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Enhanced Family Tree reimagines the possibilities of family trees with an evolving series of exhibits. The authors' works combine genealogical data, visualization, 3D technologies and interactivity to explore and display ancient genealogical relationships. Their new approach may reveal questionable relationships in genealogical records. Moreover, the authors' use of an organic metaphor of a "tree" can be further extended to increase public understanding and engagement. The audience's questions arising from this project show increased curiosity and nuanced questioning about their own family origins and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration among scholars in scientific research is increasingly common, making it important to address how to recommend suitable collaborators, especially for their first cooperation. To address this issue, this study focuses on 1487 core scholars in the field of library and information science in China, and then analyzes the impact of academic differences between these scholars in their first collaboration by using the propensity matching score method. It uncovers potential driving factors for scholars to reach first collaborations, including similar research productivity, contrasting academic influence, aligned research directions, and distinct research focuses. Then, the distribution of features of three types of first cooperation demonstrates that if one or both partners publish the first paper in this collaboration, the collaborative relationship tends to be more enduring and stable. In addition, the subsequent collaboration of scholars and the change in their academic differences are related to the initial academic differences between the two parties in the first collaboration. These patterns can be used to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the scholar recommendation mechanism, hence promoting research collaboration and knowledge exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigating emotion sequence patterns in the posts of discussion forums in massive open online courses (MOOCs) holds a vital role in shaping online interactions and impacting learning achievement. While the majority of research focuses on the relationship between emotions and interactions in MOOC forum discussions, research on identifying the crucial difference in emotion sequence patterns among different interaction groups remains in its infancy. Objectives: This research utilizes deep learning and sequential pattern mining to investigate whether there are differences in emotion sequence patterns across different groups of learners who exhibit various types of interactions in online discussion forums. Methods: Data from a comprehensive array of sources, including log files, discussion texts and scores from 498 learners in online discussion forums, were collected for this study. The agglomerative hierarchical algorithm is used to classify learners into groups with different levels of interactions. Additionally, we implement and evaluate multiple deep learning models for detecting different emotions from online discussions. Relevant emotion sequence patterns were identified using sequence pattern analysis and the identified emotion sequence patterns were compared across different groups with different levels of interactions. Results and Conclusions: Using an agglomerative hierarchical algorithm, we classified learners into three distinct groups characterized by different levels of interactions: high, average and low level. Leveraging the bi‐directional long short‐term memory model for emotion detection yielded the highest predictive performance, with an impressive F‐measure of 94.01%, a recall rate of 93.83% and an accuracy score of 95.01%. The results also revealed that learners in the low‐level interaction group experienced more emotion transition from boredom to frustration than the other two groups. Therefore, the aggregation of students into groups and the utilization of their MOOC log data offer educators the capability to provide adaptive emotional feedback, customize assessments and offer more personalized attention as needed. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Emotions are dynamic over time when learners experience cognitive disequilibrium/equilibrium.Online interactions are critical components, which influence learners' emotional state, cognitive processes and learning achievement.It is not clear what are differences in emotion sequence patterns across the groups with different interaction types. What the paper adds: An agglomerative hierarchical algorithm was implemented to cluster learners into three groups by analysing behavioural data.We explore possibilities for automated classification of emotions using deep learning approaches.Learners in the low‐level interaction group experienced more emotion transition from boredom to frustration. Implications for practitioners: A considerable amount of effort should be expended to identify and respond to learners who experience boredom and frustration emotions.Designing interventions or scaffolding to facilitate learners' interaction and promote favourable emotions.Educators could provide more personalized support based on learners' online interaction cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While emotional transmission is a well‐documented phenomenon, the contagion of happiness, specifically as a positive emotion, has received limited research attention. This study utilizes data from the 2015 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS2015) to analyse the effects of happiness contagion among different individual groups in urban communities. Findings indicate that individuals with positive personalities and social attitudes are more susceptible to happiness contagion. Regarding personal and job attributes, the elderly, the highly educated, the married, or people who are religious, have high incomes, work in non‐state‐owned enterprises, or work flexibly tend to receive more happiness from their neighbours. Moreover, residents living in economically developed areas exhibit a greater receptivity to happiness contagion. The paper discusses policy implications of the results. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) chat programs has opened two distinct paths, one enhancing interaction and another potentially replacing personal understanding. Ethical and legal concerns arise due to the rapid development of these programs. This paper investigates academic discussions on AI in medicine, analyzing the context, frequency, and reasons behind these conversations. Methods: The study collected data from the Web of Science database on articles containing the keyword "ChatGPT" published from January to September 2023, resulting in 786 medically related journal articles. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles in English related to medicine. Results: The United States led in publications (38.1%), followed by India (15.5%) and China (7.0%). Keywords such as "patient" (16.7%), "research" (12%), and "performance" (10.6%) were prevalent. The Cureus Journal of Medical Science (11.8%) had the most publications, followed by the Annals of Biomedical Engineering (8.3%). August 2023 had the highest number of publications (29.3%), with significant growth between February to March and April to May. Medical General Internal (21.0%) was the most common category, followed by Surgery (15.4%) and Radiology (7.9%). Discussion: The prominence of India in ChatGPT research, despite lower research funding, indicates the platform's popularity and highlights the importance of monitoring its use for potential medical misinformation. China's interest in ChatGPT research suggests a focus on Natural Language Processing (NLP) AI applications, despite public bans on the platform. Cureus' success in publishing ChatGPT articles can be attributed to its open-access, rapid publication model. The study identifies research trends in plastic surgery, radiology, and obstetric gynecology, emphasizing the need for ethical considerations and reliability assessments in the application of ChatGPT in medical practice. Conclusion: ChatGPT's presence in medical literature is growing rapidly across various specialties, but concerns related to safety, privacy, and accuracy persist. More research is needed to assess its suitability for patient care and implications for non-medical use. Skepticism and thorough review of research are essential, as current studies may face retraction as more information emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated a research area worthy of greater attention: foreign