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Ambient pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), pose significant risks to both public health and economic development. In recent years, PM2.5 concentration in China has decreased significantly, whereas that of O3 has increased rapidly, leading to considerable health risks. In this study, a generalized additive model was employed to establish the relationship of PM2.5 and O3 exposure with non-accidental mortality across 17 districts and counties in Jilin Province, China, over 2015–2016. The health burden and economic losses attributable to PM2.5 and O3 were assessed using high-resolution satellite and population data. According to the results, per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations related to an overall relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.004 (1.001–1.007) and 1.009 (1.005–1.012), respectively. In general, the spatial distribution of mortality and economic losses was uneven. Throughout the study period, a total of 23,051.274 mortalities and 27,825.015 million Chinese Yuan (CNY) in economic losses were attributed to O3 exposure, which considerably surpassing the 5,450.716 mortalities and 6,553,780 million CNY in economic losses attributed to PM2.5 exposure. The O3-related health risks and economic losses increased by 3.75% and 9.3% from 2015 to 2016, while those linked to PM2.5 decreased by 23.33% and 18.7%. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that changes in pollutant concentrations were the major factors affecting mortality rather than baseline mortality and population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), pose significant risks to both public health and economic development. In recent years, PM2.5 concentration in China has decreased significantly, whereas that of O3 has increased rapidly, leading to considerable health risks. In this study, a generalized additive model was employed to establish the relationship of PM2.5 and O3 exposure with non-accidental mortality across 17 districts and counties in Jilin Province, China, over 2015–2016. The health burden and economic losses attributable to PM2.5 and O3 were assessed using high-resolution satellite and population data. According to the results, per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations related to an overall relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.004 (1.001–1.007) and 1.009 (1.005–1.012), respectively. In general, the spatial distribution of mortality and economic losses was uneven. Throughout the study period, a total of 23,051.274 mortalities and 27,825.015 million Chinese Yuan (CNY) in economic losses were attributed to O3 exposure, which considerably surpassing the 5,450.716 mortalities and 6,553,780 million CNY in economic losses attributed to PM2.5 exposure. The O3-related health risks and economic losses increased by 3.75% and 9.3% from 2015 to 2016, while those linked to PM2.5 decreased by 23.33% and 18.7%. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that changes in pollutant concentrations were the major factors affecting mortality rather than baseline mortality and population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PM 2.5 concentration reduced by 19% but MDA8 O 3 concentration stayed generally stable from 2017 to 2019 in "2+26" cities. • PM 2.5 concentration was higher in winter while MDA8 O 3 concentration was higher in summer. • PM 2.5 and MDA8 O 3 pollution showed significant spatial autocorrelation at a prefecture-city level. • The avoidable premature deaths and economic loss from PM 2.5 and O 3 under the BCT2 scenario were 24,407, 27,501 cases, 60.8, and 68.4 billion CNY. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas (hereinafter referred to as "2+26" cities) are one of the most severe air pollution areas in China. The fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and surface ozone (O 3) pollution have aroused a significant concern on the national scale. In this study, we analyzed the pollution characteristics of PM 2.5 and O 3 in "2+26" cities, and then estimated the health burden and economic loss before and after the implementation of the joint PM 2.5 -O 3 control policy. During 2017–2019, PM 2.5 concentration reduced by 19% while the maximum daily 8 hr average (MDA8) O 3 stayed stable in "2+26" cities. Spatially, PM 2.5 pollution in the south-central area and O 3 pollution in the central region were more severe than anywhere else. With the reduction in PM 2.5 concentration, premature deaths from PM 2.5 decreased by 18% from 2017 to 2019. In contrast, premature deaths from O 3 increased by 5%. Noticeably, the huge potential health benefits can be gained after the implementation of a joint PM 2.5 -O 3 control policy. The premature deaths attributed to PM 2.5 and O 3 would be reduced by 91.6% and 89.1%, and the avoidable economic loss would be 60.8 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), and 68.4 billion CNY in 2035 compared with that in 2019, respectively. Therefore, it is of significance to implement the joint PM 2.5 -O 3 control policy for improving public health and economic development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hebei Province, located in the North China Plain (NCP) and encircling Beijing and Tianjin, has been suffering from severe air pollution. The monthly average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentration was up to 276 μg/m3 in Hebei Province, which adversely affects human health. However, few studies evaluated the coordinated health impact of exposure to PM (PM 2.5 and PM 10) and other key air pollutants (SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and surface ozone (O 3)). In this study, we systematically analyzed the health risks (both mortality and morbidity) due to multiple air pollutants exposures in Hebei Province. The economic loss associated with these health consequences was estimated using the value of statistical life (VSL) and cost of illness (COI) methods. Our results show the health burden and economic loss attributable to multiple ambient air pollutants exposures in Hebei Province is substantial. In 2017, the total premature mortality from multiple air pollutants exposures in Hebei Province was 69,833 (95% CI: 55,549–83,028), which was 2.9 times higher than that of the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). Most of the potential economic loss (79.65%) was attributable to premature mortality from air pollution. The total economic loss due to the health consequences of multiple air pollutants exposures was 175.16 (95% CI: 134.61–224.61) billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), which was 4.92% of Hebei Province's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Thus, the adverse health effects and economic loss caused by exposure to multiple air pollutants should be seriously taken into consideration. To alleviate these damages, Hebei's government ought to establish more stringent measures and regulations to better control air pollution. [Display omitted] • NO 2 was the largest contributor to premature deaths in Hebei Province. • The mortalities and morbidities attributable to air pollutants were 69,833 and 38.8 million, respectively. • The total economic loss was around 4.92% of local gross domestic product in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]