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Geophysical observations will provide key information about the inner structure of the planets and satellites and understanding the internal structure is a strong constraint on the bulk composition and thermal evolution of these bodies. Thus, geophysical observations are a key to uncovering the origin and evolution of the Moon. In this article, we propose the development of an autonomous lunar geophysical experiment package, composed of a suite of instruments and a central station with standardized interface, which can be installed on various future lunar missions. By fixing the interface between instruments and the central station, it would be possible to easily configure an appropriate experiment package for different missions. We describe here a series of geophysical instruments that may be included as part of the geophysical package: a seismometer, a magnetometer, a heat flow probe, and a laser reflector. These instruments will provide mechanical, thermal, and geodetic parameters of the Moon that are strongly related to the internal structure. We discuss the functionality required for future geophysical observations of the Moon, including the development of the central station that will be used commonly by different payloads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yves Simonin, a rather obscure professor of hydrography in Bayonne, submitted five scientific papers to the Paris Academy of Sciences between 1738 and 1740, which only survive in the original manuscript versions. The topics Simonin deals with in these texts are essentially three: the rectification of navigation charts of the Southern Sea, the shape of the Earth, and the heliocentric theory. Far from acknowledging Simonin's contribution to the ongoing academic debate as a valuable one, the institution systematically rejected his work. In this paper, I first provide a critical analysis of Simonin's manuscripts. As I argue, their originality lies in the adoption of the perspective of a practitioner of and expert in navigational techniques. I then investigate the reasons behind the Academy's negative reception of Simonin's papers, casting light on the expertise required to participate in academic debates in the mid‐18th century, and on the limits set by the institution to the possibility of external intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics of highly cited papers (HCPs) in the research field of geosciences based on the Essential Science Indicators database, which is widely used to evaluate institutions and researchers. Multi-aspects, including country/region's productivity distribution, organizations, authors, detailed categories and hot topics, journals and implications of collaboration networks have been explored in this study. The main findings are: (1) USA ranks first in geosciences research with over 60% global share, with most of the leading organizations (12 out of 15) also from that country. (2) The percentage of international collaborations is high in this research field; the collaboration shows tangled networks among countries/regions (organizations) and also indicates close connections worldwide. (3) Despite the dominance of USA in productivity, only 5 of the top 15 authors are from that country, and relatively tight collaboration networks are found among the top authors. (4) The current high-level researches in geosciences focus on meteorology, geochemistry, geophysics, remote sensing and oceanography, and topics involving climate change draw most of the attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract González-Acebrón et al. (2016) attributed the coastal deposits of Torre Bermeja-La Barrosa area (Cádiz, SW Spain) to the Early Pleistocene (1.3 Ma). They also considered that an extremely high-energy event, such as a tsunami, affected the basal deposits of the sequence. In this paper, both the chronological attribution and the stratigraphic-sedimentary model are discussed. Previous information shows that Sequence 1 is late Pliocene-lowermost Early Pleistocene based on biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, and regional-scale stratigraphic correlation. In addition, stratigraphic, facies, and sedimentary analyses indicate that sediments attributed to Sequence 1 were formed due to south-easternward longshore currents reworking wave- and tidal-dominated coarse-grained delta sediments deposited further to the north. Highlights • Coarse-grained deposits cropping out at La Barrosa (Cádiz, SW Spain) are late Pliocene-lowermost Early Pleistocene in age. • They were formed in coastal settings related to longshore currents reworking of wave- and tide-dominated delta deposits • The age assignment and the sedimentary interpretation challenge results recently published by González-Acebrón et al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the article “Deep Seismic Structure Across the Southernmost MarianaTrench: Implications for Arc Rifting and Plate Hydration" by Wan et al., which appeared in the periodical “Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth" is presented.