language classroom anxiety (hereafter FLCA) and enjoyment (hereafter FLE) of older adults learning English as a foreign language in Chinese Universities of the Third Age. Understanding the largely overlooked emotional involvement of older language learners contributes to sustaining their motivation in lifelong learning for more remarkable personal growth and successes. Based on the survey of 587 Chinese older learners of English between the age of 50 and 80, paired sample t-test showed that more FLE was reported than FLCA. The results of Welch's ANOVA suggested that those who were better educated had less FLCA and those who believed themselves healthier had more FLE. The language performance evaluation (i.e. relative standing in class and English mastery) affects both FLE and FLCA. Further interviews with 34 older participants revealed three major sources of FLE, including the language use in life situations, the favorable attitude toward FL learning in the cognitive, aesthetic cultural and pragmatic aspects and the social interactions in the U3As. FLCA occurs when the language performance is perceived as dissatisfying and when aspects of mental health (e.g. worsening memory) impede effective learning. Although FLCA and FLE had only a very weak correlation, Chinese older adult learners commented on a shared belief that anxiety usually precedes and subsequently enhances enjoyment in learning, indicating a sign of emotional resilience later in life. This paper demonstrates a need for understanding the emotions in language learning across life stages and socio-cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2009, the Chinese government incorporated severe mental disorders into the central subsidized local health funding project for the effective management, treatment, and reintegration of patients with severe mental disorders from hospitals into the community (Project 686). The conditions that were classified as 'severe' by this project included: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, paranoid disorders, bipolar disorders, mental disorders caused by epilepsy, and mental retardation accompanying mental disorders. Patients in rural communities received better care after project implementation, of which 62.91% were farmers. Objective: This paper attempts to investigate the complex impact of Project 686 on the levels of rehabilitation of patients by their families. Methods: The last follow-up visit of the community psychiatrists in city H in 2020 was used as the time point. Finally, 174 samples were used in the analysis model. The type of kinship between family caregivers and patients with mental disorders was operationalized according to the information provided under the 'primary caregiver' item within the basic information section of the follow-up form. The software Stata15 was used to perform descriptive statistics, baseline regression model analysis, and a robustness test on the types of kinship identified and patients' recovery. Results: The types of kinship, current symptoms, and medication use all affected patients' recovery, were found to have regression coefficients of −0.148, −1.756, and 0.902, respectively. Parents of patients with mental disorders remain in the caregiver category with the largest proportion. Community acceptance of patients is high; current symptoms, medication use, and types of caregiver-patient relationships influence patients' recovery levels. Conclusions and discussion: Project 686 has solved some of the rehabilitation and living difficulties of patients with mental disorders in rural communities. The types of kinship between family caregivers and patients with mental disorders in rural communities affect patients' rehabilitation levels. Patients' current symptoms and medication use can effectively moderate the impact of kinship type on patients' recovery in terms of complete self-knowledge, productive work, and life and good social relationships. It is necessary for mental illness prevention-treatment organizations to establish supplemental, replacement, and substitution mechanisms for the life and rehabilitation of patients with mental disorders in rural communities. Furthermore, the sense of reward and concern for family caregivers should be actively enhanced, and greater scientific use of the rehabilitation function of the 'family care + village doctor management' model should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung had a lifelong interest in the I Ching after discovering it in 1919. Jung's interest in the I Ching is arguably more practical than purely theoretical or intellectual, and references to I Ching divination appear frequently in his various publications, seminars, letters and clinical practice records. After a few observations on the history of the study of the I Ching in China, the author categorizes Jung's three uses of the I Ching as physical use (to preview future potentials of outer reality), psychological use (to reveal one's psychological state), and psychical approach (to engage with the divine through "神"["shen", spiritual agencies]). Finally, the author discusses the current Jungian engagement by demonstrating clinical cases in contemporary times. Some Jungian analysts practise I Ching divination to obtain insights into the physical and psychological state of therapeutic relationships and for personal development. This paper is a historical and critical engagement of the Jungian practice of I Ching divination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Learning‐by‐teaching is a generative learning strategy in which students are told they will have to teach what they are learning to others. Although learning‐by‐teaching has been shown to be effective in some cases, few studies have established guidelines for how to optimize the benefits of learning‐by‐teaching as a generative learning strategy from a social presence perspective. Objectives: This study seeks to clarify the learning‐by‐teaching hypothesis and to pinpoint the optimal level of social presence during learning‐by‐teaching that is most conducive to learning. Methods: In Experiment 1, college students received a lesson with instructions that afterwards they would explain the material to others by making a video, explain the material aloud to themselves, or restudy the material. In Experiment 2, college students viewed a multimedia lesson with instructions that afterwards they would explain the materials by making a video, explain to an onscreen student, or explain to a student in person. Results and Conclusions: Teaching by making a video was better than restudying, self‐explaining, and teaching face‐to‐face or online. Teaching quality was better in video teaching than self‐explaining and face‐to‐face or online teaching. Teaching by making a video is ideal because it primes generative processing while minimizing extraneous processing. Implications: This study is the first to manipulate different levels of social presence of oral teaching to determine the optimal form of learning‐by‐teaching, which preliminarily clarifies generative learning and social presence theory and has implications for both empirical and theoretical research. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Learning‐by‐teaching is a generative learning strategy in which learners are told they will explain the material in the lesson to others after the lesson.Although learning‐by‐teaching has been shown to be effective in some cases, few studies have established guidelines for how to optimize the benefits of learning‐by‐teaching as a generative learning strategy from a social presence perspective. What this paper adds: Teaching by making a video was better than restudying, self‐explaining, and teaching face‐to‐face or online.Teaching quality was better in video teaching than self‐explaining and face‐to‐face or online teaching.Making a video creates suitable and lower social presence but more generative processing.This work shows the importance of balancing the positive effects of a moderate amount of social presence as a motivator with the potential negative effects of too much social presence as a distractor. Implications for practice and/or policy: Instructors should encourage students to record an instructional video explaining what they learned from a lesson. This serves as a generative learning activity that is more effective than self‐explaining or restudying the materials.The sense of social presence during teaching activities should not be too high. Thus, asking students to teach face‐to‐face is not a recommended approach.Instructors should set an appropriate level of social presence and take care to avoid adding extraneous distractions when implementing learning‐by‐teaching to help students achieve an optimal learning performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China the nominal addresses are common elements in the personal interaction. 