in vitamin C. It is apparently possible to develop cultivars that have higher content of bioactive compounds and lower nitrate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C, enzyme activities, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and essential oil analyses of ripe and unripe fruits of P. terebinthus were investigated. Vitamin C amounts of ripe and unripe fruits were 63.2 and 15.4 mg/100g, respectively. The main phenolic compounds of unripe and ripe fruits are rutin, syringic acid, and gallic acid. It was determined that the enzyme inhibitor activities in the ripe and unripe fruits were 0.136 mg/mL and 2.14 mg/mL. In all of the free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) activity, ferric (III) ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) capacity, total phenolic substance amounts (TPC), total flavonoid substance amounts (TFC), and total antioxidant activity (TAC) antioxidant methods analyzed with plant parts, the methanol extracts obtained from the ripe fruits of the P. terebinthus showed higher antioxidant properties than the methanol extracts obtained from the unripe fruits. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 showed antimicrobial activity against microorganisms, while methanol extracts obtained from unripe fruit samples did not show antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms used. The chemical grade with the most compounds in the essential oils of P. terebinthus were monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and monoterpenes in unripe and ripe fruits, respectively. The main components were α-pinene with 22.8% and 27.3% ratios in unripe and ripe fruits, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant interactions between several natural phenolic and non-phenolic compounds (catechin, quercetin, rutin, resveratrol, gallic acid and ascorbic acid) and organic acids (tartaric, citric and dihydroxyfumaric acids) were studied using the DPPH method. Main additive and antagonistic interactions have been found for the combinations of catechin, quercetin, resveratrol and gallic acid with tartaric and citric acids; such behavoir can be due to the enhanced stability of the phenolic compounds in acidic media. Rutin and ascorbic acid showed good synergistic effects with tartaric and citric organic acids, which could be due to the polymerization processes in the case of rutin and the change in the mechanism of action in the case of ascorbic acid. In combination with dihydroxyfumaric acid, the mixtures showed dose-dependent synergistic, additive, or antagonistic antioxidant interactions. Good synergistic effects were observed for the binary mixtures of dihydroxyfumaric acid with ascorbic acid, catechin, and rutin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acerola is a fruit rich in vitamin C, in addition to having high levels of anthocyanins and carotenoids, which are antioxidant pigments that give the fruit its red color. Thus, the objective of this work was to concentrate bioactive compounds, by the method of block freeze concentration, using acerola juice in natura. Fresh juice and freeze concentration fractions (concentrate and ice) were evaluated for pH, acidity, soluble solids, total solids, quantification of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. From the results obtained, it was observed that the method of freeze block concentration in blocks resulted in the concentration of soluble and total solids and acidity. In addition, it significantly concentrated the phenolic compounds, keeping the process efficiency above 39%. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the values were significantly higher in the obtained concentrates than in the initial juice. The highest antioxidant potential found was for the juice retained in the last step of the process, with activity about 1.7 times greater than the initial juice. As the freeze concentration stages progressed, an increase in the concentration factors in the total solids content was observed, with an average increase of approximately 131% in the third stage. Thus, the results obtained in this work suggest that the method of block freeze concentration applied to acerola juice, provided a product with greater antioxidant activity and concentration of phenolic compounds, which shows that this is a viable method for the concentration of bioactive compounds. from acerola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) are one of the Rosaceae family, considered economically and nutritionally important berry fruits. Phytochemicals are crucial ingredients that contribute to characteristics such as the fruit's aroma and flavor. The current study investigated the phytochemical characteristics of strawberry fruit at three developmental stages (green, white, and red). HPLC measurements determined the glucose, fructose, and sucrose concentrations significantly increased in the red fruit, whereas glucose was identified as the major sugar in ripe fruit (2.8 g.g-1FW). Evaluation of the phenylpropanoid pathway implied that the amount of total phenol and flavonoid following phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity decreased during fruit development. Unlike phenolic compounds, vitamin C was considerably increased in the red stage, while antioxidant capacity was almost constant in all stages of fruit development. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes at the ripe fruit stage were higher than in the green fruit. At the final stage, the superoxide dismutase enzyme had the highest activity. Increasing carbohydrates in the red fruit is due to the role of these compounds in regulating metabolic pathways during fruit ripening. The reduction of phenolic contents and the stability of antioxidant capacity indicates the role of nonphenolic antioxidant compounds such as vitamin C in the ripening and preservation of antioxidant properties. Identifying the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of strawberries during ripening reveals the role of various compounds and oxidative stress pathway signaling in fruit ripening; it can also contribute to the widespread application of strawberries in the edible and nonedible industries at different stages of fruit development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, diverse morphotypes of chili pepper with local recognition are distributed regionally contributing to the in-situ conservation of Capsicum diversity in the hands of farmers, as is the case of Huacle pepper in Oaxaca. