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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value co‐creation as a research topic has been a critical proposition of interest to a wide range of disciplines. In recent years, the field of cultural heritage has also developed a range of information practices to promote different forms of value co‐creation. While the body of literature has begun to accumulate, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of conceptual foundations and how value co‐creation is implemented in cultural heritage information practices. This paper conducted a hermeneutic literature review to understand and conceptualize the core aspects of value co‐creation in various cultural heritage information works. In particular, this paper provides a research mapping of the genres of co‐creation in cultural heritage information practices, the actors, and the roles played by the stakeholders. Further, this review provides an overview of the dominant value co‐creation models in the cultural heritage field. It distills the drivers of value co‐creation and the core value consequences that arise from a process perspective. Finally, this paper puts forward a thematic, theoretical, and methodological agenda for future work based on these findings. The review contributes to the literature by proposing an integrated conceptual framework that summarizes the core elements of value co‐creation in cultural heritage information practices. The framework also serves as a call for action, providing a general understanding of the conceptual foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores historians' role in shaping public policy amid crises through the programs of the Idaho State Historical Society (ISHS). ISHS navigated the post-2008 recession, aligning with the History Relevance Campaign to redefine history's societal value and develop a legislative outreach program. This article encapsulates the ISHS's journey and history's power--through the agency's new briefing paper program--to inform, unite, guide policy, and promote informed governance. The article describes the author's workflow, which features traditional research methodology and adaptable projectmanagement philosophies and stresses the value of searchable research libraries as a framework for historians to manage multiple projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like Beresford, Hamilton and Kells have expertise in public policy, and their book details the evolution of Australia's contemporary water policy to the present day. While Beresford offers an overview of water trading, here Hamilton and Kells go deep. The Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) traverses the lands of forty Aboriginal nations, all four eastern Australian states and an area larger than France. [Extracted from the article]

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is widespread across many nations and populations, and India shares more than three-quarters of the global burden of SLT consumption. Tobacco use in India has been largely viewed as a male-dominant behaviour. However, evidence from medical, social and behavioural sciences show significant SLT use among women and young girls. This paper highlights key dimensions of SLT use among women in India including prevalence and determinants, the health effects arising from SLT use and cessation behaviours. The paper concludes by providing recommendations with the aim of setting research priorities and policy agenda to achieve a tobacco-free society. The focus on women and girls is essential to achieve the national targets for tobacco control under the National Health Policy, 2017, and Sustainable Development Goals 3 of ensuring healthy lives and promote well-being for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented the importance of health as a central policy issue in the 2024 US election and the need for rigorous research to inform health care and public health policies. Topics include various health-related challenges, such as health disparities, immigration policies, LGBTQ rights, firearm regulations, and the impact of the economy on mental health and access to essential needs.

Family medicine is the internationally recognized nomenclature for the academic discipline, knowledge domain, and medical specialty of primary care doctors, working in the community setting. Family medicine is defined as a specialty of medicine which is concerned with providing comprehensive care to individuals and families by integrating biomedical, behavioral, and social sciences in the community setting. The distinction of family medicine lies in the tradition of medical generalism, promoting whole person care, in a life cycle mode; providing optimal preventive, promotive, and curative healthcare services in a wide spectrum of setting from home to hospital. In 2016, 92nd report of the department‑related parliamentary standing committee on health and family welfare on the “Functioning of the Medical Council of India” has emphasized the need for postgraduate in family medicine. The committee report has noted that “the medical education system is designed in a way that the concept of family physicians has been ignored. The committee recommends that the Government of India in coordination with State Governments should establish robust PG Programs in Family Medicine and facilitate introduction of Family Medicine discipline in all medical colleges. This will not only minimize the need for frequent referrals to specialist and decrease the load on tertiary care but also provide continuous healthcare for the individuals and families. The successive National Health Policies of Government of India–NHP 2002 and 2017 have emphasized the need of family medicine training in India. The recently enacted National Medical Commission Act 2019 has mandated NMC to promote training in family medicine at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Therefore, in the background of the stated policies of the Government of India the concept of family doctors, which was earlier neglected should be institutionalized within the mainstream medical education system of India. It is now time to accelerate and upgrade family medicine training and thereby strengthen the concept of comprehensive primary care in India. This white paper presents the review of family medicine training in India and proposes a way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A consensus has formed that the negative social externalities of online harms combined with huge market power of internet intermediaries justify regulation of online service providers.