老 /lao/, 大/da/ and 小/xiao/, indicators of the age of the people, are used to form titles of professions, posts and social status, which have to do with their special signification in the Chinese culture. On the other hand, they are used, with the kinship names and family names, to denote and connote different interpersonal relations, because they are expressions filled with feelings. This paper explores their semantic and pragmatic characteristics with a presentation of the nominal addresses formed with 老/lao/, 大/da/ and 小/xiao/ and their translation into Spanish in La fortaleza asediada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, universities in northeastern China have been losing teachers. This paper uses the survey results of university teachers in Northeastern China to analyze the factors that cause the loss of teachers in universities in Northeastern China. Based on the findings of this study, the factors that affect the flow tendency of teachers at worklife include promotion and development, university management, working conditions, salary and interpersonal relationship, of which promotion and development has the greatest impact. The factors that affect the flow tendency of teachers in the external environment include family responsibility, organizational prestige, conditions for talent acquisition and urban living environment, of which organizational prestige has the greatest impact. To alleviate the loss of teachers in universities from northeastern China, universities can improve the promotion and development channels of teachers, perfect their working conditions and management level, raise the basic salary standard of teachers and establish a remuneration system for distribution according to performance. For good measure, they can also stabilize the current teachers while attracting more outstanding talents by exploiting the advantages of location, making more efforts to build high-level disciplines, and offering more favorable conditions for talent introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing tendency for users to expect conversational agents (CAs) to recognise social cues and follow interpersonal communication principles to enhance their subjective evaluation. Therefore, this paper studies how personal pronouns should be used by CAs in response to users. We conducted a 3 (CAs' personal pronoun) × 3 (users' personal pronoun) × 2 (participants'gender) mixed design. this study used mixed methods based on an experimental design, including ratings, forced choices and interviews, for mutual confirmation. The findings indicate that first, users prefer that CAs use second-person pronouns. Second, there is also turn-taking and convergence tendency between users and CAs in personal pronoun use. Third, there are gender differences in personal pronoun preferences and relationship positions toward CAs. These results can inform personalised voice interaction and humanlike design and help build closer relationships between users and CAs in future human–computer interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedonia and eudaimonia have been proposed as pathways to well-being. However, the direction of the causal relationship between them remains unclear. This study examined if happiness motivations may be resources leading to a happy life, or vice versa. Cross-lagged associations between happiness motivations (i.e. hedonic motivation and eudaimonic motivation) and subjective well-being (i.e. positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) were tested. Four hundred and ninety-four Chinese adolescents (233 males; mean age 13.26 ± 0.70 years) participated in a two-wave paper and pencil study. The cross-lagged analysis showed that eudaimonic motivation was a significant predictor of positive affect and life satisfaction over time. No cross-lagged effects between eudaimonic motivation and negative affect, or between hedonic motivation and subjective well-being components were established. The results highlight the predictive power of eudaimonic motivation on adolescents' subjective well-being later on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School placement is a critical part of initial teacher education (ITE) that provides authentic contexts in which preservice teachers (PSTs) can bridge theory and practice. This paper presents an exploratory study of PSTs' practical knowledge orientations during a six-week school placement. As a reflective tool, concept mapping helped the nine Chinese PSTs probe the orientations of their practical knowledge. The follow-up interviews strengthened our findings of the following three orientations of PSTs' practical knowledge: interpersonal-interaction-oriented, problem-solving-oriented, and professional-identity-oriented knowledge. Based on the participants' annotation, the differences in the PSTs' knowledge orientations are influenced by their prior teaching experience, received mentoring, and critical events during placement. This study provides transnational implications for developing PSTs' practical knowledge with reflection by using concept mapping during on-site practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to concerns over the assumed 'feminisation' of early childhood education and care (ECEC) and adds children's perspectives to debates on whether more men should work in ECEC. Pictorial conversations were conducted with 280 children aged 2–6 years old from the cities of Edinburgh, Hong Kong and Tianjin. Findings show that although children sometimes related practitioners to their gendered experiences in and outside ECEC, children's gender subjectivities are dynamic and are linked to their short‐term and long‐term, fluid and stable, and interactive relationships with practitioners. This paper argues that practitioners need to openly discuss gender with children in ECEC practices and pedagogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the emergence of the role of "moral doctors" who volunteer in what are called "moral clinics" in Huzhou city. In these moral clinics, the characteristics, experiences, and attributes of older women, in particular, are highly valued and viewed as being essential to the role of the moral doctor. These moral doctors act as moral exemplars and conflict mediators in their local communities. Their moral capital and professionalism, combined with their gender, age, familial and neighborhood attributes, contribute to the accumulation of an affective feminized labor which employs the techniques of care, reason, and moral fortitude to govern the self and others. We unpack these ethical virtues exemplified by moral doctors and nurses in order to show how a female‐centric "ethic of care" can become a set of techniques in governing others. In this paper, we elaborate on the role that these moral doctors perform to support the aims of the moral clinics in terms of fostering pro‐social behavior and moral obligation in local communities. We argue that the performance of this type of "moral work" is both a mechanism of discipline and a process of self‐actualization. We contribute to the current literature on "therapeutic governance" in China by showing how the non‐expert medicalization of social ills by moral doctors is incorporated into the reproduction of social control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the moderating effect of positive reciprocity beliefs and the mediating effect of interpersonal trust on the relationship between proactive personality and individual life satisfaction in China. In study one, 371 employees completed a survey, the results of which showed that proactive personality was positively related to employee life satisfaction; however, positive reciprocity beliefs did not moderate this association. In study two, 244 Chinese adolescents completed a two-wave survey with a 4-month interval. These results also confirmed that proactive personality was positively related to individual life satisfaction, and interpersonal trust mediated the association. Positive reciprocity beliefs moderated the effect of proactive personality on interpersonal trust and, furthermore, moderated the mediating effect of interpersonal trust on the relationship between proactive personality and life satisfaction. The findings, theoretical contributions, and practical implications of the present paper are discussed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework to elucidate transport-related