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation among morphotypes of Huacle, Guajillo, Ancho and Pasilla chili peppers, based on agromorphological traits, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in fruits. The morphotypes were established in greenhouse conditions under a random block design, obtaining fruit at physiological maturity for laboratory analysis. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were determined in the analysis of variance among and within morphotypes for all the agromorphological characters evaluated, except in plant height at 120 days after transplantating (dat) and specific weight. Different growth patterns were evaluated from 30 to 120 dat, but the final height was similar. Size, weight, shape, pericarp thickness, locules, number and total weight of fruits per plant were used to determine the variation among and within morphotypes. Morphotypes of Huacle (CH-4, CH-9 and CH-15) and Ancho (AN-R) presented the highest values of fruits, total weight and a low number of fruits per plant. Among morphotypes, significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were observed for fruit composition, but not for antioxidant activity. Also, significant differences were seen in vitamin C, flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity. In fruit composition, Huacle and Guajillo peppers presented a higher vitamin C content (4.5 mg acetic acid g-1). Huacle pepper was also high in total polyphenols (31.5 mg GAE g-1). Ancho pepper showed a higher content of carotenoids (2.8 mg β -carotene g-1) and total flavonoids (3.3 mg QE g-1). Pasilla pepper showed low values in all the evaluated compounds. In conclusion, all morphotypes showed variation in fruit characters (weight, length, width, pericarp thickness, number of locules and fruit length/width ratio). In fruit composition, the variation was in vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols, but not in antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of spontaneous fermentation on physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of acerola and guava fruit industrial by-products. Viable cell counts of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) in acerola and guava by-products were ≥ 5.0 log CFU/mL from 24 h up to 120 h of fermentation. Fermented acerola and guava by-products had increased luminosity and decreased contrast. Contents of total soluble solids and pH decreased, and titrable acidity increased in acerola and guava by-products during fermentation. Ascorbic acid contents decreased in acerola by-product and increased in guava by-product during fermentation. Different phenolic compounds were found in acerola and guava by-products during fermentation. Fermented acerola and guava by-products had increased contents of total flavonoids, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. The contents of total flavonoids and total phenolics positively correlated with antioxidant activity in fermented acerola and guava by-products. These results indicate that spontaneous fermentation could be a strategy to improve the contents of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of acerola and guava by-products, adding value and functionalities to these agro-industrial residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild Asparagus shoots are consumed worldwide, although most species remain understudied. In this work, a total of four wild Asparagus species were collected from different locations and analyzed compared with farmed A. officinalis. Shoots were screened for (i) phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS; (ii) total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content by the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods; (iii) vitamin C by HPLC-DAD; (iv) antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods; and (v) the in vitro antiproliferative activities against HT-29 colorectal cancer cells by the MTT assay. Phenolics ranged from 107.5 (A. aphyllus) to 605.4 mg/100 g dry weight (dw) (A. horridus). Vitamin C ranged from 15.8 (A. acutifolius) to 22.7 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) (A. officinalis). The antioxidant activity was similar in all species, standing out in A. officinalis with 5.94 (DPPH) and 4.64 (ABTS) mmol TE/100 g dw. Among phenolics, rutin reached the highest values (574 mg/100 g dw in A. officinalis), followed by quercetin, nicotiflorin, asterin, and narcissin. The MTT assay revealed the inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts against HT-29 cancer cells, highlighting the cell growth inhibition exercised by A. albus (300 µg/mL after 72 h exposure to cells). This work improves knowledge on the phytochemicals and bioactivities of the shoots of wild Asparagus species and confirms their suitability for use as functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malabar spinach (Basella alba), amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are leafy vegetables found in Southwest China. The variation of chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity was studied in the leaves and stems of the three vegetables. The content of main health-promoting compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the leaves were higher than that in the stems, indicating that the leaves of the three vegetables possess greater nutritional value. The trend of total flavonoids in all three vegetables was similar to the trend of antioxidant capacity, suggesting that the total flavonoids may be the major antioxidants wihin these vegetables. Eight individual phenolic compounds were detected in three different vegetables. The most abundant levels of individual phenolic compounds in the leaves and stems of malabar spinach, amaranth, and sweet potato were 6′-O-feruloyl-d-sucrose (9.04 and 2.03 mg g−1 DW), hydroxyferulic acid (10.14 and 0.73 mg g−1 DW), and isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside (34.93 and 6.76 mg g−1 DW), respectively. Sweet potato exhibited a higher total and individual phenolic compound content compared to malabar spinach and amaranth. Overall, the results demonstrate that the three leafy vegetables possess high nutritional value, and could be used not only for consumption but also in various other fields, including medicine and chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, the total phenols (TP), flavonoids (TF), and tannins (TT) content in the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Najas marina L. and the identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids from the ethyl acetate extract were performed. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties of the mentioned extracts were investigated in vitro. The genotoxic potential was analyzed in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The TP and TF content was higher in the ethyl acetate extract, dominated by quercetin (172.4 µg mg−1) and ferulic acid (22.74 µg mg−1), while the TT content was slightly higher in the acetone extract. Both extracts tested showed limited antioxidant effects compared to ascorbic acid. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed with Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus (MIC and MMC at 0.31 mg ml−1) and S. aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC at <0.02 mg ml−1), while antifungal activity was limited. Both extracts tested showed better activity on preformed biofilms. Acetone extract had no genotoxic activity but showed significant genoprotective activity against mitomycin C-induced DNA damage in cultured PBLs. Results of our research demonstrate the potential for the development of plant-based antibacterial and biofilm agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unfavourable socio-economic conditions and unbalanced nutrition, expressed in the deficiency of biologically active substances, determine the need to use fruit crops as a source of biologically active substances. In world practice, priority is given to fruit plants that have biological activity useful for the human body. The relevance of the concept of balanced natural nutrition is increasing with the growth of the global population. Products containing pesticides, preservatives, artificial colors and flavors or other chemicals are included in the "black" list of all natural food advocates. Jošta fruits is a low-calorie berry, 100 g of berries contain only 45‒48 calories. Nutritional value of yoshta (per 100 g of product): carbohydrates ‒ 9.1 g; fats ‒ 0.2 g; proteins ‒ 0.7 g; water ‒ 80 g. Jošta fruits contains vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in large quantities, vitamin P (rutin), pectin substances, phytoncides, organic acids, sugar, anthocyanins, potassium, iron, iodine, copper, etc. And the anthocyanins included in its composition accelerate metabolic processes and are capable of breaking down fats. Pectins improve and normalize intestinal microflora, which in turn contributes to cleansing. The aim of the work was the study of Jošta plant as a promising species for further possible ecological diversity of the territory of the right bank of the Dnieper in Ukraine. The rare currant-gooseberry hybrid Jošta plant can be recommended for growing and using fruit products in functional human nutrition. The Jošta can be recommended for the cultivation and use of fruit products in functional human nutrition and, in particular, in the restaurant business namely locavores for the presentation of the author's intellectual interpretation of local products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosehips (Rosa spp., Rosaceae) are wild rose bushes with more than 100 species. Its fruits vary in colour and size, depending on the species, and are recognised for their nutritional characteristics. Ten samples of Rosa canina L. and Rosa rubiginosa L. fruits were collected at different geographical points from Southern Chile. Nutrients such as crude protein and minerals and functional properties such as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and also antioxidant activities were evaluated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The results revealed a high content of bioactive compounds, primarily ascorbic acid (6.0 to 8.2 mg g−1 fresh weight (FW)), flavonols (427.9 ± 0.4 μg g−1 FW) and antioxidant activity. We established a relationship between the antioxidant activity using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2-diphenyl radical (DPPH) methods and the concentration of uncoloured compounds, such as flavonols and catechin. This antioxidant activity was primarily associated with the samples from Gorbea, Lonquimay, Loncoche, and Villarrica localities, and all of them were of the species Rosa rubiginosa L. The results here obtained represent novel information of rosehip fruits. In this sense, the reported information about compounds and antioxidant activities in rosehip fruits allowed us to continue new lines of research in relation to the potential formulation of new functional foods and also in the treatment and/or prevention of some diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleiogynium timoriense, commonly known as Burdekin plum (BP), is among many Australian native plants traditionally used by Indigenous people. However, only limited information is available on the nutritional and sensory quality of BP grown in Australia as well as its changes during storage. Therefore, this study evaluated the quality of BP during one week of ambient storage (temperature 21 °C, humidity 69%). Proximate analysis revealed a relatively high dietary fiber content in BP (7–10 g/100 g FW). A significant reduction in fruit weight and firmness (15–30% and 60–90%, respectively) with distinguishable changes in flesh color (ΔE > 3) and an increase in total soluble solids (from 11 to 21 °Brix) could be observed during storage. The vitamin C and folate contents in BP ranged from 29 to 59 mg/100g FW and 0.3 to 5.9 μg/100g FW, respectively, after harvesting. A total phenolic content of up to 20 mg GAE/g FW and ferric reducing antioxidant power of up to 400 μmol Fe2+/g FW in BP indicate a strong antioxidant capacity. In total, 34 individual phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in BP including cyanidin 3-galactoside, ellagic acid and gallotannins as the main phenolics. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the quantified phenolics indicated that tree to tree variation had a bigger impact on the phenolic composition of BP than ambient storage. Sensory evaluation also revealed the diversity in aroma, appearance, texture, flavor and aftertaste of BP. The results of this study provide crucial information for consumers, growers and food processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: With the development of the pepper industry and the increasing number of people who prefer spicy peppers, consumers' demands for high‐quality peppers have increased. Nine pepper cultivars from Guizhou province, China were collected and their colour, physicochemical and microbiological indices and bioactive components were analysed and evaluated. Six phenolic compounds and eight carotenoids were determined using HPLC and UPLC, respectively. The nine peppers showed significant colour variability and could be divided into two main categories, red and yellow. In addition, the peppers also differed in physicochemical and microbiological indicators. The capsaicin content ranged from 0.35 mg/g for X63 to 1.64 mg/g for the SH variety. In terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and vitamin C (VC) content, SH was the highest, followed by HMPC‐20 and X63 cultivars. Catechin and capsanthin were the main phenolic compounds and carotenoids with levels of 192.21–384.73 μg/g and 42.88–69.94 μg/g, respectively. Overall, SH pepper was significantly better than the other eight samples. This study provides guidance and reference for the selection of optimal pepper raw materials for in‐depth development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some ornamental plants have been receiving special attention, not only for their use in landscaping, but also because of their bioactive, aromatic and spicy properties. The objective of this study was to characterize physical and chemical attributes and antioxidant activity in leaves of three cultivars of statice (Limonium sinuatum). The cultivars used were QIS White, QIS Blue Dark, and QIS Yellow. The content of total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), TSS/TTA ratio, pH, vitamin C, anthocyanin, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA) and the relationship between TPC and flavonoids and TAA were analyzed for each cultivar. The results showed that the leaves of the QIS White cultivar have a higher TSS/TTA ratio, indicating better flavor. The QIS White cultivar also showed higher vitamin C and flavonoid content. The cultivars QIS White and QIS Blue Dark showed higher TPC contents, but there were no differences in TTA and anthocyanin content. The average TAA values were 94.3%, indicating that all cultivars have a high capacity to sequester the DPPH radical. There was a positive relationship between TPC with flavonoids and TAA (R2=0.6168 and 0.8826, respectively). The leaves of statice plants, traditionally used in landscaping and as a cut flower, have potential for use in human food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated phenolic compounds, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and the anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Eriocephalus africanus. The methanolic extract included, polyphenols (112 ± 2.81 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), flavonols (76.12 ± 7.95 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g); antioxidant capacity (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) (752.64 ± 89.0 μmol of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per g dry weight (µmol AAE/g), 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (812.18 ± 51.12 Trolox equivalents per gram of dry mass of plant extracts (μmol TE/g), TEAC (631.63 ± 17.42 µmol TE/g)), while the chloroform extract included polyphenols (39.93 ± 1.36 mg GAE/g), flavonols (44.81 ± 3.74 mg QE/g); antioxidant capacity, DPPH (58.70 ± 5.18 µmol TE/g), TEAC (118.63 ± 3.74 µmol TE/g) and FRAP (107.10 ± 2.41 µmol AAE/g). The phytochemicals profiling performed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS revealed some important polyphenols, predominantly flavonoids, that could be responsible for the antioxidant capacity and biological effects. Both extracts demonstrated a dose-dependent manner of the alpha-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 between 125 and 250 μg/mL for methanolic extract, while the chloroform extract was at 250 μg/mL. In the L6 myoblasts and C3A hepatocytes, the methanolic extract slightly increased the utilization of glucose, and both extracts exhibited a dose-dependent increase in the glucose uptake in both cell types without significantly increasing the cytotoxicity. Furthermore, both extracts exhibited an anti-inflammatory potential and the findings from the present study could serve as a baseline for further research in the development of pharmaceutical agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain is rich in fiber and antioxidant phytochemicals, including fatty acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals, that offer various health benefits. Research on identifying different barley genotypes based on their health attributes is very limited. In this study, we performed an analysis of fatty acids, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of several Canadian barley cultivars and elite breeding lines. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was the predominant fatty acid present in the tested barley cultivars. The cultivar CDC Bold contained the highest amount of ascorbic acid, while the highest protein content was in CDC Mindon. An assessment of the free and bound phenolic compounds of barley grains showed quantitative changes among different genotypes of Canadian barley. Catechin is the most abundant molecule in free phenolics, while ferulic acid and para-coumeric acid are the most abundant in bound phenolics. Ferulic acid and vanillic acid were molecules detected in the soluble free fraction of all genotypes. Para-coumeric acid was detected only in genotypes such as CDC Copeland, CDC Bold, Lowe, and elite breeding Line 5 of both free and bound fractions of barley. Breeding Line 5 had the lowest antioxidant activity. An analysis of the above molecules and parameters of Canadian barley would help to uncover potential biomarkers in order to distinguish individual barley genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mushroom is an important food for the rural tribal populations in Manipur, because of its high nutritional contents. In this study, we report on the nutritional profile of three wild edible mushrooms consumed by the tribal populations of Manipur viz.: Macrocybe gigantea J124; Lactifluus leptomerus J201 and Ramaria thindii J470. The studied mushrooms possess a high protein content of 37.6%, 20.8% and 16.4%, respectively. They have a high vitamin C content with low vitamin B1, B2 and folic acid. Among the three mushrooms, M. gigantea J124 possesses the highest mineral content, followed by R. thindii J470 and L. leptomerus J201. The total phenolic content of L. leptomerus J201, M. gigantea J124 and R. thindii J470 were 26.206, 29.23 and 30.99 mg GAE/g, with flavonoid content of 6.646, 6.854 and 9.187 mg quercetin/g, respectively. R. thindii J470 has the highest TPC and TFC content, which correlates with its DPPH radical