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Despite the excellent thermometric performance of many developed luminescent nanomaterials, their use has not gone beyond proof‐of‐concept in vivo experiments to date. An important issue that needs to be resolved before moving toward true biomedical applications of engineered nanothermometers is their potential toxicity and bioaccumulation in the human body considering the ultimate objective of clinical applications. Since most reported nanothermometers currently are not degradable materials and are mainly based on the incorporation of heavy metal ions, these aspects remain of genuine concern in the fields of nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, nanotoxicology, and nanopharmacology. This work explores the possibility of designing visible, as well as near‐infrared, emitting luminescent ratiometric nanothermometers based on appropriate organic dye mixtures embedded in hollow disulfide‐bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) particles. Such hybrid particles show excellent thermometric performance in the physiological temperature range (20–50 °C), favorable degradability in simulated physiological conditions, as well as no toxicity to healthy normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells in a wide concentration range. Considering the simplicity of the approach from the synthetic point of view, and the large available library of known fluorescent dyes emitting in various regions of the electromagnetic range, this motif renders a very promising approach to designing novel non‐toxic, decomposable, luminescent ratiometric thermometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based microfluidics combined with potentiometric measurement has emerged as an attractive approach for detecting various chemical ionic moieties. Detection of heavy metal ions, using paper substrates as solution sampling and delivery systems remains challenging despite efforts to introduce several physico-chemical paper substrate modifications to stop adsorption of ions onto the paper substrates. This study quantitatively investigates the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the paper substrates during paper-based potentiometric measurements and explains the super-Nernstian response of potentiometric sensors through local depletion of heavy metal ions from the solution. Consequently, based on the investigated ion adsorption, a corrective potential protocol was established for the electrodes coupled with paper-based solution sampling by predicting interference free sensor response from paper-based measurement. Furthermore, the ion adsorption was also recorded for mixed metal ion solutions to understand competitive primary/interfering ions adsorption onto the paper substrates and establish corrective measures to predict interference free sensor response. In this method, no modifications of the paper substrates are necessary before actual potentiometric measurements. The proposed corrective protocol allows prediction of sensor response based on the paper-based solution sampling potentiometric measurement, providing a simple methodological approach based on correction of potential readout of the potentiometric sensor, thus completely resigning from the need of modifying paper substrate for measurements of heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ions can be introduced into the water through several point and non-point sources including leather industry, coal mining, agriculture activity and domestic waste. Regrettably, these toxic heavy metals may pose a threat to both humans and animals, particularly when they infiltrate water and soil. Heavy metal poisoning can lead to many health complications, such as liver and renal dysfunction, dermatological difficulties, and potentially even malignancies. To mitigate the risk of heavy metal ion exposure to humans and animals, it is imperative to extract them from places that have been polluted. Several conventional methods such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, membrane filtration and chemical precipitation have been used for the removal of heavy metal ions. However, these methods have high operation costs and generate secondary pollutants during water treatment. Biosorption is an alternative approach to eliminating heavy metals from water that involves employing eco-friendly and cost-effective biomass. This review is focused on the heavy metal ions contamination in the water, biosorption methods for heavy metal removal and mathematical modeling to explain the behaviour of heavy metal adsorption. This review can be helpful to the researchers to design wastewater treatment plants for sustainable wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals ions as metallic pollutants are a growing global issue due to their adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem, and human health. Unfortunately, conventional detection methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry exhibit a relatively low limit of detection and hold numerous disadvantages, and therefore, the development of an efficient method for in-situ and real-time detection of heavy metal residues is of great importance. The aptamer-based sensors offer distinct advantages over antibodies and emerged as a robust sensing platform against various heavy metals due to their high sensitivity, ease of production, simple operations, excellent specificity, better stability, low immunogenicity, and cost-effectiveness. The nucleic acid aptamers in conjugation with nanomaterials can bind to the metal ions with good specificity/selectivity and can be used for on-site monitoring of metal ion residues. This review aimed to provide background information about nanomaterials-based aptasensor, recent advancements in aptamer conjunction on nanomaterials surface, the role of nanomaterials in improving signal transduction, recent progress of nanomaterials-based aptasening procedures (from 2010 to 2022), and future perspectives toward the practical applications of nanomaterials-based aptasensors against hazardous metal ions for food safety and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new method for detecting and monitoring heavy metal ions in water samples. The method uses liquid crystal‐based optical sensors and a molecular probe called dodecyl‐N‐iminodiacetic acid (DIDAA). The probe's hydrophilic polar diacetate head group acts as a chelator for heavy metal ions, while its hydrophobic non‐polar tail aligns the liquid crystal molecules. When heavy metal ion‐contaminated water samples are introduced, the LC alignment is rapidly disrupted, resulting in bright optical signals. The sensor has a detection limit of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 5.0 μM for for Mercury (Hg2+), Copper (Cu2+), Cadmium (Cd2+), and Lead (Pb2+) respectively. The diacetate probe remains effective even after multiple uses and was not affected by changes in pH. Its activity could persist for over 5 days. Furthermore, this sensor could be reversed and reused to detect HMIs in the presence of EDTA, making it a potential candidate for developing logic gates at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution with heavy metals owing to industrial and agricultural activities have become a critical dilemma to humans, plants as well as the marine environment. Therefore, it is of great importance that the carcinogenic heavy metals present in wastewater to be eliminated through designing treatment technologies that can remove multiple pollutants. A novel green magnetic nano-composite called (Carbonized Chitosan-Fe3O4-SiO2) was synthesized using Co-precipitation method to adsorb a mixture of heavy metal ions included; cobalt (Co2+), nickel (Ni2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions from aqueous solutions. The novelty of this study was the synthesis of a new nano-composite which was green with magnetic properties to be more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its magnetic properties made it separated easily from solutions after accomplishment of the adsorption process using a magnet. Extended Freundlich isotherm was the best fitted model with maximum adsorption capacity of the metal ions mixture 2908.92 mg/g. Different experimental parameters have been studied included the initial concentration for a mixture of nickel, cobalt and copper metal ions (0.05–0.1 molar), dosage of adsorbent (0.5–3.5 g/L) and contact time (6–90 min) to investigate their changing effect on the removal percents of the heavy metal ions mixture from aqueous solutions. The experimental adsorption percent of cobalt ion ranged from 1.58 to 64.28%, nickel ion adsorption percent ranged from 10.68 to 94.12% and copper ion adsorption percent ranged from 4.41 to 76.23% at pH = 9 were based on the combination of the adsorption process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are reliable, portable, affordable, and versatile electrochemical platforms for the real-time analytical monitoring of emerging analytes in the environmental, clinical, and agricultural fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of gold screen-printed electrodes (SPGEs) modified with molecules containing amino (Tr-N) or α-aminophosphonate (Tr-P) groups for the selective and sensitive detection of the toxic metal ions Pb2+ and Hg2+ in aqueous samples. After optimizing the analytical parameters (conditioning potential and time, deposition potential and time, pH and concentration of the supporting electrolyte), anodic square wave stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was used to evaluate and compare the electrochemical performance of bare or modified electrodes for the detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+, either alone or in their mixtures in the concentration range between 1 nM and 10 nM. A significative improvement in the detection ability of Pb2+ ions was recorded for the amino-functionalized gold sensor SPGE-N, while the presence of a phosphonate moiety in SPGE-P led to greater sensitivity towards Hg2+ ions. The developed sensors allow the detection of Pb2+ and Hg2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.41 nM and 35 pM, respectively, below the legal limits for these heavy metal ions in drinking water or food, while the sensitivity was 5.84 µA nM−1cm−2 and 10 µA nM−1cm−2, respectively, for Pb2+ and Hg2+. The reported results are promising for the development of advanced devices for the in situ and cost-effective monitoring of heavy metals, even in trace amounts, in water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, amorphous zirconium phosphate were synthesized (Am-ZrP) through a facile method and then composited with cotton fiber (Am-Co) for the utilization of heavy metal ions adsorptive elimination. In the research, Am-Co exhibited a higher adsorption capacities compared with Am-ZrP, with 85.69 mg/g for Cu2+, 30.73 mg/g for Ni2+, 56.74 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption kinetics of the adsorbents was extrapolated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the experimental data were found to fit pseudo-second-order more than pseudo-first-order. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model were also applied in the study to reflect the interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent. In this research, the adsorption isotherm of Am-ZrP and Am-Co fitted the Langmuir model favorably. The results indicated that the Am-Co was a promising candidate for practical application in the treatment of wastewater contaminated by heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of non ferrous smelting slag to prepare new types of cementitious materials is an important way to realize the resource utilization of solid waste. The gelation mechanism and mechanical properties are the focus of research on non ferrous smelting slag based cementitious materials, and the leaning and solidification mechanisms of heavy metal ions have been receiving increasing attention nowadays. In this article, the morphology and structure of non ferrous smelting slag are described, the existence form and immobilization principle of heavy metal ions in non ferrous smelting slag based cementitious materials are summarized systematically. This review can provide reference for the study of heavy metal immobilization in the application of smelting slag based cementitious materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6) hydrophobic ionic liquid for the rapid detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was developed. In this study, the BMIMPF6-MWCNTs composite, as well as BMIMPF6 and MWCNTs, were characterized using SEM. The electrochemical studies were performed using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The BMIMPF6-MWCNTs/GCE exhibited excellent electrochemical activity. The effect of the pH value of 0.1 M NaAc/HAc buffer, deposition potential, and deposition time was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range for the modified sensors varies from 5 to 1850 µg L−1 for Pb2+ and 22 to 600 µg L−1 for Cd2+. The limit of detection (LOD) for Pb2+ and Cd2+ was 0.9 µg L−1 and 0.5 µg L−1, respectively, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3 µg L−1 for Pb2+ and 1.7 µg L−1 for Cd2+. Moreover, this method showed excellent anti-interference performance, short analysis time, and practicability for determining Pb2+ and Cd2+. The electrochemical sensor was able to determine heavy metal ions in actual water samples without complex pretreatment, with acceptable recoveries from 98 to 110.8% for Pb2+ and 98.6 to 111.3% for Cd2+, demonstrating that the sensor based on BMIMPF6-MWCNTs/GCE can apply for Pb2+ and Cd2+ quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic perovskite-spinel oxide nanocomposite synthesized through a sol–gel self-combustion process is used for the first time as an adsorbent to remove toxic heavy metals (i.e., Pb2+). The synthesized LaFeO3:CoFe2O4 ((LFO)1:(CFO)x) (x = 0.11–0.87) nanocomposites possess good stability, abundant oxygenated active binding sites, and unique structural features, making them suitable for removing divalent Pb2+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, magnetization measurements, zeta-potential analyses, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the nanocomposites, and their structural changes after Pb2+ ions adsorption. Batch tests confirmed that (LFO)1:(CFO)x efficiently removes Pb2+ from water with a maximum adsorption capacity of 105.96 mg/g. The detailed quantitative study indicates that the interaction of hydroxyl groups with Pb2+ ions occurs through electrostatic interactions and complex formation. We also demonstrate a new ring-magnetic separator system that allows magnetic separation of the toxic ions at a higher speed compared to traditional block magnets. The unique structure, high porosity, large specific surface area, and oxygenated functional groups of (LFO)1:(CFO)x nanocomposites make them promising materials for removal of heavy metal ions and possibly other environmental pollutants. This study provides a new approach to preparing nanocomposites of magnetic spinel ferrites with perovskite oxides for environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous materials are excellent candidates for water remediation in environmental issues. However, it is still a key challenge to design efficient adsorbents for rapid water purification from various heavy metal ions‐contaminated wastewater in one step. Here, two robust nitrogen‐rich covalent organic frameworks (COFs) bearing terpyridine units on the pore walls by a “bottom‐up” strategy are reported. Benefitting from the strong chelation interaction between the terpyridine units and various heavy metal ions, these two terpyridine COFs show excellent removal efficiency and capability for Pb2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ from water. These COFs are shown to remove such heavy metal ions with >90% of contents at one time after the aqueous metal ions mixture is passed through the COF filter. The nitrogen‐rich features of the COFs also endow them with the capability of capturing iodine vapors, offering the terpyridine COFs the potential for environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) waste generation has increased steadily over the past decades, and therefore, the investigation of novel methods to recycle this waste is very important. The potential of repurposing MDF waste as an adsorbent for the treatment of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) ions in water was investigated using MDF offcuts. The highest adsorption potential in single-metal ion solution systems was observed for Pb(II) ions. The experimental data of Pb(II) ions fit well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Complexation and electrostatic interactions were identified as the adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption behavior of multi-metal ion adsorption systems was investigated by introducing Cd(II) ions as a competitive metal ion. The presence of the Cd(II) ions reduced the adsorption potential of Pb(II) ions, yet the preference for the Pb(II) ions remained. Regeneration studies were performed by using 0.1 M HCl as a regeneration agent for both systems. Even though a significant amount of adsorbed metal ions were recovered, the adsorption potential of the MDF was reduced in the subsequent adsorption cycles. Based on these results, MDF fines have the potential to be used as an economical adsorbent for remediation of wastewater containing heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facilely prepared composite based on Polyvinyl alcohol anchored‐ L‐cysteine (PVA‐L‐CYS) demonstrated efficient functionality in the elimination of heavy metals (Hg, Cr, Pb, and Cd) from working wastewater. The synthesis of the composite was validated through a comprehensive characterization utilizing various analytical techniques to ensure the composite's structural, chemical, and physical properties. At ambient temperature, pH of 4–5.5, interaction time of 15–20 minutes, and concentration of 200 mg/L metal ions, the composite exhibited a maximum retention capacity of 48.5, 25, 45.25, and 44.25 mg/g for Hg, Cr, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Langmuir modeling was establish to be more fitting to the practical results than Freundlich, providing theoretical values of 49.02, 25.97, 46.08, and 44.84 mg/g for Hg, Cr, Pb, and Cd, respectively. The kinetics of PVA‐L‐CYS composite was accurately predicted by model of the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic. Thermodynamic prospects indicated a spontaneous, exothermic, and favorable uptake process at low temperatures. Efficient elution of the heavy metal ions from the overloaded composite was performed using 1 M HNO3. In accordance with WHO and FAO guidelines, the successful elimination of working metal ions from wastewater utilizing the PVA‐L‐CYS composite was demonstrated in a single cycle before discharge into the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition triggered by pathogens such as bacteria and toxins. In clinical settings, hemoperfusion has been used as a therapeutic technique for the treatment of sepsis to remove pathogens, toxins and other inflammatory mediators from the bloodstream. However, the existing adsorption process of hemoperfusion is not specific to sepsis-related pathogens or toxins, resulting in unsatisfactory removal effectiveness and the lack of capture selectivity. Herein, we developed an ultrasound-responsive asymmetric polymeric microbowl coated with macrophage and red blood cell (RBC) membranes to selectively eliminate pathogens, toxins, and heavy metal ions from blood. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) spherical microparticles were first synthesized and then eroded using dibutyl phthalate and styrene to form a microbowl structure. This asymmetric structure could provide acoustic radiation pressure gradients to realize orientation motion under non-invasive ultrasound fields with a velocity of 37.14 μm s−1 at 20 Vp–p, which could increase adsorption efficiency in physiological environments by fuel-free programable movements. In addition, the macrophage and RBC membrane coating endowed the microbowl with desired biocompatibility, enhanced blood circulation and the ability to selectively eliminate endotoxins, bacteria and heavy metal ions. Endotoxin removal assay showed that 92.80% of endotoxin was eliminated within 15 minutes. Owing to the affinity between the red blood cell membrane and heavy metal ions, the removal efficiency reached 92.75% and 93.91% for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively. Meanwhile, over 90% of S. aureus in the blood was eliminated owing to the selective recognition and adhesion of bacteria by macrophage membrane proteins. Overall, this work on ultrasound-responsive asymmetric polymeric microbowls provides a new insight to eliminate pathogens, toxins and heavy metal ions from the bloodstream for sepsis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHeveaBrasiliensis wood sawdust (HBS), a lignocellulosic material, was employed for the eradication of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Ni(II) from synthetic single and multi-metalsystem. In the realm of multimetal adsorption, HBS exhibited the most substantial adsorption capacities for heavy metals, in the order: Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Ni(II). Experiments involving batch process were carried out to explore the rolesofpH, contact duration, HBS quantity, and preliminary metal concentrations on the adsorption capacity. Optimal conditions for biosorption of metal ions were determined as pH 5.0, dosage of 7 gL−1, and an equilibrium time of 90 min. The pseudo-second-order kinetics andLangmuirisotherm had a favorable alignment with the biosorption of all individual metal ions. Adsorption capacity was 8.45, 13.01 and 6.04 mg g− 1 for Cd, Pb and Ni respectively in single metal system. In binary and ternary system the capacity and adsorption percentages decreases significantly due the presence of competitive metal ions. HBS demonstrated effectiveness in treating real wastewater containing Cd2+, Pb2+and Ni2+ ionsin both single and mixed metal solutions, highlighting the necessity of thoroughly considering the impact of competitive adsorption. SEM with EDS results indicated single metal fixing in a multi-ion solution followed complex mechanisms. The surface area and functional group studies were conducted utilizing BET and a FTIR Spectrometer. Electrostatic attraction and complexation mechanisms were identified as responsible factor for capturing metal ions to the active surfaces of the bio sorbent. Cost analysis reflected the adsorbent cost was $0.021 per liter of mixed contaminated ternary effluent (30 mg L−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel and facile investigation applying polyethylenimine (PEI) functionalised Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) for detection of heavy metal ion, copper (Cu2+) ions has been studied as a nanosensing platform. PEI/SWCNTs shows highly selective and rapid detection of Cu2+ ions since SWCNTs having large surface area shows high porosity and high chemical reactivity towards Cu2+ ions with high stability. FESEM and Raman Spectra measurements have been employed for characterising the nanocomposite and these techniques indicate that the PEI functionalised SWCNTs have been favourably synthesised. The detection of Cu2+ ions on the fabricated PEI/SWCNTs nanocomposite has been carried out by UV-vis spectroscopy. This study illustrates that PEI@SWCNTs nanoplatform is highly sensitive for selective and stable sensing of Cu2+ ions in the range of 0.01 µM to 100 µM with lower limit of detection (LOD) of 6.2 nM in aqueous medium. Selectivity and stability studies suggest that it is a unique and versatile platform for detection of copper ions rather in complex mediums with long-term usability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants are typically complex because they involve physical, chemical, and biological processes. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the removal of pollutants such as auramine (AO), methylene blue (MB), and ion Cadmium (Cd (II)) from the wastewater are difficult to be measured directly in real-time, as this measurement requires laboratory instruments that are time-consuming. The soft sensors could be the solution to perform the real-time prediction of the AO, MB, and Cd (II) removals' capability. Hence, this study investigates the performances of a soft sensor, namely least-square support vector regression (LSSVR) to estimate the AO, MB, and Cd (II) removals' ability. In this study, two wastewater-related case studies involving AO, MB, and Cd (II) removals were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the LSSVR. Additionally, its results were compared and analyzed with other soft sensors. For both case studies, notice that LSSVR gives the best results for AO, MB, and Cd (II) removals as compared to other soft sensor models where its root means square errors, mean absolute errors, and the approximate error, are lowered by 83% to 1,756%. Moreover, its coefficients of determination, denoted R2 are the highest which are all more than or close to 0.9 for all the AO, MB, and Cd (II) removals even for the testing data for the case studies that were not used to develop the LSSVR model. In conclusion, LSSVR is more suitable for evaluating the effectiveness of the AO, MB, and Cd (II) removals at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals such as Iron, Copper, and Zinc are micro-essential trace metal and involve animportant biological role, but it quickly turns toxic at exceeding the permissible limit, causing gastrointestinal irritation, liver, bone, and kidney damage, as well as disorders including Wilson's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. It is important to detect the metal ions as well as their concentration quickly and affordable cost using organic probes. Among the organic probes,the coumarin fluorescent probe shows a very prominent candidate with heavy metal ions. Therefore, in the present review, we reviewed the very recent literature the identify the heavy metals using modified coumarin fluorescent probes. Readers will get information quickly about the method of preparation of modified coumarin core and their use as fluorescent probes with heavy metals using absorption and emission spectroscopic methods along with the probable mechanistic pathway of detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing at an alarming rate which demands the development of an appropriate analytical method to investigate and quantify the target analytes. In response to this call, polyaniline Titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate (PANI/TWM) nanocomposite was synthesized by incorporating polyaniline into Titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate using sol–gel method. The material was then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). It was amorphous with appreciable thermal stability as it retained 65.2% of its ion exchange capacity (IEC) up to 600 OC. It acts as a bifunctional strong acid cation exchanger with an IEC of 1.58 meq/g for Na+ ions. Moreover, the high distribution coefficients (Kd) of 1572 and 928 mL/g for Pb(II) and Co(II), respectively, indicate its potential to treat these ions in an aqueous matrix selectively. Real sample treatment with the prepared material was undertaken for binary separation of selected metal ions in column mode and practically appreciable efficiency (90.3 to 96.8%) was achieved. Therefore, the synthesized material can be considered as a promising cation exchanger to treat an environmental matrix containing toxic heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study focuses on the synthesis of three grades of xanthates of natural polymeric material Xanthan gum (XG) by reacting it with Carbon disulfide (CS2) in basic medium at room temperature under inert atmosphere. The confirmation of the formation of Xanthan Gum Xanthates (XGX) has been done with the help of Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, point of zero-charge (PZC), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) studies. DSC and XRD studies have been done to confirm the crystalline nature of the xanthates. The removal of Cu2+and Co2+ from the prepared grades was found to be 86.7%, 89.9% and 93.6% for Cu2+ and 86.1%, 88.8% and 93.1% for Co2+ respectively. Therefore, these xanthates can be employed for the eradication of such toxic metal ions from their synthetic solutions. The adsorption capacities of three grades of xanthates viz. XGX1, XGX2, and XGX3 were found to be 319.48, 303.03, and 325.73 mg/g for Cu(II) and 238.66, 246.91, and 230.41 mg/g and for Co(II) respectively, which are better than the adsorption capacities reported for various other adsorbents in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water constitutes an indispensable resource for global life but remains susceptible to pollution from diverse human activities. To mitigate this issue, researchers are committed to purifying water using a variety of materials to remove harmful chemicals, such as heavy metals. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), with their intriguing, layered structure and chemical behavior, have attained substantial attention for their effectiveness in removing heavy metal cations and various inorganic oxoanions from water. To enhance the efficiency, considerable endeavors have focused on functionalizing LDHs with different chemical species. Intercalation with metal sulfides has proven to be particularly effective, facilitating heavy metal absorption through multiple mechanisms, including ion-exchange, reductive precipitation, and surface sorption. This review concentrates on the synthesis and performance of polysulfide (Sx, x = 2–5), Mo–S, and Sn–S anion intercalated LDHs for heavy metal cations and inorganic oxoanion sorption, along with their mechanisms. Furthermore, the discussion includes prospects for expanding the chemistry of metal sulfide intercalated LDHs, with existing challenges and future outlooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of electronics, the application and research of two-dimensional materials have been at the forefront of the world's scientific research. Black phosphorus (BP) has the advantages of large specific surface area, anisotropy, band tunability, high electrical conductivity and high theoretical specific capacity, which make it very promising for research in the fields of medicine, aerospace and electrochemistry. This paper calculates the electronic structure and adsorption properties of BP in water for different heavy metal ions of Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + and Cd 2 + , including adsorption energy, bandgap, electron density and Mulliken population analysis, based on the first-principles approach of density generalized theory. First principles are quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), which