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Paper documents with severe iron gall ink corrosion are difficult to handle. While a defined treatment for the chemical stabilisation exists already, methods to improve the mechanical stabilisation have yet to be developed. The degradation of the selected objects was so advanced that the documents needed special attention concerning handling and mechanical re-enforcement. After a calciumphytate-calciumhydrogen treatment, documents were lined with light weight Japanese paper and gelatine. A workflow for treating severely degraded iron gall ink documents was developed. Since the removal of objects from the silk screen frames after the wet treatment proved to be too difficult, a PE-board was introduced as an alternative washing support. Most synthetic fleeces such as Hollytex or Paraprint adhere to its granulated surface by mechanical means. This makes PE-board a practical support during any wet treatment of paper-based objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding water absorbency in paper is challenging as fibre swelling and out-of-plane deformation occur simultaneously during liquid imbibition. Liquid absorption is commonly accessed by gravimetric tests, which provides limited information on the local spatial and temporal distribution of fluid in the substrate. In this work, we developed iron tracers to map liquid imbibition in paper by in situ precipitation of iron oxide nanoparticles during passage of the wetting front. The iron oxide tracers were found to be robustly attached to the cellulosic fibres. After liquid absorption tests, absorbency was investigated by mapping the distribution of iron in 3D using X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and in 2D using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. We demonstrate a difference in tracer distribution between the wetting front and the fully saturated region supporting that imbibition proceeds in two phases, i.e. liquid percolation through the cell wall initially prior to filling of the external pore spaces. Critically, we demonstrate that these iron tracers enhance image contrast and allow for new imaging modalities in μCT for fibre networks. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, the low cycle fatigue properties of JLF-1 steel were studied from room temperature (RT) to 873K in a vacuum condition using engineering size round bar specimens. The fatigue life at elevated temperature was almost the same as that at RT when the life was plotted against the total strain range. But when the life was plotted against the plastic strain range, the temperature effect on fatigue life exceeded the 95% confidence band. Based on TEM analysis, this tendency was caused by the interaction of dislocation changing with temperature, which will affect the possibility of crack initiation. Cyclic softening was observed in the fatigue test at elevated temperature. The cyclic stress–strain curve was obtained from the fatigue stress–strain hysteresis curves at around half life. The cyclic yield point was lower than the static one, especially at 873K. Thus, cyclic softening is a design issue at elevated temperature, which reduces the design margin significantly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this work was to study the efficiency of extraction of iron from model paper samples by use of different ligands (deferoxamine mesylate, the potassium–magnesium salt of phytic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) at varied concentrations (0.01, 0.005, and 0.001 mol L-1) and pH (7, 8, 9). Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used to monitor the total amount of iron in solutions of the respective ligands. Two types of model were used to investigate the behaviour of various iron species present in ancient iron-gall ink. Requirements for the optimal procedure, which could possibly be used in the conservation of ancient manuscripts, included high effectiveness of iron extraction from samples which modelled free iron ions (samples "Fe"), while iron deposited in the form of ink (samples "A") should remain without any visible change of the ink's intensity. The best results were achieved with the solution of 0.005 mol L-1 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (pH=9), which allowed extraction of 97±1% of iron from "Fe" model samples and only 64±1% from "A" samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]