This paper delivers an in-depth bibliometric analysis of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) research within the realm of geophysics, covering the period from 2012 to 2023 and drawing on data from the Web of Science. By employing bibliographic and structured network analysis methods, including the use of Bibliometrix and VOSviewer®, the study highlights the most influential scholars, leading institutions, and pivotal research contributions that have significantly shaped the field of DAS in geophysics. The research delves into key collaborative dynamics, unraveling them through co-authorship network analysis, and delves into thematic developments and trajectories via comprehensive co-citation and keyword co-occurrence network analyses. These analyses elucidate the most robust and prominent areas within DAS research. A critical insight gained from this study is the rise of 'photonic seismology' as an emerging interdisciplinary domain, exemplifying the fusion of photonic sensing techniques with seismic science. This paper also discusses certain limitations inherent in the study and concludes with implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase solotone effect refers to a persistent irregular pattern within a set of eigenvalues. This effect arises when the underlying differential equations contain discontinuities. Models of the Earth contain such discontinuities and research into solotones was originally motivated by vibration problems in geophysics. More recently, solotone effects have been discovered within heat conduction, and within quantum wells. However, at present, only one-dimensional arrangements have been shown to give rise to a solotone effect. In this paper, we compute the eigenvalues of an inhomogeneous vibrating rectangular membrane. The resulting eigenspectra, when taken as a whole, fail to display a solotone effect. Nevertheless, we show that irregular patterns do exist within selected subsets of eigenvalues. Our analysis therefore provides the first example of a solotone effect in a spatial dimension greater than one. Furthermore, this discovery could be used to extend the solotone inverse method already implemented in one dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG) is an international conference that was held, on average, every 3–4 years in different European cities between 1990 (Grenoble) and 2008 (Nice). These symposia usually offer an opportunity for researchers from Latin American countries and Europe as well as other countries to review the state of knowledge in geosciences on the Andes. After a long period without an edition, the 8th ISAG was organized for the first time in a Latin American country, Ecuador, from 24th to 26th September 2019. The organizing committee led by Pablo Samaniego relied heavily on the Instituto Geofísico of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) and the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), in particular through its office in Quito, and through the Laboratoire Mixte International in France and Ecuador: "Seismes et Volcans dans les Andes du Nord" (LMI-SVAN); and the French Embassy in Ecuador. Field trips in tectonics, seismotectonics and volcanology at emblematic sites in Ecuador were organized by researchers from the IRD (Isterre and LMV), the Institut de Radio Protection Nucléaire (IRSN), IG-EPN and the University of Geneva. Four invited speakers gave presentations: Peter Molnar (University of Boulder) on the mechanisms of the Andes uplift, Suzanne Kay (Cornell University) on its magmatism, Victor Ramos (University of Buenos Aires) on the scientific approaches developed through time for the Andean orogeny and Eric Calais (Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris) on the difficulty of dialog between seismic risk specialists and the authorities in Haiti. The symposium also provided an opportunity for more than 250 participants to meet, with more than 80 oral presentations and over 150 posters. As a result of this conference, the Editor of the Journal of South American Earth Sciences proposed to the organizing committee to publish a special issue on the contours of these presentations. Following the peer review process, 19 papers are published in this special issue. These manuscripts reflect the various disciplinary fields, geophysics and deep imaging, tectonics, volcanism, geomorphology and seismic hazard, from the local scale to the Andes as a whole. Not surprisingly, a higher density of works is found in Ecuador and the northern Andes (Figure 1). As this collection of articles reflects the outlines of a symposium and not a specific scientific question, our aim here is not to develop a synthesis of current knowledge on the Andes. We therefore present these articles in sequence, by discipline, although this categorization may appear subjective since some articles are multidisciplinary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Geophysics, topographic factors are observations that can be directly measured, but they are often ignored to simplify the model. Studying the coseismic deformation caused by earthquakes helps accurately determine the epicenter's parameterization. It provides a reference for the reasonable layout of coseismic observation stations and GNSS observation stations. After the Mw7.8 earthquake in Nepal in 2015, GCMT, USGS, GFZ, CPPT, and other institutions released their epicenter parameter. However, according to their parameters, the coseismic displacements simulated by the spectral-element method are quite different from the GNSS observations. Firstly, this paper inverts the geometric parameters of the seismogenic fault with Nepal's coseismic GNSS displacement. The spectral-element method determines the source's location and depth under the heterogeneous terrain and outputs the source parameters. Among the results of many studies, the surface source is more consistent with the generation mechanism of large earthquakes. Secondly, this paper calculates the fault slip distribution of this earthquake using SDM (Steepest Descent Method) based on GNSS and InSAR data, which is divided into 1500 subfaults, and the moment tensor of each subfault is calculated. This paper investigates the distribution