is a dominant well-developed method in the field of materials simulations, with low errors and high efficiency, especially in systems containing metallic particles. The results showed that the Pb 2 + adsorption system in water was more stable than the Hg 2 + adsorption system and the Cd 2 + adsorption system. The bandgap values of 0.617, 0.785 and 0.715 eV of BP after adsorption of Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + and Cd 2 + in water are smaller compared to 0.891 eV of intrinsic BP, and its properties change from direct bandgap semiconductor to indirect bandgap semiconductor. The higher the stability of a system for the adsorption of different heavy metal ions by BP, the higher the internal electron activity of the adsorption system and the amount of electron transfer. Meanwhile, it is concluded that the electrons mainly transfer from P to heavy metal ions in all the adsorption systems. The electron transfer of the BP-Pb 2 + , Hg 2 + , and Cd 2 + adsorption system occurs mainly in the p, s, and s/p orbitals, respectively. The above content investigated the electronic structure changes and internal electron transfer of heavy metal ions adsorbed by black phosphorus in water, expecting to provide a new reference basis for the detection of heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater using black phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization has brought many environmental problems since its expansion, including heavy metal contamination in water used for agricultural irrigation. This research uses microbial fuel cell technology to generate bioelectricity and remove arsenic, copper, and iron, using contaminated agricultural water as a substrate and Bacillus marisflavi as a biocatalyst. The results obtained for electrical potential and current were 0.798 V and 3.519 mA, respectively, on the sixth day of operation and the pH value was 6.54 with an EC equal to 198.72 mS/cm, with a removal of 99.08, 56.08, and 91.39% of the concentrations of As, Cu, and Fe, respectively, obtained in 72 h. Likewise, total nitrogen concentrations, organic carbon, loss on ignition, dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand were reduced by 69.047, 86.922, 85.378, 88.458, and 90.771%, respectively. At the same time, the PDMAX shown was 376.20 ± 15.478 mW/cm2, with a calculated internal resistance of 42.550 ± 12.353 Ω. This technique presents an essential advance in overcoming existing technical barriers because the engineered microbial fuel cells are accessible and scalable. It will generate important value by naturally reducing toxic metals and electrical energy, producing electric currents in a sustainable and affordable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the processes of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal ion pollution has become a thorny problem in water systems. Among the various technologies developed for the removal of heavy metal ions, the adsorption method is widely studied by researchers and various nanomaterials with good adsorption performances have been prepared during the past decades. In this paper, a variety of novel nanomaterials with excellent adsorption performances for Pb(II) and Cu(II) reported in recent years are reviewed, such as carbon-based materials, clay mineral materials, zero-valent iron and their derivatives, MOFs, nanocomposites, etc. The novel nanomaterials with extremely high adsorption capacity, selectivity and particular nanostructures are summarized and introduced, along with their advantages and disadvantages. And, some future research priorities for the treatment of wastewater are also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the performance of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)@MgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles loaded on poly-2 aminothiazole (PAT)/chitosan (CS) matrix (CPML) to remove Cd2+ ions from aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of modified CS/PAT with MWCNT@MgAl-LDHs was increased significantly compared to pure CS/PAT. The influence of heavy metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on the adsorption was examined. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of Cd2+ ions were 25 0C with the adsorbent dosage of 0.06 g and initial concentration for adsorption of the Cd2+ 100 mg/L at pH = 8. The maximum adsorption capacity was measured to be 1106.19 mg/g. The values of thermodynamic parameters namely Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), entropy change (ΔS°), and enthalpy change (ΔH°) indicated the feasibility, spontaneity and the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir model were selected as the best models for the adsorption process. Also, CPML nanocomposite (NC) was successfully tested for p-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction in the presence of NaBH4. The reaction was nearly completed in 6 min. The fabricated CPML-NC could be reused for three consecutive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of efficient photocatalysts to remove mixed pollutants from wastewater is of significance for environmental remediation. In this work, a novel conjugated microporous polymer (TAPP-PD-CMP) was synthesized and applied as a visible light driven photocatalyst to simultaneously remove a heavy metal ion and an organic pollutant. TAPP-PD-CMP possesses a large specific surface area (375 m2 g−1), narrow band gap (1.76 eV) and good chemical and thermal (∼450 °C) stabilities. More importantly, the energy band structure of TAPP-PD-CMP (ELUMO = 0.23 eV and EHOMO = 1.99 eV) enables adequate band edge potentials for photoreduction of a heavy metal ion (Cr(VI)) and photooxidation of an organic pollutant (RhB). Experimental results demonstrate that TAPP-PD-CMP has excellent adsorption-photocatalytic performance towards Cr(VI) (90%, 3 h) and RhB (94%, 3 h) from mixed contaminant wastewater at the same time. Additionally, TAPP-PD-CMP, as an environmentally-friendly photocatalyst, exhibits recyclability and sustainability. Radical trapping experiments reveal a synergistic photocatalytic mechanism, and the excellent photocatalytic activity is ascribed to continuous consumption of electrons and holes, reducing the recombination of photo-generated electron–holes. This work provides a promising CMP photocatalyst and an idea based on energy band engineering to design suitable photocatalysts for mixed pollutant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major concerns worldwide is the rapid increase in water pollution with hazardous heavy metals. The Cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) structure provides an inner hydrophobic cavity accessible through two electrostatically negative portals with polar carbonyl groups, allowing for charged ion–dipole interaction between cationic species with excellent binding affinities. In this work we selected CB[5], and CB[7] for the titrimetric and electrochemical evaluation of the heavy metal complexes formed with Copper(II), Cadmium(II) and Lead(II). The host–guest interaction was found by either attenuation of the redox peaks, the formation of a new peak, or the slight shift in the redox peaks of the heavy metal ions. Titration data were obtained for CB[n] with the heavy metal solutions to determine the molar coefficient of binding. The stoichiometry of the complexes was 1 : 1 by Job′s plot. We calculated the binding constants using the Benesi–Hildebrand method achieving relatively good binding constants (K) ranging from (1.80±0.14)×105–(4.98±0.13)×105 M−1. The results showed that the complexes of Cadmium(II) and Lead(II) with both CB[5] and CB[7] are highly stable in aqueous media. Copper(II) was able to bind to the smaller sized portal of CB[5], whereas with CB[7] the heavy metal ion could not form a favourable complex. This phenomenon suggests that the CB[5] is an ideal host at forming stable host–guest interactions than their larger homologue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ions have a serious effect on humans and the ecosystem. Molecular sieves have attracted significant attention in heavy metal ion adsorption with distinct microporosity and uniform pore size. In this paper, we successfully synthesized nano-sized NaA molecular sieves in the presence of an organic templating agent while aluminum isopropoxide and silica sol were used as the aluminum and silica sources. To synthesize molecular sieves of the ideal size, the anionic cation concentration and templating agent were adjusted. The findings of Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption on NaA molecular sieves showed that under the ideal conditions of adsorption time at 90 minutes, pH = 5, adsorption temperature at 25 °C, and starting adsorbent concentration at 100 mg g−1, the optimal adsorbing capacity could reach 230 mg g−1 and 600 mg g−1, respectively. Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic and reusability studies of heavy metal ion adsorption on NaA molecular sieves were carried out to investigate the adsorption kinetics. This work provides a new avenue to regulate the particle sizes of molecular sieves to enhance the adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid detection of trace heavy metal ions in water is of great relevance to the environment and human health in the future. With pyrimidine as the parent structure, the water-soluble thiourea group is skillfully introduced to form a symmetric framework, thus firmly capturing the heavy metal ions in the water. The responsiveness of heavy metal ions in water was observed by UV-fluorescence spectroscopy. Especially with Co(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, and Zn(NO3)2, the response changes are most significant. The rapid response changes between them and trace heavy metal ions in water were intuitively observed under sunlight and fluorescence irradiation environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide and its magnetic nanoparticle-based composites are a well-known tool to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Unfortunately, one of the major issues in handling such small particles consists of their difficult removal from treated wastewater (even when their magnetic properties are exploited), due to their very small diameter. One possible way to overcome this problem is to embed them in a macroscopic biopolymer matrix, such as alginate or chitosan beads. In this way, the adsorbent becomes easier to handle and can be used to build, for example, a packed column, as in a traditional industrial adsorber. In this work, the removal performances of two different embedded magnetic nanocomposite adsorbents (MNAs) are discussed. The first type of MNA is based on ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) generated by coprecipitation using iron(II/III) salts and ammonium hydroxide, while the second is based on a 2D material composed of MNP-decorated graphene oxide. Both MNAs were embedded in cross-linked alginate beads and used to treat artificial water contaminated with chromium(III), nickel(II), and copper(II) in different concentrations. The yield of removal and differences between MNAs and non-embedded magnetic nanomaterials are also discussed. From the results, it was found that the time to reach the adsorption equilibrium is higher when compared to that of the nanomaterials only, due to the lower surface/volume ratio of the beads, but the adsorption capacity is higher, due to the additional interaction with alginate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal poisoning has a life-threatening impact on the human body to aquatic ecosystems. This necessitates designing a convenient green methodology for the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor that can detect heavy metal ions efficiently. In this study, boron (B) and nitrogen (N) co-doped laser-induced porous graphene (LIGBN) nanostructured electrodes were fabricated using a direct laser writing technique. The fabricated electrodes were utilised for the individual and simultaneous electrochemical detection of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions using a square wave voltammetry technique (SWV). The synergistic effect of B and N co-doping results in an improved sensing performance of the electrode with better sensitivity of 0.725 µA/µM for Pb2+ and 0.661 µA/µM for Cd2+ ions, respectively. Moreover, the sensing electrode shows a low limit of detection of 0.21 µM and 0.25 µM for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions, with wide linear ranges from 8.0 to 80 µM for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions and high linearity of R2 = 0.99 in case of simultaneous detection. This rapid and facile method of fabricating heteroatom-doped porous graphene opens a new avenue in electrochemical sensing studies to detect various hazardous metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of probiotic lactobacilli has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate damage associated with exposure to toxic metals. Their protective effect against cationic metal ions, such as those of mercury or lead, is believed to stem from their chelating and accumulating potential. However, their retention of anionic toxic metalloids, such as inorganic arsenic, is generally low. Through the construction of mutants in phosphate transporter genes (pst) in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strains, coupled with arsenate [As(V)] uptake and toxicity assays, we determined that the incorporation of As(V), which structurally resembles phosphate, is likely facilitated by phosphate transporters. Surprisingly, inactivation in Lc. paracasei of PhoP, the transcriptional regulator of the two-component system PhoPR, a signal transducer involved in phosphate sensing, led to an increased resistance to arsenite [As(III)]. In comparison to the wild type, the phoP strain exhibited no differences in the ability to retain As(III), and there were no observed changes in the oxidation of As(III) to the less toxic As(V). These results reinforce the idea that specific transport, and not unspecific cell retention, plays a role in As(V) biosorption by lactobacilli, while they reveal an unexpected phenotype for the lack of the pleiotropic regulator PhoP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we have developed a rapid, cost-effective aqueous phase route to synthesize water-soluble Thioglycolic acid (TGA) capped CdSe/ZnS (CdSe/ZnS + TGA) QD sensor. Synthesized QD sensor has been successfully validated its candidature for the efficient detection of hazardous heavy metal ions (Xn+) specifically chromium (Cr3+) and copper (Cu2+) in aqueous medium. In the presence of Xn+ metal ions, "Turn-Off" fluorescence response is observed due to the complex formation (Xn+: CdSe/ZnS + TGA). A strong 1:1 complexation (Xn+: CdSe/ZnS + TGA) between QD sensor and Xn+ metal ion is confirmed by the output of Benesi–Hildebrand relation and Job's plot. As per our knowledge our proposed CdSe/ZnS + TGA QD sensor has established its efficient sensing capability for metal ions with lower detection of limit (LOD) up to concentration ~ 10–7 M for the first time which is lower than permissible limit as per WHO data. The practical application of this system for determining metal ions in real samples has also been successfully demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent multichannel sensor array has been established based on three carbon dots derived from Tibetan medicine waste for rapid quantification and discrimination of six heavy metal ions. Due