scavenging activity. The IC50 values for R. thindii J470, M. gigantea J124 and L. leptomerus J201 are 242.0 µg/mL, 550.4 µg/mL and 689.0 µg/mL, respectively, which suggest that the higher content of phenolic compounds in R. thindii J470 contributes to its radical scavenging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hylocereus spp. present two varieties of commercial interest due to their color, organoleptic characteristics, and nutritional contribution, such as Hylocerous polyrhizus and Selenicerus undatus. The fruit recognized as dragon fruit or Pitahaya is an exotic fruit whose pulp is consumed, while the peel is discarded during the process. Studies indicate that the pulp has vitamin C and betalains, and seeds are rich in essential fatty acids, compounds that can contribute to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases (cancer, hypertension, and diabetes). In the present study, polyphenolic compounds, biological activity, and fatty acids present in the peel of the two varieties of pitahaya peel were evaluated, showing as a result that the variety S. undatus had higher antioxidant activity with 51% related to the presence of flavonoids 357 mgRE/g sample and fatty acids (hexadecanoic acid and linoleate) with 0.310 and 0.248 mg AG/g sample, respectively. On the other hand, H. polyrhizuun showed a significant difference in the inhibitory activity of amylase and glucosidase enzymes with 68% and 67%, respectively. We conclude that pitahaya peel has potential health effects and demonstrate that methylated fatty acids could be precursors to betalain formation, as well as showing effects against senescence and as a biological control against insects; in the same way, the peel can be reused as a by-product for the extraction of important enzymes in the pharmaceutical and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous southern Thai non-glutinous rice varieties Kaab Dum, Khai Mod Rin, Yar Ko, Yoom Noon, and Look Lai made under four different processing conditions, white rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and rice grass, were assessed for antioxidant components and in vitro antioxidative activities. According to the findings, rice's antioxidant components and antioxidant activity were considerably impacted by both variety and processing. High levels of total extractable phenolic compounds (164–314 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg, dry weight (dw)) and carotenoid (0.92–8.65 mg/100 g, dw) were found in all rice varieties, especially in rice grass and germinated brown rice, indicating that milling to generate white rice had an adverse effect on those components. Additionally, after germination, a higher γ-oryzanol concentration (9–14 mg/100 g, dw) was found. All rice varieties had higher ascorbic acid, phenolic compound, and carotenoid contents after sprouting. Overall, Yoom Noon rice grass had the highest total extractable phenolic content (p < 0.05). The rice grass from Yoom Noon/Look Lai/Kaab Dum had the highest ascorbic acid content (p < 0.05). The total carotenoid concentration of Look Lai rice grass was the highest, and Yoom Noon's germinated brown rice had the highest γ-oryzanol content (p < 0.05). All rice varieties' aqueous extracts had remarkable ABTS free radical scavenging activity, with Khai Mod Rin reaching the highest maximum value of 42.56 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw. Other antioxidant mechanisms, however, were quite low. Compared to germinated brown rice, brown rice, and white rice, rice grass often tended to have stronger antioxidant activity. Yar Ko rice grass was found to have the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (3.8 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (4.6 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). Khai Mod Rice grass had the most pronounced metal chelation activity (1.14 mmol EDTA equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). The rice variety and processing conditions, therefore, influenced the antioxidant compounds and antioxidative properties of Thai indigenous rice. The results can be used as a guide to select the optimal rice variety and primary processing in order to satisfy the needs of farmers who want to produce rice as a functional ingredient and to promote the consumption of indigenous rice by health-conscious consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purslane contains the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and has better nutritional quality. Gamma irradiation is harmless and dependable method for refining the shelf life and nutritional quality of the stored seeds. The aim of this research is to study the influence of irradiation by gamma on structure, ascorbic acid and phenolic content of Purslane seeds. The results show that, ascorbic acid, phenolic content, carbohydrate and protein content in Purslane seeds decreased after exposed by gamma rays. Super oxidase dismutase, fat and fiber content in Purslane seeds increased after exposed by gamma radiation. The shape, size, interconnection and arrangement of molecules in/or around benzene ring in Purslane cells changed after exposure to gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carissa spinarum Linn. is an incense plant traditionally used in Ethiopia and other countries for the treatment of numerous diseases. It also exhibits different biological activities, and different classes of natural compounds were previously reported from the plant. In this study, the essential oil from the roots of C. spinarum together with medicinal smoke obtained from burnt roots of C. spinarum were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oil of C. spinarum roots was predominantly composed of 2-hydroxyacetophenone (82.97%). The dominant components in the n-hexane soluble fraction of the smoke derived from the roots of C. spinarum were 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (14.16%), 2-methoxyphenol (10.34%) and 2-hydroxyacetophenone (9.51%). On the other hand, the major components in the MeOH-soluble fraction were 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (17.51%), 2-methoxyphenol (13.02%) and 2-hydroxyacetophenone (10.98%). The smoke derived from the roots of C. spinarum showed 92.60 ± 0.34% DPPH inhibition at concentration of 100 µg/mL. At the same concentration, standard ascorbic acid scavenged the DPPH radical by 96.09 ± 0.16%. This result supports the traditional medicinal use of the plant material as a skin-care and wound healing agent most likely due to the presence of simple phenols