characteristics of the coseismic deformation field of the 2015 Mw 7.8 earthquake in Nepal under three different models. The results show that the influence of topographic factors is ~ 20%, and the influence of heterogeneous factors is ~ 10%. This paper concludes that the influence of topographic factors is much more significant than that of heterogeneous factors, and the influence of both should be addressed in coseismic deformation calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Editors and Staff of Earth and Space Science thank the reviewers whose selfless work has significantly contributed to the publication process of papers highlighting the best research in geophysics, planetary, and space science in 2023. Peer‐reviewing is a demanding and thankless job. It is however an essential component of the scientific process, requiring the highest standards of integrity and rigor. Reviewers check data and procedures and test reproducibility of methods and results; they share their expertise to verify that the interpretations and conclusions of a paper are consistent with assumptions and existing knowledge. Without this essential work it would not be possible to trust in the scientific process. Publication of papers in a multidisciplinary journal such as Earth and Space Science, that highlights methods, instruments, data and algorithms, relies directly on the expertise of its reviewers to verify and vouch for the quality of the papers that are published. We are indebted to all our reviewers and are delighted to acknowledge them publicly in this Editorial. Plain Language Summary: The Editors and Staff of Earth and Space Science acknowledge the importance of hundreds of peer reviewers who contributed to the scientific rigor of the papers published in the journal. The Editors wish to publicly recognize the 926 reviewers who gave selflessly of their time and expertise in 2023. Key Points: The editors thank the 2023 peer reviewers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Igneous intrusions, notably carbonatitic-alkalic intrusions, peralkaline intrusions, and pegmatites, represent significant sources of rare-earth metals. Geophysical exploration for and of such intrusions has met with considerable success. Examples of the application of the gravity, magnetic, and radiometric methods in the search for rare metals are presented and described. Ground gravity surveys defining small positive gravity anomalies helped outline the shape and depth of the Nechalacho (formerly Lake) deposit within the Blatchford Lake alkaline complex, Northwest Territories, and of spodumene-rich mineralization associated with the Tanco deposit, Manitoba, within the hosting Tanco pegmatite. Based on density considerations, the bastnaesite-bearing main ore body within the Mountain Pass carbonatite, California, should produce a gravity high similar in amplitude to those associated with the Nechalacho and Tanco deposits. Gravity also has utility in modelling hosting carbonatite intrusions, such as the Mount Weld intrusion, Western Australia, and Elk Creek intrusion, Nebraska. The magnetic method is probably the most successful geophysical technique for locating carbonatitic-alkalic host intrusions, which are typically characterized by intense positive, circular to sub-circular, crescentic, or annular anomalies. Intrusions found by this technique include the Mount Weld carbonatite and the Misery Lake alkali complex, Quebec. Two potential carbonatitic-alkalic intrusions are proposed in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec, where application of an automatic technique to locate circular magnetic anomalies identified several examples. Two in particular displayed strong similarities in magnetic pattern to anomalies accompanying known carbonatitic or alkalic intrusions hosting rare-metal mineralization and are proposed to have a similar origin. Discovery of carbonatitic-alkalic hosts of rare metals has also been achieved by the radiometric method. The Thor Lake group of rare-earth metal deposits, which includes the Nechalacho deposit, were found by follow-up investigations of strong equivalent thorium and uranium peaks defined by an airborne survey. Prominent linear radiometric anomalies associated with glacial till in the Canadian Shield have provided vectors based on ice flow directions to source intrusions. The Allan Lake carbonatite in the Grenville Province of Ontario is one such intrusion found by this method. Although not discovered by its radiometric characteristics, the Strange Lake alkali intrusion on the Quebec-Labrador border is associated with prominent linear thorium and uranium anomalies extending at least 50 km down ice from the intrusion. Radiometric exploration of rare metals hosted by pegmatites is evaluated through examination of radiometric signatures of peraluminous pegmatitic granites in the area of the Tanco pegmatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the gravity standard using the gravity data of a specified group of stations, the gravity reference network is crucial for national gravity measurements. Dependable gravity values are required in the modern height system and for different tasks in geophysics. In particular, it can be utilized as an initial data point for airborne gravity measurements or other fields. There are some programs for processing gravity data like GrafLaB, GRAVSOFT, but its main focus are the spherical harmonic computation and gravity field modeling, and can not process the observations of relative measurements. Even though there are pyGABEUR-ITB and GRAVNET, but above mentioned software don't have the graphical user interface (GUI) and also don't give the detail mathematical error correction. Therefore, the GravNetAdj software package, which is based on the MATLAB 2018a platform by using the appdesigner, is developed using an up-to-date robust method for parameter estimation. Firstly, this paper reviews the fundamental theory of gravity network adjustment, covering the relative gravity data processing, the methods of network adjustment, and precision evaluation. Then, a case study for the local gravity reference network in China is conducted, which is used to prove the reliability and availability of the