to the chelation between metal ions and carbon dots (CDs), this fluorescence "turn off" mode sensing array can quantify six metal ions as low as "μM" level. Moreover, the six heavy metal ions display varying quenching effects on these three CDs owing to diverse chelating abilities between each other, producing differential fluorescent signals for three sensing channels, which can be plotted as specific fingerprints and converted into intuitive identification profiles via principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) technologies to accurately distinguish Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ag+, Ce4+, and Ni2+ with the minimum differentiated concentration of 5 μM. Valuably, this sensing array unveils good sensitivity, exceptional selectivity, ideal stability, and excellent anti-interference ability for both mixed standards and actual samples. Our contribution provides a novel approach for simultaneous determination of multiple heavy metal ions in environmental samples, and it will inspire the development of other advanced optical sensing array for simultaneous quantification and discrimination of multiple targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we introduced a simple aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) sensor (PHCS) which can selectively detect and discriminate three environmentally and biologically imperative heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Co2+ and Hg2+) and a hazard class 1 categorized nitro-explosive picric acid (PA) in differential media. By virtue of its weak fluorescence attributes in pure organic medium owing to the synergistic operation of multiple photophysical quenching mechanisms, the molecular probe showcased highly selective 'TURN ON' fluorogenic response towards hazardous Hg2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 97 nM. Comprehensive investigation of binding mechanism throws light on the cumulative effect of probe-metal complexation induced chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect and subsequent AIEE activation within the formed probe-metal adducts. Noteworthily, the probe (PHCS) can be readily used in real water samples for the quantitative determination of Hg2+ in a wide concentration range. In addition, the probe displayed modest colorimetric recognition performances to selectively detect and discriminate two essential heavy metal ions (Cu2+ and Co2+) with a LOD of 96 nM and 65 nM for Cu2+ and Co2+ respectively, in semi-aqueous medium. Intriguingly, based on high photoluminescence efficiency, the AIEE active nano-aggregated PHCS displayed a remarkable propensity to be used as a selective and ultra-sensitive 'TURN-OFF' fluorogenic chemosensor towards PA with LOD of 34.4 ppb in aqueous medium. Finally, we specifically shed light on the interaction of PHCS hydrosol towards PA using some unprecedented techniques, which helped uncover new photophysical insights of probe-explosive molecule interaction. We shed light on novel photophysical insights toward unique multifunctional sensory aptitude of a simple aggregation-induced emission enhancement active organic functional molecule in differential media, enabling ultra-sensitive discriminative detection of toxic heavy metal ions and explosive molecule simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic fluorescence sensor for selectively detecting and quantifying toxic heavy metal ions has received significant interest due to their environmental hazards. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a simple tripodal Schiff base ligand (1) based on hydroxy-naphthaldehyde and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) and demonstrated highly selective turn-on fluorescence sensing of Cd2+ ions. The free ligand did not show any fluorescence in DMF. In contrast, Cd2+ (10− 4 M) addition exhibited a strong enhancement of fluorescence at 450 nm. Interestingly, other metal ions including Zn2+, which exhibit similar chemistry, did not show any turn-on fluorescence. The concentration-dependent studies of 1 with Cd2+ showed the detection limit of 6.78 × 10− 8 M. NMR spectra of 1 with Cd2+ and computational studies were performed to understand the mechanism of sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ions such as mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. With growing environmental concerns over heavy metal ion pollution, there is an urgent need to develop efficient detection methods for safeguarding public health and the environment. Various materials, including polymers, nanomaterials, and porous substances, have been used for heavy metal ion detection and have shown promising performance for different scenarios. However, each of these materials has certain limitations as probes. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs), known for their exceptional optoelectronic properties and high structural and chemical tunability, have gained great attention in applications such as photovoltaics and LEDs. Yet, their potential as metal ion probes remains rarely explored. This review assesses MHPs as prospective materials for heavy metal ion detection, taking their structure, chemical properties, and responses to external stimuli into consideration. Three key detection mechanisms—cation exchange (CE), electron transfer (ET), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), are explored to understand how metal ions trigger fluorescence changes on perovskites, enabling their detection. Finally, current avenues of developing perovskite probes are discussed, which include exploration of lead-free perovskites to mitigate environmental concerns arising from lead leakage and the pursuit of achieving high-sensitivity and stable detection in aqueous media, summarizing the existing and promising strategies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, activated carbon cloth (ACC) derived from cypress fruit was employed to investigate the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Co2+ from synthetic aqueous systems. The correlation between adsorption features (pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial ion concentration, and contact time) and adsorbent removal efficiency was investigated. Analysis by FT-IR, SEM, and EDS was employed to confirm the adsorption of metal ions onto the ACC. Results revealed the best adsorption efficiencies for heavy metal ions were attained at pH = 7, 11, 6; the adsorbent dosage of 0.06, 0.08, and 0.04 g for Pb2+, Cd2+, and Co2+, respectively; the ion initial concentration of 50 mg·L−1 for Pb2+ and 70 mg·L−1 for both Co2+ and Cd2+; and contact time of 90 minutes for both Pb2+ and Co2+ and 120 minutes for Cd2+. Kinetic studies exposed the second-order adsorption of all aforementioned heavy metal ions. Additionally, the equilibrium data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms, while the former performed better than the latter. The maximum adsorption capacity values for Pb2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ were attained to 81.87, 55.30, and 117.3 mg·g−1, respectively. Considering the thermodynamic data, the studied processes were exothermic and spontaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rough structure microspheres developed using electrospinning show many superior properties, such as increased specific surface area and enhanced wettability, yielding numerous benefits to the applications in adsorption, separation, and others. In this study, biomimetic rough microspheres on string of polymethyl methacrylate nanofiber with hierarchical structure of micron-scale microsphere, and nanoscale Y-shape edges on the microsphere were innovatively and successfully developed by electrospinning. The resulting microsphere exhibited a steering-wheel-like Y shape, and the formation