social exclusion (TRSE) in rural China. Drawing from participant observations across 146 villages in Guangdong (2643 rural residents), we illuminate the multifaceted nature of TRSE in Chinese villages. In term of interregional transport challenges, rural residents are socially excluded due to inadequate transport infrastructure and services. In contrast, within the microcosm of intravillage transport, residents adeptly harness available transport resources to craft exclusionary strategies. This emergent form of TRSE, distinct from previous paradigms, sees villagers deploying transport as an instrument to deliberately exclude the Other based on the depth and nuances of their interpersonal relationships. This exclusion manifests through unique characteristics: the nebulous contours of marginalised groups, mutual exclusion between rural residents, ethical ambivalence, and its profound resonance with traditional cultural norms. Given the intricate layers that seem to eclipse the phenomena observed in urban contexts, we underscore the imperative for a more nuanced exploration of TRSE in rural landscapes. • Participant observation of 2643 rural residents in 146 villages in Guangdong • A novel form of exclusion based on the depth and nuances of interpersonal relationships • Villagers deploying transport as an instrument to deliberately exclude others • Transport-related social exclusion in rural China manifests through 4 unique characteristics • The nebulous contours of marginalised groups, mutual exclusion, ethical ambivalence, and resonance with traditional norms • Transport-related social exclusion in rural China is rooted in the bedrock of traditional Chinese culture [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary college students in China are facing the pressure of study, employment and interpersonal relationship in current complicated society, and their mental health condition is not optimistic. Therefore, it plays a crucial role by integrating TCM elements into mental health education. The paper deliberates the problem of integrating TCM elements into mental health education of college students, and puts forward suggestions and measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Currently, there are no self‐management resources in Australia that support both Chinese immigrant patients affected by cancer and their caregivers. This paper reports on the development and acceptability assessment of a self‐management intervention (WeCope) in terms of its scope, social and cultural relevance and sensitivity. Methods: Using a community participatory approach in this qualitative study, patients, caregivers and community members took part in semi‐structured focus groups or interviews in Cantonese, Mandarin or English to develop and provide feedback on the acceptability of 'WeCope'. Content analysis was performed on the transcripts using inductive (codes) and deductive (themes and categories) methods. Results: Patients (n = 17), caregivers (n = 10) and community members (n = 2) participated. Four themes were developed, guided by the framework of cultural sensitivity in interventions: (1) content preference and satisfaction; (2) perceived usefulness and usability; (3) cultural relevance and acceptability; and (4) layout and presentation. Participants most commonly wanted more information about treatment‐related issues (n = 14) and available support services (n = 14). Conclusion: Chinese patients and caregivers expressed overall satisfaction with the WeCope resource and provided suggestions for improvement, including provision of more treatment‐related information and contact details for available support while reducing the overall resource length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A marriage of convenience has been defined as a reciprocal relationship between a gay man and a lesbian that provides a way to cope with social, cultural, family, and political stress, but this definition may be oversimplified in explaining this type of reciprocal relationship in a guanxi (the system of social networks and influential relationships that facilitate business and other dealings) society such as China. Such relationships are undergoing a process of development and change rather than remaining stable in Chinese guanxi society. This paper explores the nature and process of the development of marriages of convenience between gay men and lesbians in China. The data were collected and analyzed according to the grounded theory method. A theoretical sampling strategy was employed, and a sample of 15 people involved in so‐called marriages of convenience was recruited from gay and lesbian communities in China. In our research, we found that the marriage relationships documented in this study included four stages: (1) men dang hu dui (being matched for marriage), (2) partnership, (3) friendship, and (4) kinship. Building a suitable relationship in a marriage of convenience can help gay men and lesbians meet social expectations while simultaneously retaining a degree of autonomy for their own homosexual identities. Maintaining and developing guanxi is a basic method of conflict resolution in Chinese society. Meanwhile, the ambiguity of the relationship within a marriage of convenience may cause conflict in these marriages. Treatment modalities are recommended to reorganize the system structuring these marriages and clarify ambiguous family boundaries by redefining who is in the family unit and his and her associated roles and responsibilities in the marriage of convenience. We conclude that more research is warranted to investigate how family therapy can be adapted for Chinese gay and lesbian individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the COVID‐19 epidemic crisis, students from higher education institutions around the world are forced to participate in comprehensive online curriculums. In such a scenario, it is worth investigating how students perceived their learning outcomes and satisfaction based on this method of teaching and learning online. This study aims to explore the role of six factors, namely, system quality, course design, learner‐learner interaction, learner‐instructor interaction, learner‐content interaction, and self‐discipline, on university students' perceived learning outcomes and their effect on student satisfaction with online curricula during the COVID‐19 epidemic. A structural equation modelling technique was used to assess survey questionnaires obtained from 457 validated students at a Public University in China. The results demonstrated that these determinants had a positive effect on satisfaction and learning outcomes, whereas learner‐instructor interaction had no significant effect. Furthermore, the strongest determinant that affected not only students' satisfaction but also their learning outcomes was the learner‐content interaction. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Online teaching can support students' learning in COVID‐19 epidemic.Various determining factors affect students' learning outcomes and satisfaction towards online learning. What this paper adds?: This study investigates six determinants on students' learning outcomes and satisfaction towards online learning.Learner‐content interaction yielded a stronger effect on university students' learning outcomes and satisfaction.Learner‐instructor interaction has no significant effect. Implications for practice and/or policy: System quality, course design, learner‐learner interaction, learner‐content interaction, and self‐discipline, had a positive impact on university students' perceived learning outcomes and satisfaction in COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a phenomenon that has become popular in mainland China in recent years, "mosheng ren communication," focusing specifically on an application known as Momo, a social discovery and dating platform that is widely used in China. It first outlines the context of post-Mao China, which has produced urbanism, individualization, and a sexual revolution. Thereafter, it turns to the theories of the stranger and cosmopolitanism, which are used to analyze mosheng ren communication. This paper adopts cultural discourse analysis as the analytical procedure to present the findings of online and offline interviews conducted in both Beijing and Shanghai to examine how Momo users in urban metropolises make use of this app in order to analyze the cultural radiants in their communication practices. Based on the data obtained, this paper analyzes mosheng ren communication in the Chinese context and describes how Momo is designed to facilitate it. Momo users can enter into sexual relations based