presented software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological prospection is continually expanding into new frontiers, examining increasingly large areas, diverse environmental contexts and varying site types. One area that has received only limited focus is historic battlefields. This paper presents results from large‐scale geophysical surveys (> 100 ha) at the Napoleonic battlefield of Waterloo (1815) in Belgium, using fluxgate magnetometry and frequency‐domain electromagnetic induction. Despite its international historical significance, professional archaeological research at the battlefield is still in its infancy. We demonstrate how important insights can be gained by using geophysical methods for identifying features and artefacts related to the battle and for developing an understanding of the various influences acting on the present landscape. The largest survey of its kind undertaken on a single battlefield site, this approach holds particular potential for battlefield archaeology, given the subtle and low‐density nature of the sought‐after targets and the extensive area of the site. Such an approach can mitigate (though not entirely resolve) challenges of resolution and scale associated with other methods of investigation. Using a representative range of examples from Waterloo, we consider successes and challenges in undertaking geophysical surveys on battlefield sites. An integrated approach that incorporates targeted sampling and other forms of ancillary data is emphasized for a more robust interpretation of noninvasive sensor data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The streaming potential effect has a wide range of applications in geophysics. The core streaming potential experiment requires that there is no external circuit at both ends of the core, but a measurement circuit must be introduced to measure the voltage between both ends of the core which will cause an external circuit. In order to analyze the effect of measurement circuits on the streaming potential experiment, this paper proposes a core current source model, i.e., the core in the streaming potential experiment is regarded as a circuit composed of a current source whose output current is equal to the seepage current and the core resistance. By changing the resistance value of the external circuit, it is found that the seepage current is not affected by the external resistance but by the excitation pressure. Experiments on the streaming potential of 20 sandstone cores under distilled water, 0.01 mol/L, 0.02 mol/L, 0.05 mol/L, 0.1 mol/L, 0.2 mol/L, 0.4 mol/L, and 0.6 mol/L sodium chloride solutions revealed that the effect of the external circuit on the streaming potential signal increased with decreasing mineralization. For distilled water-saturated sandstone cores, the effect of the external circuit was about 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time evolution of the mother body of a planar, uniform vortex that moves in an incompressible, inviscid fluid is investigated. The vortex is isolated, so that its motion is just due to self-induced velocities. Its mother body is defined as the part internal to the vortex of the singular set of the Schwarz function of its boundary. In the present analysis, it is an arc of curve (branch cut), starting and ending in the two internal branch points of this function, across any point of which the Schwarz function experiences a finite jump. By looking at the mother body from the outside of the vortex, it behaves as a vortex sheet having density of circulation given by the jump of the Schwarz function. Its name (mother body) is taken from Geophysics, and it is here used due to its property of generating, outside the vortex and on its boundary, the same velocity as the vortex itself. The shape of the branch cut and the jump of the Schwarz function across any point of it change in time, by following the motion of the vortex boundary. As it happens for a physical vortex sheet, the mother body is not a material line, so that it does not move according to the velocities induced by the vortex. In the present paper, the cut shape, the above jumps, as well as the cut velocities are deduced from the time evolution equation of the Schwarz function. Numerical experiments, carried out by building the branch cut and calculating the limit values of the Schwarz function on its sides during the vortex motion, confirm the analytical calculations. Some global quantities (circulation, first and second order moments) are here rewritten as integrals on the cut, and their conservation during the vortex motion is analytically and numerically verified. Indeed, the numerical simulations show that they behave in the same way as their classical contour dynamics forms, written in terms of integrals on the vortex boundary. This proves that the shape of the cut, as well as the limit values of the Schwarz function on its sides, are correctly calculated during the motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic distance measurements (EDM) represent one of the first methods to detect ground deformation on volcanoes. Used since 1964, they enable acquiring precise distance measurements, whose time repetition may highlight changes related to volcanic activity. This technique was widely used on volcanoes from the 1970s to the early 2000s and has been used many times to model position, geometry, and volumes of magmatic and hydrothermal sources. This paper reports the EDM experiences, results and data acquired on Sicilian volcanoes (Etna, Vulcano, Stromboli and Pantelleria) from the early 1970s, which have played a major role in the birth of the volcano-geodesy for volcanic process knowledge, making the Sicilian volcanoes among those with the longest geodetic record in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text is a preface to a volume of the Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, which focuses on geophysical research in Italy. It provides an overview of the Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida (GNGTS), an organization established in 1978 to promote research in solid Earth geophysics. The preface discusses the history and significance of the GNGTS annual conference, highlighting the innovations and changes implemented in the 41st conference. It also mentions the topics covered in the conference papers included in the volume, such as seismology, exploration geophysics, and engineering seismology. The document expresses gratitude to the convenors and reviewers involved in the publication process. [Extracted from the article]