and other biologically active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherry is a popular and widespread fruit crop in many European countries. Significant areas of its plantation are located in the Southern Steppe subzone of Ukraine. Modern biochemical research aims to determine the amplitude of cherries varietal difference within the studied species and determine selection possibilities for the most important chemical components. In this regard, the study of fruits biochemical composition of different cherries cultivars is relevant. The aim of the research was to build a mathematical model based on Multiple linear regression method, which reveals the degree of weather factors influence on the dynamics of polyphenolic compounds and ascorbic acid accumulation in cherries fruits in the Southern Steppe subzone of Ukraine and in regions with similar hydrothermal parameters. The cultivar 'Ihrushka' was characterized by the lowest variability in the concentration of polyphenolic compounds with the value of the variation coefficient of 9.9%. The optimal average concentration of polyphenolic compounds at the level of 224.6 mg (100 g)-1 had fruits of the cherry cultivar 'Siianets Turovtsevoi' (Vp - 12.8%). Fruits of the 'Vstrecha' cultivar were characterized by the optimal average concentration of ascorbic acid at the level of 9.6 mg (100 g)-1 and variability of the indicator 14.0%. The dominant influence of varietal characteristics on the polyphenolic compounds accumulation in cherry fruits has been established. The share of the factor impact B was 41.3%. It was determined that weather conditions with a share of influence of 69.2% are crucial for the formation of the ascorbic acid. The correlation analysis showed the presence of a linear correlation between seven weather factors (Xi,i = 1..7) and the concentration of polyphenolic compounds (Y1) and ascorbic acid (Y2) in cherry fruits. The values of the pairwise correlation coefficients rY1Xi, rY2Xi i = 1... 7 were within the interval [-0.55; 0.55], which showed the presence of an impact between these weather factors and the studied indicators. The average monthly precipitation in June became decisive for the accumulation of polypolyphenolic compounds (ΔX2 = 35.2%). The average monthly amount of precipitation in May was determined to be the most important for the formation of the ascorbic acid level (ΔX1 = 37.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are considered natural sources of chemical compounds with notable potent antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The study aims to know the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Sargassum polycystum for potential pharmacological use. The seaweed has a TPC of 1.149 ± 0.22 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activity of S. polycystum is characterized by having potent scavenging activity against ABTS+ radical and high copper reduction capacity with IC50 value of 49.50 μg GAE/ml and 20.40 μg GAE/ml, respectively, more effective than ascorbic acid (control). Assessment of the antidiabetic properties of S. polycystum was done in vitro via α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Results of the analysis proved that S. polycystum has potent α-amylase (IC50 of 0.264 μg/ml) and α- glucosidase (IC50 of 120 μg/ml) inhibition activities in collation to that of acarbose (antidiabetic drug) with IC50 values of 4.81μg/ml and 6771 μg/ml, respectively. This study is a pioneering research investigation in the Philippines describing the bioactive properties of S. polycystum as renewable source of bioactive substances for inhibition of important carbohydrate degrading enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoothies are fruit- and/or vegetable-based products in form of beverages that are typically semi-liquid, thick in consistency, and mainly consist of purees and juices. Other ingredients, such as yogurt, milk, ice cream, sugar, honey, or simply water may also be added. The present study aimed to elaborate smoothie products based on bananas, pumpkins, and purple carrots. These fruits and vegetables were chosen due to their high bioactive compounds content, potential health benefits, and availability to industry. Five smoothie formulations were produced and analyzed for pH, soluble solids, total phenolic content, anthocyanins, carotenoids, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, instrumental color, and sensory features. From the analysis, the result showed that the obtained smoothies were a good source of total phenolic content (39.1 to 55.9 mg/100 g) and anthocyanin (7.1 to 11.1 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g), and that they possessed high antioxidant activity (4.3 to 6.2 µM Trolox/g). From sensory evaluation, all the produced smoothies were desirable, but the formulations with banana were scored higher compared to the pumpkin. In conclusion, smoothies composed of pumpkin, banana, and purple carrot can be a good new food product that incorporates nutritional compounds into the human diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acerola non-pomace, a by-product from the juice clarification step and rich in phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, was investigated for its biological potential through in vitro tests. Extracts were obtained using hydrothermal extraction (HT) at 121°C as well as CO 2 -expanded ethanol (GXL) at 40°C. The GXL extract contained 159 mg/g of ascorbic acid, while the HT extract showed 70 mg/g. Catechin was found only in the HT extract, and quercetin only in the GXL extract. Both extracts exhibited similar antiglycemic potential, but the GXL extract showed twice the neuroprotective potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC 50 =302 μg/mL) and lipoxygenase (LOX, IC 50 =227 μg/mL) activities. In human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), the GXL extract demonstrated better antitumor potential with an IC 50 of 100 μg/mL compared to 250 μg/mL for the HT extract. [Display omitted] • Acerola non-pomace extracts from hydrothermal (HT) and gas-expanded liquid (GXL) methods. • Ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined in the extract. • GXL extract showed better anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential. • Both extracts were promising against the metabolic activity of human breast cancer cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to graft gallic acid (GA) onto high methoxyl pectin (HMP) through the redox-pair of ascorbic acid (Aa) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) with one- and two-pot procedures. The effectiveness of the both procedures and the chemical, physical and antioxidant properties of the obtained HMP-GA were evaluated. HMP-GA one-pot (23.3 ± 0.21 mg GA Equivalent (GAE)/g) and HMP-GA two-pot (32.3 ± 0.52 mg GAE/g) were best obtained at H 2 O 2 /Aa molar ratio-HMP/GA weight ratio of 9.0–0.5 and 16.0–0.5, respectively. The UV–Vis and FT-IR spectra and along with their derivative and thermal gravimetric analyses, revealed differences between HMP-GA one-pot and HMP-GA two-pot. The latter exhibited a greater antioxidant capacity than the former in single electron transfer (ET), hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), and ET-HAT mixed assays. The chemical differences can be attributed to side reactions that may have interfered with the grafting reaction. Consequently, HMP-GA, possessing unique antioxidant and prebiotic properties, can be synthesized through redox-pair procedures. [Display omitted] • High methoxyl pectin (HMP) grafted to gallic acid (GA) by redox-pair procedures. • Two-pot redox-pair procedure showed higher grafting ratio than one-pot procedure. • HMP-GA one-pot and HMP-GA two-pot showed differences in UV–Vis, FT-IR spectra. • HMP-GA one-pot and HMP-GA two-pot showed differences in thermal gravimetric analysis. • HMP-GA two-pot exhibited a greater antioxidant capacity than HMP-GA one-pot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mango peels had high contents of fiber, mangiferin, gallic acid and β-carotene. • Washing reduced vitamin C, penta-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose, catechin and lutein. • Freezing effects on mango peels' composition were assessed for the first time. • Freezing increased and reduced free and bound phenolics, respectively. • Freezing markedly changed mango peels' microstructure. Mango peels are widely produced and highly perishable. Disinfectant washing and freezing are among the most used methods to preserve foods. However, their impact on products' properties is conditioned by the foods' features. This study evaluated for the first time the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microstructure of mango peels washed with peracetic acid (27 mg/mL for 19 min) and frozen at −20 °C for 30 days. Washing decreased the content of vitamin C (−7%), penta-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose (−23 %), catechin (−30 %), and lutein (−24 %), but the antioxidant activity was preserved. Freezing changed mango peels' microstructure, increased free phenolic compounds, namely acid gallic (+36 %) and catechin (+51 %), but reduced bound phenolic compounds (−12 % to −87 %), bound phenolic compounds' antioxidant activity (−51 % to −72 %), and violaxanthin (−51 %). Both methods were considered adequate to conserve mango peels since fiber and the main bioactive compounds (free mangiferin, free gallic acid, and β-carotene) remained unchanged or increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Haemolysis, ROS generation, and lipoperoxidation in red blood cells (RBC) were measured concomitantly using HERYCA-P. • HERYCA-P was effective in investigating the dose-dependent behaviour of food matrices. • Erythrocytes were protected against oxidative stress by teas and isolated compounds. • Quercetin was an effective standard for studying oxidative stress in erythrocytes. • HERYCA-P was positively correlated with chemical antioxidant assays. Oxidative/nitrosative damage takes part in chronic disease development, which generates an urgent need for intervention and better therapies to manage them. The scientific community has demanded easy-to-run, cheap, and reliable methods for cellular antioxidant activity assays. This work standardised and validated an erythrocyte cellular antioxidant activity and membrane protection/injury (HERYCA-P) protocol to study food-derive extracts. The method measures intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipoperoxidation, and haemolysis induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Quercetin decreased ROS generation by 50.4% and haemolysis by 2.2%, while ascorbic acid inhibited lipid peroxidation by 40.1%. Total phenolic contents of teas were correlated with decreased ROS generation (r = −0.924), lipoperoxidation (r = −0.951), and haemolysis (r = −0.869). The erythrocyte ROS generation and lipoperoxidation were also associated with CUPRAC (r = −0.925; r = −0.951) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (r = −0.936; r = −0.949). The precision rates of antioxidant standards and tea samples were below 15%. HERYCA-P is feasible as a complementary antioxidant assay for food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation is the major form of deterioration in salted-dried fish during storage. We here studied the use of Stevia rebaudiana stem (SRS) waste for impeding lipid oxidation of salted-dried Pacific saury fillets during chilled storage. Compared with Vitamin C (VC), the SRS extract (0.2%) significantly delayed lipid oxidation of the salted-dried fish, as determined through assays of the peroxide value, conjugated diene, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and acid value; VC is commonly used in salted-dried products. The color results further confirmed the feasibility of the SRS extract in maintaining the quality of the salted-dried Pacific saury fillets. The antioxidant mechanism studies unveiled that the SRS extract exhibited a higher Fe2+-chelating ability than VC, whereas the extract exhibited lower DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging abilities than VC. This indicated that the high efficacy of the SRS extract in retarding lipid oxidation may be attributable to its higher Fe2+-chelating ability. The in situ Fe2+-chelating assay conducted using confocal laser scanning microscopy further confirmed this conclusion. Potential functional phenolic compounds in the SRS extract were then profiled using the LC-MS method. The SRS waste extract can thus be applied as a natural antioxidant for delaying lipid oxidation of salted-dried fish. • The SRS extract retarded lipid oxidation of salted-dried fish. • The SRS extract (0.2%) was better than VC in retarding lipid oxidation. • The phenomenon may be attributable to the SRS extract having a better Fe2+ chelating ability than VC. • The SRS waste extract can be a source of natural antioxidants in fish products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment and storage atmosphere on phenolic composition, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity of 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) apple cultivars during a 5-month refrigerated storage period. The results showed a significant decrease in vitamin C content in both cultivars (between 40 to 85%), regardless of the storage atmosphere, with a higher reduction observed for RD apples treated with 1-MCP. However, the impact on phenolic composition varied depending on the apple cultivar and storage conditions. In the case of RD apples, the flesh exhibited increased content of total hydroxycinnamic acids; total monomeric flavan-3-ols; total oligomeric flavan-3-ols, and total dihydrochalcones when treated with 1-MCP and stored under controlled atmosphere. On the other hand, GD apples experienced a smaller reduction in total phenolic compounds compared to storage under controlled atmosphere without 1-MCP treatment (32% vs. 57%). Both GD and RD apples showed a decrease in total phenolic compounds during storage compared to initial harvest (40% and 24% reduction for GD and RD with 1-MCP treatment, respectively). These changes in phenolic composition had a significative impact on the antioxidant activity observed in both the flesh (r = 0.721, p < 0.011), associated with changes in hydroxycinnamic acids and oligomeric flavan-3-ols, and the peel (r = 0.811, p < 0.0146), associated with changes in the sum of total anthocyanins and total flavonols. Overall, the study concluded that the health-promoting properties of apples are influenced by the specific storage conditions and the application of 1-MCP, with variations dependent on the apple cultivar. These results highlight the importance of tailored storage approaches to optimize the preservation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in apples. • Golden (GD) and Red Delicious (RD) phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were studied. • GD and RD were stored under normal and controlled atmosphere and after use of 1-MCP. • Vitamin C content decrease for all storage conditions after 5-month storage for GD and RD. • 1-MCP led to an increase in the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of RD flesh. • 1-MCP led to a smaller decrease in the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of GD flesh. • 1-MCP did not prevent the loss of phenolic compounds in GD and RD peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential sage oil (ESO) was isolated from dry leaves by steam distillation with Neo-Clevenger apparatus. The chemical analysis of the ESO consisted in the assessment of the total polyphenolic content (Folin-Ciocâlteu method) and of the radical scavenging activity with DPPH. The antioxidant activity was measured using two standard compounds: gallic acid and ascorbic acid. Phenolic content of essential oil of S. officinalis was significant (15.465 mg GAE/g oil) and antioxidant activity was high. Antibacterial activity of essential sage oil was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens. The sage oil showed significant but variable antibacterial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 4 mm to 9.5.mm. The effect was stronger on Gram positive (Enterococcus, Staplylococcus) than Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia sp, Proteus sp, Klebsiella sp). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the fruits of the family Annonaceae are appreciated for their organoleptic, digestive, nutritional, dietary, medicinal, and industrial properties. Although there is information about the nutritional value of some species such as Annona muricata (soursop) and A. cherimola (cherimoya), others are noted for their medicinal properties and toxicity. However, the antioxidant and nutraceutical potential of most of them, such as that of A. purpurea (chincuya), is unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate nutritional and nutraceutical quality (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid) of three species of Annonaceae: soursop, cherimoya and chincuya, as well as to determine the toxicity of methanolic extracts of pulp, peel, seeds, and leaves of these species through a bioassay with Artemia salina, in order to contribute to the scientific knowledge of species with nutraceutical and economic potential in Mexico. The cherimoya fruit presented the highest concentration of crude protein (1.89 %), carbohydrates (20.65 %), the highest values of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn), phenolic compounds (366.27 mg EAG 100 g-1 F.W.) and ascorbic acid (48.36 mg EAA 100 g-1 F.W.). ); according to Pearson's correlation, the highest antioxidant activity was associated with the content of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid; soursop fruit was higher than the other two species in lipid (0.31 %) and flavonoid levels (10.13 mg EQ 100 g-1 F.W.). Finally, the chincuya and cherimoya seed extracts resulted extremely toxic (LC50 = 5.0 ppm), while the soursop pulp extract was classified as very toxic (LC50 = 67.5 ppm), according to the criteria reported in other investigations extremely toxic (LC50 ≤ 10 ppm) and very toxic (LC50 10 - 100 ppm) in A. salina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit plants are extremely sensitive to hail storms. Black anti-hail nets are the most frequently used in kiwifruit culture, to protect both the plant and current as well as future production. OBJECTIVE: The present trial aimed to assess if the black hail net could also serve as an amelioration agent against high temperature and irradiance during the summer months. METHODS: The photosynthetic capacity, the yield, and fruit quality (carbohydrates, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity) of "Hayward" kiwifruit cultivar, both at harvest and after three months of storage were evaluated. RESULTS: Photosynthetic capacity under the net was slightly higher compared to control, while leaf temperature was always lower during the summer and autumn. The yield was significantly enhanced under the net, while the fruits exhibited higher titratable acidity, organic acids, and ascorbic acid concentration. After the storage, fruits produced from vines grown under net still had higher organic acid content, as well as total soluble solids but lower antioxidant capacity compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: Net installation above kiwifruit canopy seems to alleviate the effects of high temperature and heat load on kiwifruit vines, under saturating light intensity, inducing higher yields with good fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]