on the use of authentic photos on their profiles; alternatively, they can communicate anonymously. They are also "in-between" traditional Chinese values and new values. Momo users contribute a Chinese form of cosmopolitanism through cultivation of insensitivity to mosheng ren, while their engagement in mosheng ren communication implies that the members of are more open to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This paper explores the effects of four dimensions of social exclusion on self-rated health and depression among older people in China. • Lower level of exclusion from social relationships was associated with less likely to report fair or poor SRH. • Lower level of subjective feelings of exclusion was associated with less likely to report fair or poor SRH. • Lower level of subjective feeling of exclusion was associated with less likely to report depression. • Lower level of exclusion from financial products was associated with less likely to report depression. Abstract Background It is well established that social exclusion is a key social determinant of health; however, such association between social exclusion and health outcomes among older people remain a relatively under-researched area. This paper explores the effects of four dimensions of social exclusion on self-rated health and depression among older people in China. Methods This paper includes 8038 individuals aged 60 and over from the first wave national multi-stage probability sample (2014) from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). Descriptive univariate information for individual variables and four dimensions of social exclusion are presented. Multinomial and binary logistic regression models are used to examine the associations between social exclusion and self-rated health and depression. Results Older people who were in the lower level of exclusion from social relationships or subjective feelings of exclusion were significantly less likely to report fair or poor self-rated health than people in the higher level of exclusion (lower level of exclusion from social activities was significantly associated with being less likely to report poor SRH only). Older people who were in the lower level of subjective feeling of exclusion or exclusion from financial products were significantly less likely to report depression. Conclusions Different dimensions of social exclusion have different effects on self-rated health and depression. Social policies need to reflect this and efforts of services could usefully be oriented to prevent multi-dimensions of social exclusion. Ultimately, such policies should have the potential to enhance the health of older people in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To people familiar with Confucian teachings about revering elders, it may be surprising that, over the last decade and a half, a discourse has emerged and spread widely in China in which elders are denigrated as out-of-date and corrupt. Using newspaper articles, commentaries and videos, this paper first traces the emergence of intergenerational conflicts over bus seats, along with related phenomena that have become flashpoints in the new elder-blaming discourse. Second, this paper delineates and challenges popular and academic notions that intergenerational differences in values and dispositions entirely account for intergenerational conflict. Specifically, it criticizes a notion, popular in China, that the older generations became corrupted through a series of historical misfortunes from the 1959-1961 famine onward. Aided by the tools of cross-cultural comparison, historicization, and media studies, it offers alternative explanations for intergenerational conflict, including underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of public resources, occupational pressures on the younger generations, and a decline in social trust. Third, this paper discusses why an elder-blaming discourse has been so possible to propagate. Owing to their greater illiteracy and lack of internet access, China's older generations can rarely make their voices heard amidst sensationalist reporting that over-represents their offenses. Further, that the Chinese population is concerned with starkly increasing and profound social problems, yet is given few opportunities to comment on these problems' structural roots, contributes to elder scapegoating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microblogs are revolutionising the way users produce, consume and distribute short content. The continuous content contributions of users are crucial for the sustainable development of microblogs. Knowledge regarding this user behaviour is scarce. Based on the uses and gratifications theory (U&G) and the social influence theory (SIT), this paper proposes an integrated research model with the aim of understanding the factors that affect users' continuous content contribution behaviours (CCCB) on microblogs. The data were collected from 379 microblog users in China. The empirical results indicate that perceived gratification had a positive but surprisingly trivial effect on continuous content contribution behaviours. Social influence had a strong and significantly positive effect on users' CCCB, it also had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between perceived gratification and CCCB. Users' perceived gratification was positively affected by the antecedents of self-expression, anticipated extrinsic rewards and anticipated reciprocity but negatively affected by privacy concerns. The platform attributes of microblogs (i.e. accessibility and interactivity) also influenced users' perceived gratification. This research contributes to social media research with regards to the theory of users' CCCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the paper "Shame: An Acute Stress Response to Interpersonal Traumatization," by Dianne Trumbull. Topics mentioned include the visual dimension, power, and pain of shame, distinction between shame and guilt, the role of shame in development and attachment emotion, the impact of shame on self-esteem, and the interaction of shame and culture.

What are the prospects of U.S.-China relations in the area of human rights? Skeptics maintain that human rights is no longer an issue between the United States and China. A traditional understanding of U.S.–China relations ignores the role of norms, while the constructivist perspective recognizes their independent effects. This paper links the traditional understanding of power politics between the United States and China with the study of constructivist norm research. The three findings of constructivist norm theories are relevant and applied to predict the status of human rights in U.S.-China relations: the historical construction of norms, the long-term and multifaceted effects of norms, and the persistence of norms. Based on these theoretical predictions, it is expected that, although convergence is not completely impossible, the past dynamic of competition and confrontation will continue and human rights will still be a contentious issue in U.S.-China relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper investigates the association between household debt and children's psychological well-being and further explored the mediating role of parent–child relations. • Household debt, especially mortgage debt, is positively associated with psychological illnesses among children. • Parent-child relations mediate the link between household debt and children's psychological well-being. Household debt is a psychological stressor for those who take the debt on, but it remains unclear whether and how this money-related stressor influences children's psychological well-being. The study investigated the association of household debt with children's psychological well-being and further explored the mediating role of parent–child relations. Data were obtained from two waves (2016 and 2018) of the China Family Panel Studies, with a sample of 1,828 children included. The Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale was applied to measure psychological well-being. Household debt was assessed by absolute and relative amounts of total debt, mortgage debt, and non-mortgage debt. We used positive and negative parent–child interaction to measure parent–child relations. The characteristics of children, parents, and households were included as covariates. Household debt, especially mortgage debt, was positively associated with psychological illnesses among children, and the link was substantially explained by parent–child relations. Household debt exerted detrimental effects on children's psychological well-being