[1] Fake news, foreign interference in democracy and a business model based on exploitation of engagement via behavioural data have consolidated a political will for new policies, and the government's White Paper proposes a new social media regulator with the power to fine companies that fail to reduce exposure to harmful content. The White Paper proposes, rather than defining a size threshold triggering regulation, to locate discretion with the regulator to decide where to place regulatory emphasis: the regulator will have to decide on the basis of evidence, what the harm reduction priorities are at any one time. So both illegal and harmful content should be part of the regulator's remit, but the regulator should avoid muddying the distinction between them. In effect, each company would be responsible to observe a general regulator-derived code for dealing with speech that clearly meets a standard of illegality, and a company-specific or sector-wide voluntary code that reflects the terms of service of the company. [Extracted from the article]

(Daws, [3]) Daws is clear that the work of receiving and containing a family's distress cannot be done in a routine way. Parent Infant Psychotherapy for Sleep Problems: Through the Night: by Dilys Daws with Sarah Sutton, London: Routledge, 2020, 2124 pp., RRP £19.99 paper back and eBook, ISBN 978-03-67187-82-8 With Sarah Sutton's expert knowledge, Dilys Daws has condensed and updated her classic "Through the Night", written in [2]. [Extracted from the article]

What drives partisan competition over the pursuit of legislative majorities in contemporary congressional elections? While conventional wisdom suggests that the chances of a legislative majority is largely predicated on the public's ideological policy preferences or national standing of the president, there is little work assessing the dynamics of partisan competition over the course of the electoral cycle. Leveraging over 60 years of new generic congressional ballot data measuring the monthly preference of the mass public's partisan presence for the congressional majority, this paper finds that partisan competition for the majority largely centers on the national policy mood and the public perception of presidential performance rather than partisan conflict. This paper validates the importance of these findings relating to partisan competition for the legislative majority by showing that this electoral competition plays a significant role in predicting the national normal popular vote and partisan seat turnover from 1960 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHIGHLIGHTSThe development of education for older adults through policy measures has become an important means for governments to actively cope with population aging. Taking the number of education policies for older adults adopted in 31 provinces of China from 2016 to 2023 as an example, this study empirically analyzes the factors influencing the diffusion of education policies from dimensions of internal tension and external pressure. The results showed that the level of economic development, natural population growth rate, older adults dependency ratio, child dependency ratio, illiterate population over 15 years old, number of local libraries inside the province and the adoption of education policies for older adults in adjacent provinces significantly affected the adoption of education policies for older adults in each province. After the introduction of regional variables, it is found that there are significant differences in the adoption of education policies for older adults by provincial governments in different regions of China. The policy responsiveness of eastern provinces is the best, followed by the central, and the western is the worst. The above results indicate that provincial governments in China are not only affected by the supply level of education services for older adults and their service demand within the province, but also affected by the adoption behavior of other provinces when making decisions, which is the result of rational thinking and competitive pressure. The above results provide China’s experience for the diffusion and implementation of education policies for older adults in a wider range. The research focus of education policy for older adults is shifted from the content, value demands and implementation effects of central policy texts to the innovation and diffusion of policies at the local level, which expands the theoretical vision of education policy research for older adults. The empirical analysis results of this paper show that the combination of the education policy for older adults with the internal tension factors and external competitive pressure such as provincial economic level, population transition trend and public service resources can actively promote a new perspective to carry out research on the policy response of Chinese local governments. It will help to form a detailed and concrete understanding of the effect of local policy innovation in China.This paper expands the applicability of contemporary policy diffusion theory in non-Western countries by examining the diffusion factors that influence Chinese provincial education policies for older adults. It is proposed that when explaining the phenomenon of policy diffusion in China’s local governments, we should not only focus on the economic conditions of the internal jurisdiction and the external diffusion effect emphasized by the existing theories, but also pay attention to the current background of population transition, China’s inter-governmental relations, and even the influence of the official personnel system. These findings provide new theoretical space and application prospects for the research on