Deep learning has gained attraction amongst geophysicists for solving complex longstanding problems. Nevertheless, proper hyperparameter optimization methodologies remain critically underexplored in geophysical deep learning research. This paper attempts to first highlight the importance of hyperparameter optimization and then showcase two geophysics‐related deep learning examples where a grid search and Optuna framework (an automated optimization approach) were used for hyperparameter optimization. We consider two geophysical problems related to denoising seismic traces and the inversion of seismic traces for velocity information. In both cases, models created based on Optuna hyperparameter optimization were able to perform better than those created through grid search. The most significant advantage of Optuna, however, is having quantifiable results to justify the choice of a neural network architecture, depth and other hyperparameters rather than relying on inefficient methods of exploring the hyperparameter space such as a trial‐and‐error or grid search. This study aims to stimulate further exploration and adoption of these frameworks, pushing the boundaries of current deep learning based geophysical problem‐solving methodologies towards full automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper addresses the development of numerical modeling of electromagnetic fields in geophysics with a focus on recent finite element simulation. It discusses ways of estimating errors of our solutions for a perfectly matched modeling domain and the problems that arise from its insufficient representation. After a brief outline of early methods and modeling approaches, the paper mainly discusses the capabilities of the finite element method formulated on unstructured grids and the advantages of local h-refinement allowing for both a flexible and largely accurate representation of the geometries of the multi-scale geomaterial and an accurate evaluation of the underlying functions representing the physical fields. In summary, the accuracy of the solution depends on the geometric mapping, the choice of the mathematical model, and the spatial discretization. Although the available error estimators do not necessarily provide reliable error bounds for our complex geomodels, they are still useful to guide grid refinement. Therefore, an overview of the most common a posteriori error estimators is given. It will be shown that the sensitivity is the most important function in both guiding the geometric mapping and the local refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a special issue on machine learning (ML) applications in geophysical exploration and monitoring. ML techniques have shown promise in streamlining workflows, extracting insights from large datasets, and solving computational problems in geophysics. The special issue includes 17 papers covering a range of geophysical applications, such as seismic data processing, electromagnetic inversion, and well logging. These papers demonstrate the current state of ML applications in geophysics and highlight challenges and potential directions for future research. The hope is that this special issue will serve as a valuable resource for geophysicists interested in ML techniques and their applications in geophysics. [Extracted from the article]

This preface introduces the Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida (GNGTS), an organization established in 1978 to promote research in solid Earth geophysics. The GNGTS holds an annual conference where researchers from various disciplines come together to exchange ideas and present their work. The text also mentions the role of the GNGTS in supporting young researchers and the publication of selected papers in the Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography. The preface then provides an overview of the papers included in the volume, which cover a range of topics in geophysics, such as creating a 3D model of the Mediterranean Sea, studying buried mounds in Antarctica, analyzing fault interaction in the Apennine fault system, comparing seismic waveforms, investigating ground motion in Italy, evaluating error estimation methods, and developing a new data inversion tool. The authors express gratitude to the convenors and reviewers of the papers. [Extracted from the article]

Irrigation, as one of the most impactful human interventions in the terrestrial water cycle, has been arousing great attention due to research on the impacts of its interaction with climate. In this paper, we used a scientometric analysis method to explore the overall publication output of the climatic effects of irrigation (CEI) field from the Web of Science Core Collection (WSCC) database, covering the time period from 1993 to 2022. And, through a visual scientific citation analysis tool, CiteSpace, we studied the knowledge structure, disciplinary trajectory, frontier hotspots, and academic impacts in the field of CEI. Using topic screening, 2919 publications related to irrigation climate were searched. CEI research has gone through the knowledge germination stage (1993–2005), knowledge accretion stage (2006–2012), and the knowledge prosperity stage (2013–2022), respectively. Ecology, earth, and marine are the most influential disciplines of research in this field, and they are influenced by earth, geology, geophysics and plant, ecology, zoology. AWM and SOTTE are the most popular journals currently. The academic impacts of scientific stakeholders are uneven. European and American countries have profound influence in the research field. The keyword of "Climate change" is the turning point in the co-word analysis network, and research hotspots focus on "carbon dioxide", "model", "climate", "growth", "temperature", "biomass", "global warming", "CO2", "global change", "dynamics", "adjustments", and "atmospheric CO2". The