process was physically explained by the geometric potential theory. In the spinning process, irregular hexahedron-like droplet was firstly formed. Then, the hexahedron-like droplet changed to tetrahedron-like after the bottom contacted the collector. The tetrahedron-like droplet evolved into Y-shaped microsphere due to the geometric potential and the collapse of the center part owing to the solvent evaporation. Furthermore, similar to the natural lotus leaf, the hierarchical steering-wheel structure strengthened the nanofiber membrane roughness and endowed the membrane with superhydrophobicity, indicating the potential application in water treatment (oil-water separation, and dye and heavy metal ion adsorption), functional surface materials (self-cleaning fabrics), energy generation and other salient areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schiff bases (SBs) are important ligands in coordination chemistry due to their unique structural properties. Their ability to form complexes with metal ions has been exploited for the environmental detection of emerging water contaminants. In this work, we evaluated the complexation ability of three newly proposed SBs, 1–3, by complete conformational analysis, using a combination of Molecular Dynamics and Density Functional Theory studies, to understand their ability to coordinate toxic heavy metal (HMs) ions. From this study, it emerges that all the ligands present geometries that make them suitable to complex HMs through the N-imino moieties or, in the case of 3, with the support of the oxygen atoms of the ethylene diether chain. In particular, this ligand shows the most promising coordination behavior, particularly with Pb2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of heavy metals such as Hg(II) and Pb(II) on the human body are profound. Moreover, they pose significant concerns due to industrial development. Thus, the rapid and stable detection of heavy metal ions and related chemicals has emerged as an urgent issue. The application of Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry (DPSV) facilitated accurate and rapid detection of Hg2+ utilizing MOF materials and ZIF‐8 as detection agents. Pure ZIF‐8 served as the substrate material. Copper or nickel ions were individually introduced into the substrate material. This process resulted in the formation of bimetallic MOF materials. These materials were designated as CuZn and NiZn, respectively. Transition metal‐doped materials were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), resulting in a substantial enhancement in the detection performance of Hg2+. The CuZn/GCE configuration demonstrated the most significant enhancement. When compared to a GCE modified with pure ZIF‐8, both sensitivity and the detection limit for free Hg2+ in the environment experienced increases of 450% and 64%, respectively. Stability and repeatability tests were conducted on the CuZn‐modified GCE. Results indicated that the electrode proved to be very stable and showed strong selectivity in the presence of interfering ions. The sensor modified with CuZn shows promising potential for monitoring trace Hg2+ levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an adsorbent material, Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) provides several advantages, such as large surface area and pore volume, as well as stability in aqueous systems both in acidic, basic, and neutral conditions. The research successfully made a metal organic framework (MOF) from chromium and perylene that was modulated by isonicotinic acid. It was done using three different methods: hydrothermal (Cr-PTC-HIna-HT), solvothermal (Cr-PTC-HIna-ST), and sonochemical (Cr-PTC-HIna-SC). The Cr-PTC-HIna-SC showed the greatest Pb2+ ion adsorption capacity. The optimum adsorption of Pb2+ ions occurred at 150 ppm Pb2+ ion concentration, pH of 5, 90 min of contact time, and an adsorption capacity of 149.95 mg/g at 35 °C. The dominant adsorption isotherm model is the Langmuir isotherm model with R² = 0.9867 and follows the pseudo-second-order. The selectivity test showed that Cr-PTC-HIna-SC MOF could adsorb more Cd2+ ions than Pb2+ ions, with 250 mg/g being the best amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, it has been synthesized a new polymer, OXPESH (oxidized polyethylene functionalized with thiol groups), based on commercially used OXPE (oxidized polyethylene) for possible uses in the removal of heavy metals. Thiol-based oxidized polyethylene was successfully obtained by the esterification process. The synthesized polymeric material was employed as a possible adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Different techniques (1H-NMR, FTIR, ICP-MS, (Elemental Analysis), XPS, SEM–EDX, TGA/DTG) were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the obtained adsorbent. it was observed that the optimum pH values for the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions were 6–8. It was observed that the adsorbent removed the best Ag+ > Cr3 + > Pb2+ > Al3+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ from the aqueous solution. As a result, thiol–based oxidized polyethylene has been demonstrated to be an effective sorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution, indicating its potential relation with water improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ions can be introduced into the water through several point and non-point sources including leather industry, coal mining, agriculture activity and domestic waste. Regrettably, these toxic heavy metals may pose a threat to both humans and animals, particularly when they infiltrate water and soil. Heavy metal poisoning can lead to many health complications, such as liver and renal dysfunction, dermatological difficulties, and potentially even malignancies. To mitigate the risk of heavy metal ion exposure to humans and animals, it is imperative to extract them from places that have been polluted. Several conventional methods such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, membrane filtration and chemical precipitation have been used for the removal of heavy metal ions. However, these methods have high operation costs and generate secondary pollutants during water treatment. Biosorption is an alternative approach to eliminating heavy metals from water that involves employing eco-friendly and cost-effective biomass. This review is focused on the heavy metal ions contamination in the water, biosorption methods for heavy metal removal and mathematical modeling to explain the behaviour of heavy metal adsorption. This review can be helpful to the researchers to design wastewater treatment plants for sustainable wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their capacity for dynamically linking two or more functional molecules, supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs), exemplified by two-dimensional (2D) metallacycles and three-dimensional (3D) metallacages, have gained increasing significance in biomedical applications. However, their inherent hydrophobicity and self-assembly driven by heavy metal ions present common challenges in their applications. These challenges can be overcome by enhancing the aqueous solubility and in vivo circulation stability of SCCs, alongside minimizing their side effects during treatment. Addressing these challenges is crucial for advancing the fundamental research of SCCs and their subsequent clinical translation. In this review, drawing on extensive contemporary research, we offer a thorough and systematic analysis of the strategies employed by SCCs to surmount these prevalent yet pivotal obstacles. Additionally, we explore further potential challenges and prospects for the broader application of SCCs in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]