the diffusion of local government policy innovation.This paper has the following implications for further promoting the reform and innovation of education for older adults in China: First, the empirical results further highlight the value of education for older adults to develop and utilize human resources, and urge us to associate the practice of education for older adults with the evaluation indicators related to economic increase such as retraining and reemployment, and accelerate the innovation and diffusion of education policies for older adults; Second, the ultimate goal of the diffusion of education policies for older adults is to achieve policy results. Therefore, the provincial government should formulate ‘local’ education policies for older adults that meet the needs of the provincial population and avoid mechanical imitation or blind competition between the central government and other provincial policies. Third, it is necessary to further improve the utilization of provincial public service resources, including the use of museums and library resources to launch education for older adults.The research focus of education policy for older adults is shifted from the content, value demands and implementation effects of central policy texts to the innovation and diffusion of policies at the local level, which expands the theoretical vision of education policy research for older adults. The empirical analysis results of this paper show that the combination of the education policy for older adults with the internal tension factors and external competitive pressure such as provincial economic level, population transition trend and public service resources can actively promote a new perspective to carry out research on the policy response of Chinese local governments. It will help to form a detailed and concrete understanding of the effect of local policy innovation in China.This paper expands the applicability of contemporary policy diffusion theory in non-Western countries by examining the diffusion factors that influence Chinese provincial education policies for older adults. It is proposed that when explaining the phenomenon of policy diffusion in China’s local governments, we should not only focus on the economic conditions of the internal jurisdiction and the external diffusion effect emphasized by the existing theories, but also pay attention to the current background of population transition, China’s inter-governmental relations, and even the influence of the official personnel system. These findings provide new theoretical space and application prospects for the research on the diffusion of local government policy innovation.This paper has the following implications for further promoting the reform and innovation of education for older adults in China: First, the empirical results further highlight the value of education for older adults to develop and utilize human resources, and urge us to associate the practice of education for older adults with the evaluation indicators related to economic increase such as retraining and reemployment, and accelerate the innovation and diffusion of education policies for older adults; Second, the ultimate goal of the diffusion of education policies for older adults is to achieve policy results. Therefore, the provincial government should formulate ‘local’ education policies for older adults that meet the needs of the provincial population and avoid mechanical imitation or blind competition between the central government and other provincial policies. Third, it is necessary to further improve the utilization of provincial public service resources, including the use of museums and library resources to launch education for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel dataset on working-time regulation for 197 territories between 1789 and 2010 to document how working hours have become globally standardised through public policy. Descriptive analysis shows that working-time reforms are global in scope, rare events, sizable once undertaken and tend to reduce hours. Democracies were historically more likely than autocracies to regulate hours, but this is not the case now, and there has never been a large gap in the content of their regulations. Whereas independent states always regulated hours to a greater extent, over half of all dependent states just prior to decolonisation regulated hours with more generous regulations than independent states. Based on these patterns, the paper first makes a methodological plea for more long-term historical studies and, second, sketches two possible explanatory frameworks for working-time reforms. One highlights shocks to the powerbase of antiregulation coalitions; the other highlights international normative change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the world, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are being more widely employed in public sector decision-making and processes as a supposedly neutral and an efficient method for optimizing delivery of services. However, the deployment of these technologies has also prompted investigation into the potentially unanticipated consequences of their introduction, to both positive and negative ends. This paper chooses to focus specifically on the relationship between gender bias and AI, exploring claims of the neutrality of such technologies and how its understanding of bias could influence policy and outcomes. Building on a rich seam of literature from both technological and sociological fields, this article constructs an original framework through which to analyse both the perpetuation and mitigation of gender biases, choosing to categorize AI technologies based on whether their input is text or images. Through the close analysis and pairing of four case studies, the paper thus unites two often disparate approaches to the investigation of bias in technology, revealing the large and varied potential for AI to echo and even amplify existing human bias, while acknowledging the important role AI itself can play in reducing or reversing these effects. The conclusion calls for further collaboration between scholars from the worlds of technology, gender studies and