by jeopardizing parent–child relations in China. Strategies that address the need of vulnerable children are required to reduce the potentially negative psychological well-being outcomes of household debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Chinese immigrants to Canada perceive and experience sexuality in a transnational context as revealed in a qualitative study. It identifies cultural interactions and tensions between ‘the West’ and ‘China’ embedded in participants’ sexual narratives. Three thematic aspects of sexuality are explored: different views toward ‘relationships’ and how sex is involved in different stages of a relationship; physical desire and sexual attraction based on individuals’ dialogues with contemporaries and their own cross-racial dating experience; and perceptions of sexual risks associated with an increasing awareness of China’s opening up, in particular risks associated with attitudes towards condom use. The paper also discusses how such sexual narratives challenge dichotomous imaginings of ‘sexual openness/conservativeness’ in the West-China relationship. Findings help us to better understanding how Chinese immigrants to Canada view the West through the lens of sexuality, and how their transnational experiences have challenge the West-China dichotomy in the sexual imagination and shape understandings of sexual risk. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The underlying spatial forces of firm networking practices are understudied in the literature of economic geography. This paper aims to reveal patterns and mechanisms of networking practices and relates them to China's transitional context based on empirical data from a firm survey in the Pearl River Delta. It addresses the localisation effect as the primary factor in explaining the selection of networking partners. The results of this paper suggest a strong tendency towards networking with local government agencies vis-à-vis weak linkages with business partners. Furthermore, it reveals that the intent of bonding with local authorities through interpersonal relationships increases with the localisation of customers. Meanwhile, firms are more likely to pursue learning-oriented networks with competitors as the number of suppliers in the same city increases. The findings add to the understanding of network relations in China, in particular to the rationales behind relations to local government officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To stop cheating behaviors in the online game, game providers have taken various measures, especially the anti-cheating system (ACS), but cheating behaviors are still endless. From the perspective of information interaction, this paper aims to analyze how to effectively persuade gamers to give up cheating. In academic literature, ELM and signaling theory are mainly used for information interaction. Signaling theory provides a relatively concrete framework for information transmission, and ELM explains information processing in the receiver's perception. For maximizing their benefits, we propose a united persuasion model that signals (technical advantage, attitude of game providers, perceived risk, source credibility, and critical mass) and personal factors (self-efficacy, personal engagement, and positive cheating attitude) are regarded to affect gamer's intention to stop cheating. Based on data collected from 248 gamers who have held the intention to cheat once in China, the result reveals technical advantage cannot give significant influence on intention to stop cheating, which answers why current ACS cannot work as expected. Interestingly, intention to stop cheating is negatively influenced by the attitude of game provider, indicating coercive measures may cause a gamer's psychological reactance. Result also suggests personal factors significantly affect the intention to stop cheating. Our study helps game providers effectively persuade gamers to give up cheating, and also provides directions for future information interaction-related studies. • Anti-cheating technical advantage may not decrease cheating intention. • Attitude of game provider negatively affects intention to stop cheating. • Gamers prefer using simple information to decide whether to stop cheating or not. • Personal factors significantly influence the intention to stop cheating behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusive development strategy proposed by the Chinese government embraces social inclusion for older people. In line with most developing countries, China's policy on social inclusion for older people focuses almost exclusively on material security in the form of pensions. This paper examines the impact of pensions on social inclusion for older people across four dimensions: family interaction, social support, social participation and self-assessment using data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey. The results demonstrate that pensions improve dramatically the relationships between older adults and their family members and friends, and therefore their social inclusion in the life world. The exception is social participation which seems to be immune to material income effects. However, the stratified pension system in China generates complex and hierarchical effects on social inclusion among different sub-groups. Social inclusion among older people with high exclusion risks but low pensions is very sensitive to pension levels. Conversely, most pensions are distributed to those with the lowest exclusion risks as a result of the disappearance of their impact on social inclusion. We argue that future social inclusion policies for older people in China should focus first on achieving greater equality in pensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a form of organized crime, pyramid scheme has brought huge economic losses to many countries, especially China, and caused serious social problems. How to deeply analyze the structure of pyramid scheme organizations is a necessary topic to explore and combat pyramid scheme organizations. Social network analysis is an effective method to study organized crime. Among them, the motif and exponential random graph models are effective tools for studying organizational microstructure, endogenous process. For the first time, this paper uses the social network analysis to study the interpersonal relationship network of a specific pyramid scheme organization, the typical case of "5.03" in Hunan Province was taken as the research object, and the above model was used for modeling analysis. The results show that the interpersonal relationship network has a sparse density. The microstructure is not a pyramid structure that is generally considered, but presents more ternary closures. Cross-community links, cross-level links between core employees and surrounding employees are less. The pyramid scheme network of interpersonal relationships has obvious homogeneity characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Hukou system, a major tool for social control employed by the government, has undergone various fundamental reforms and has received increasing attention in recent years. This study investigates the relationship between Hukou policy innovations and migrant children's cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes, which are vital to the lifetime development of individuals. On the basis of 2654 children holding non-local Hukou from the 2013–2014 wave of the China Education Panel Survey, the results show that migrant students who expect to have fair access to local senior high schools have significantly higher test scores and higher educational aspirations than their counterparts. The expectation of attending a local senior high school improves migrant students' relationship with teachers and the social acclimation with classmates. These findings carry policy implications for addressing migrant children's educational challenges and shed light on China's reform of its Hukou system to achieve social justice and equality. • This paper analyzes the impacts of Hukou reforms on migrant students. • Test scores are higher for migrant students expecting fair access to local senior high schools. • Fair access is positively related to higher educational aspirations. • Fair access improves student-teacher relationships for migrant students. • Fair access improves classmate relationships for migrant students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The paper characterizes outpatient communication in a major cancer hospital in southern China with regard to the structure, style and focus of doctor–patient communication. Method: Fifty‐one encounters between doctors and patients were recorded in the outpatient department of the cancer hospital and analysed inductively to identify patterns of doctor–patient outpatient communication. Results: Outpatient communication in the cancer hospital is characterized by structuralized conversation, doctor domination of the conversation and a focus on technology during communication. These characteristics suggest an extreme inequality of power between Chinese doctors and patients at the individual level. They are also shaped by the institutional environment of Chinese hospitals. Discussion: Measures should be taken at both the interpersonal and institutional level to improve doctor–patient communication. At the micro‐interpersonal level, public education and professional skills training are needed to improve communication and promote mutual understanding between patients and doctors. At the macro‐institutional level, changes are needed in terms of transforming the structural factors that shape doctor–patient communication. Conclusions: Structuralized conversation, doctor domination of the conversation and a focus on technology during outpatient encounters present challenges to effective doctor–patient communication. These patterns are shaped by the institutional environment of Chinese hospitals and suggest the extreme power imbalance between Chinese doctors and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Social Q&A communities are becoming increasingly popular, but literature on users' continued participation is still relatively limited. Based on theory of planned behavior, this paper aims to answer two research questions: (1) what are the factors that motivate users to continuously participate in online social Q&A communities? (2) How do the factors differ across lurkers, askers and answerers? An online survey was performed on a Chinese social Q&A community. And motivational factors are selected from three perspectives: psychological, social and functional. Results indicate that commitment, shared language and shared vision have positive influence on both lurkers' and answerers' attitude towards continued participation. Concerning the functional dimension, hypotheses about influence of network externalities on users' perceived usefulness are partially supported. And about the psychological dimension, motivations differ greatly between lurkers and answerers. Highlights • Motivational factors affecting users' continued participation in social Q&A communities are studied. • Commitment, shared language and shared vision positively affect lurkers' and answerers' continued participation attitude. • Hypotheses about impacts of network externalities on users' perceived usefulness are partially supported. • Enjoyment in helping others is found to positively affect answerers' continued participation attitude, but not lurkers. • Knowledge demand is found to be a significant predictor of lurkers' continued participation attitude, but not answerers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing acknowledgement of social relationship as an important determinant of health. However, most evidence comes from developed countries, and the question of whether social relationship can predict health in developing countries remains poorly understood. This paper empirically examined how social relationships influence health in China. Data was collected from the Chinese Household Income Project, contained around 5000 migrant households, 8000 rural households and 5000 urban households. Self-reported general health and psychological health which was assessed by General Health Questionnaire. Social relationship was positively associated with health and psychological health, although the indices varied in strength. Social support, social connectedness and trust operated differently in predicting health in the three populations. The findings supported that social relationship influences health through both a stress-buffering process (helping people to cope with stress) and a main-effect process (promoting positive psychological states or healthy behaviors irrespective of stress). Among all the measures, neighborhood relationship satisfaction as one variable to capture social connectedness and generalized trust showed a stable and sizable effect in predicting health across the three populations, suggesting that neighborhood ties and generalized trust are important supportive resources for Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do leftist governments in Latin America prefer building relationships with China rather than with the U.S., particularly in the twenty-first century? This paper examines the nature of the interrelationship between the U.S. and Latin America, and that between China and Latin America, and argues that the embedded political and ideological aspects are key factors to consider when answering the question, albeit in a prevailing capitalism-oriented world economy. This has been evident in the historical trajectory of China’s relationship with Latin America, which has evolved in a manner quite different from the way in which the U.S. has interacted with Latin America. While this paper acknowledges that economic factors are more important in shaping the nature of relationships among nation-states, this research explores the extent to which the elites' individual levels of perception and their embedded ideological orientation towards the third party plays a critical role in guiding the interaction which they carry out among themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper reports on a research study that aims to identify and explain barriers to knowledge sharing (KS) in the provision of healthcare referral services in Chinese healthcare organisations. Design: An inductive case study approach was employed, in which 24 healthcare professionals and workers from four healthcare organisations in the province of Hubei, Central China, were interviewed using semi-structured scripts. Results: Through data analysis, 14 KS barriers emerged in four main themes: interpersonal trust barriers, communication barriers, management and leadership barriers, and inter-institutional barriers. A cause-consequence analysis of the identified barriers revealed that three of them are at the core of the majority of problems, namely, the absence of national and local policies for inter-hospital KS, lack of a specific hospital KS requirement, and lack of mutual acquaintance. Conclusions: To resolve KS problems, it is of great importance that healthcare governance agencies, both at the national and regional levels, take leadership in the process of KS implementation by establishing specific and strong policies for inter-institutional KS in the referral process. This paper raises important issues that exceed academic interests and are important to healthcare professionals, hospital managers, and Information communication technology (ICT) managers in hospitals, as well as healthcare politicians and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives. To describe nurses' perceptions concerning their professional practice environment in mainland China and identify factors associated with these views. Background. Globally, the environments in which nurses work influence the quality of nursing practice and health care. Design. A cross-sectional descriptive survey using both paper- and online-based delivery modes was used. Method. A convenience sampling method was used. The survey questionnaire was composed of sociodemographic items and the 38-item Chinese version of Professional Practice Environment survey. The content of the paper-based questionnaire was identical to the online survey. Pearson's chi-square test was conducted to compare the demographic characteristics of these two data sets. Descriptive statistics analysis included frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Multiple linear regression analysis using the Backwards method was applied to identify independent predictors of each subscale of the 38-item Chinese version of Professional Practice Environment. Results. A total of 573 questionnaires were analysed. The mean score of each subscale of the 38-item Chinese version of Professional Practice Environment in this study ranged from 2-66-3-05. All subscales except work motivation (3-05, standard deviation: 0-44) scored less than 3-0. Areas rated as most in need of improvement included control over practice, interpersonal interaction, supportive leadership and handling conflict, and staff relationships with physicians and autonomy. Conclusion. This study has identified nurses' perspectives regarding their workplaces in contemporary China. These data have