public policy in fully exploring algorithmic accountability as well as in accurately and transparently exploring the potential consequences of the introduction of AI technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of COVID-19, universities, national innovation systems (NIS) and global value chains (GVCs), this paper explores systemic barriers (trends and factors) that influence digital learning innovation (DLI) in Africa. The study used the PRISMA framework and Scopus data for a systematic literature review (SLR) and a bibliometric analysis spanning 2000–2021. It also mapped universities globally and in Africa based on Webometrics (Jan 2022) and the Global Innovation Index (Feb 2022) data using a typology. A broad SLR on digital learning extracted two African samples of 2,640 and 4,669. A narrow SLR on DLI, Innovation Systems (IS) and Innovation Barriers (IB) extracted 221 studies. The broad SLR showed that Africa (with the exception of South Africa continentally and Kenya regionally) lags globally in digital learning literature. It also identified country, affiliation (university) and funding sponsor as three possible factors that influence DLI. The narrow SLR revealed a gap in the literature on DLI – IS – IB and a low emphasis on GVCs. From the literature, this paper proposes a conceptual model spanning DLI – IS – IB and a typology of systemic barriers to inform future research. It also provides unique empirical data to inform DLI and GVC focused public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2004, California became the first state to require that employers provide paid family leave (PFL) to their employees. This paper examines the effect of California's PFL law on time spent caregiving to parents and to grandchildren by older adults aged 50–79. To identify the effect of the law, the paper uses the 1998–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study and a difference-in-differences approach comparing outcomes in California to other states before and after the implementation of the law. Results suggest that the law induced a switch in caregiving behavior with older adults spending less time caring for grandchildren and more time helping parents. Focusing on women, results further suggest that PFL affected older adults both through their own leave-taking and through reallocations of their caregiving time in response to leave-taking by new parents. The findings motivate thinking more broadly when calculating the costs and benefits of PFL policies; to the extent that California's PFL law enabled older adults to provide more care for their parents they otherwise would not have received, such an outcome represents an indirect benefit of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of parenting program implementation significantly affects the extent to which a program is delivered effectively as well as the likelihood of it becoming embedded in everyday services. The group based Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children (PLH-YC) program for parents of children aged 2–9 years was developed specifically for implementation in low- and middle-income contexts, has been tested in five randomized trials, and incorporates a number of strategies to encourage fidelity of delivery. This paper reports on the introduction of PLH-YC to Montenegro, including initial work to engage government agencies and service providers, adapt the program and, following initial evidence of effectiveness, implement strategies to promote effective delivery and embed the program. Following program adaptation and initial facilitator training, eight groups were run, supported with resources and supervision and independently evaluated. The successful pilot led to program training accreditation by national professional agencies and a series of steps to successfully further embed it into routine settings in Montenegro, including by recognizing the program in national policy documents. This led to further facilitator trainings, now numbering 97 facilitators and the certification of ten coaches and two trainers. By the end of 2023, 1278 parents, across 13 municipalities (half of all municipalities in Montenegro) and a range of service providers, have received the program. The paper describes the project phases and key fidelity components that underpinned the successful introduction and embedding of the program in Montenegro. The plan has resulted in Montenegro having its own domestic resources to continue to implement the program effectively and further plan for widespread dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines John Bruce's vision of the bureaucratic archives of the British state and empire at the end of the eighteenth century. As Historiographer to the East India Company and Keeper of State Papers in the 1790s and early 1800s, Bruce used the archives of corporate and state government as sources of bureaucratic knowledge to justify and plan imperial and domestic policy. In this way, Bruce deployed a strategy of governance by the authority of "state papers," rooted in early modern political practice, across imperial and domestic government. The demise of Bruce's influence signaled the waning of this role of the archive as a technology of governance in Britain during the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the range and extent of problematic content and behaviour described in the OHWP, government concern and scrutiny is certainly merited. If we set aside the focus on harms or illegal content, the OHWP could instead be read as a manifesto for government-led platform governance. If viewed from a platform governance perspective, the most significant failing of the duty of care approach is that (at least as currently framed) it doesn't tackle the unique regulatory challenges posed by problematic behaviour and content on platforms. The proposed "duty of care" may in practice require procedural accountability on the part of platforms, but by choosing to target rhetorical simplicity over principles for good governance, it fails to provide a broad-ranging normative framework for platform governance that could truly set an international standard. [Extracted from the article]