provided an important baseline for developing and implementing culturally appropriate strategies to improve the working environment of Chinese nurses. Relevance to clinical practice. A supportive and enabling work environment promotes professional development and the safety and quality of health care. Addressing these factors is important in optimising work place environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the way in which some Chinese gay men negotiate dance performances in parks and other public spaces in an attempt to invent and experiment with 'possible selves'. In most circumstances, these same men conceal their sexual orientation for fear of stigma and discrimination, experiencing in the process something of a 'divided self'. Little attention has been given to understanding the way such individuals negotiate and construct same-sex experiences, especially through the negotiation of specific and restricted social interactions and performances. Based on participant observation with a group of dancers practising in a Chinese public park, this paper analyses how these men explore same-sex relations and lifestyles through the circumscribed performance of collective public dance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The paper refined the social information processing theory. [•] The paper explored the change of composition in the messages over time. [•] Socio-emotional messages took over informational messages as the major content. [•] Medical related informational messages surpassed non-medical related ones. [•] Intimacy relationship messages increased drastically. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Previous studies on excessive use of social networking services (SNSs) have relied on behavioral addiction theory to explain how users react when they face stress from overusing SNSs. Scholars have typically thought that users would stop using an SNS when they became addicted to the SNS and experienced stress from it. However, there seems to be a research gap between the initial adoption and the final intrusion stage of SNS usage. To fill that gap, our study uses a stimulus–organism–response paradigm to examine users' balancing mechanism for social network overuse. Based on a survey of users of social networking services in China, we found that (1) social interaction overload, invasion of work, and invasion of privacy had significant positive impact on technostress; (2) perceived usefulness of SNSs, perceived enjoyment of SNSs, and technostress had significant positive impact on rational usage; (3) social interaction overload had a negative impact on perceived performance, and invasion of privacy had a negative impact on performance and happiness. This paper contributes to the social networking overuse literature by highlighting the mechanism by which technostress elicits the rational use of SNSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wechat has become a popular way in China for users to connect and share information with their friends. In particular, Wechat Friends Circle is a popular platform for users to express themselves. It is useful in many real applications, such as personalized recommendations, to calculate the relationship strength between Friends Circle users. However, most existed researches do not apply to the Wechat Friends Circle due to the uniqueness that users can only see a common friend's comments or point praise, which is quite different from the general social network. To meet this need, in this paper we propose a general framework to measure the relationship strengths between different users in Wechat Friends Circle, considering not only the similarity of users’ profile information, but also the interaction between users. We conduct a set of experiments on Friends Circle dataset, from which we learn that the proposed framework is efficient and promising on improving the performances of relationship strength calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use narrative analysis to consider how the discursive resources that come with living ‘in between’ countries and cultures unfold in personal stories. We do this by presenting a close analysis of two transcripts drawn from a study about the vulnerability to HIV faced by Chinese immigrants to Canada. Our goal is to illustrate the application of narrative analysis and highlight the contributions it can make to conceptualising how transnationalism becomes consequential in accounts of intimate life. In narrative terms, transnationalism lends each life situation dual or multiple interpretive frameworks. Migrants from China to Canada situate their personal stories in relation to social and cultural norms and features of both nations. Yet, as our analysis makes apparent, ‘Canada’ and ‘China’ do not carry singular or consistent meanings in migrants’ stories. Attention to the role of stories in self-making allows us to better understand why transnational contexts appear as they do in narrative accounts, and responds to calls for more accurate mappings of the interface between transnationalism and the subject. Attention to how stories are ‘put together’ shows that transnational discursive resources are assembled in ways that bolster, and also undermine, entitlements to safe and equitable intimate relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the findings from an extensive geographic mapping study of female sex work venues located in the south western Chinese city of Zigong, in Sichuan province. Drawing upon the findings from quantitative research, secondary historical sources and field notes, composed during participant observation, we provide a nuanced portrait of how the operation of sex work can be conceptualised in spatial terms, where ‘space' is regarded as something socially constructed and historically contingent. The sex work geographies we analyse hold important implications for prevention work conducted in the region. When the sexual practices between sex workers and their clients are viewed against a wider geographic and historical backdrop, focus shifts from the properties and intentionalities of individuals towards the kinds of spaces where sex work operates, the organisation of which are underpinned by economic forces that have given rise to the rapid proliferation of small urban spaces in contemporary China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In a multicultural country, such as New Zealand, multicultural education has become the subject of early childhood polices and research. Increased national and international attention towards minority rights has resulted in the development and implementation of multicultural practice for realizing quality early childhood education for children and families of diverse cultural backgrounds. The study addressed in this paper set out to examine the multicultural education of early childhood settings in New Zealand from the experiences and perspectives of Chinese immigrant young children, their teachers and parents. It analyses data in the conceptualization of children as active agents, with the emphasis on the influence of their homes and the early childhood centres, giving rise to a tension between the children's needs to fit in the centres and the children's and their parents' right to inclusion and be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational regionalization has become a popular development policy among East Asian countries since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Expanding upon Brenner's theory of state rescaling, this paper focuses on China's transnational regionalization projects and how the Chinese state rescales to implement these projects. Specifically, this paper has two objectives. First, by comparing two projects of transnational regionalization in which Yunnan participates-the Greater Mekong Subregion program and the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar forum-the paper critically probes the actual mechanisms (upward collaboration, downward implementation, and outward corporatism) deployed by the Chinese state to facilitate cross-border initiatives. This emphasis on the actual mechanisms thus theorizes back to Brenner's work, showing that regulatory restructuring entails complex power relations of competition and collaboration among various forces. Second, this paper examines how the Chinese state handles the territorial geopolitical relations which have emerged during the process of transnational regionalization. I seek to broaden the theoretical framework of state rescaling beyond the narrow confines of domestic city-regions to international political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]