knowledge base of the CEI field can be divided into 14 clusters, such as cotton production, semi-arid condition, and irrigation water supply, and these three clusters are the three largest among them. This paper offers a comprehensive scientometric review of CEI, and, to some degree, provides some reference for the relevant research on the climate effects of irrigation, which will be beneficial to understand the current research situation and development trend in this field, as well as provide state-of-the-art and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid flow through fractured media is typically governed by the distribution of fracture apertures, which are in turn governed by stress. Consequently, understanding subsurface stress is critical for understanding and predicting subsurface fluid flow. Although laboratory‐scale studies have established a sensitive relationship between effective stress and bulk electrical conductivity in crystalline rock, that relationship has not been extensively leveraged to monitor stress evolution at the field scale using electrical or electromagnetic geophysical monitoring approaches. In this paper we demonstrate the use time‐lapse 3‐dimensional (4D) electrical resistivity tomography to image perturbations in the stress field generated by pressurized borehole packers deployed during shear‐stimulation attempts in a 1.25 km deep metamorphic crystalline rock formation. Plain Language Summary: Time‐lapse electrical geophysical sensing is used to image 3D changes in rock stress generated by an isolated and pressurized interval of a borehole in a deep, dense, fractured rock formation. Key Points: Remotely monitoring stress is challenging but important for relating geomechanical behavior to flow pathways during energy productionBulk electrical conductivity is sensitive to stress in crystalline rockTime‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography can be used to remotely monitor 3D changes in effective stress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We suggest that the next era of Heliophysics should focus on the Sun–Heliosphere and Geospace as each a system-of-systems, and recommend a coordinated, deliberate, worldwide scientific effort to answer long-standing questions that will remain unanswered without a unified program. Many of the biggest unanswered science questions that remain across Heliophysics center around the interconnectivity of the different physical systems and the role of mesoscale dynamics in modulating, regulating, and controlling that interconnected behavior. Heliophysics has made key progress understanding both the large-scale dynamics and the microphysical processes that occur in these dynamic systems. Such understanding grew out of a systematic approach to study both limits of the system, from global, with the coordinated missions of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program, to micro, with largely uncoordinated (albeit coincident) missions such as Cluster, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), Van Allen Probes, Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS), Parker Solar Probe, and Solar Orbiter. We suggest that the international Heliophysics community should embark on a grand program to study these system-of-systems holistically, with coordinated, multipoint measurements. We particularly recommend an emphasis on resolving the mesoscale dynamics that links micro to global, and a whole-of-science approach that includes ground-based measurements and advanced numerical modeling. In effect, we propose a mesoscale ISTP type program that would consist of a system of Great Observatories capable of revealing the connections among systems from the solar interior to the top of Earth's atmosphere. The paradigm and specific approaches outlined in this paper could serve as a strategic imperative and overarching theme that binds our Solar and Space Physics communities together under a common scientific objective. By its very nature, the type of program we argue for would be large, with several coordinated elements, and international in scope. It would include space-borne missions and coordinated ground-based observatories, artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) methods of analyzing large and complex datasets, and next-generation numerical modeling. The need to coordinate and integrate these different elements is independent of any specific mission implementation. Hence, we suggest the Heliophysics community organize around an ISTP-type program, ISTPNext, with associated Heliophysics "Great Observatories". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a pilot study that combines findings from satellite remote sensing analyses and an intensive interdisciplinary survey conducted in November 2021 on kurgans along the Kurekçay Valley, in western Azerbaijan. Through the integration of various methods, including historical and contemporary satellite and aerial imagery analysis, topographic mapping and geophysical prospections, this research remotely maps and quantifies the density, size, morphology and distribution of the burial mounds in the area. Unlike previous studies focusing solely on individual burial mounds, this investigation adopts a broader approach by contextualizing the kurgans within their respective landscapes. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the physical and symbolic aspects and relationships of these structures, providing valuable insights into the enduring burial practices that shaped the funerary traditions of the Southern Caucasus during the 4th and 1st millennium BCE. Furthermore, this approach supports an assessment of the condition of the individual kurgans, thereby opening new perspectives to develop innovative plans to protect these burial mounds and their settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the depth of mineral exploration has increased in recent years, multiple exploration methods have become necessary to obtain more accurate depth and surface data. Each type of exploratory data has different uncertainty, resolution, and efficiency levels. Using these data individually or preparing traditional models based on a single data type often fails to meet the desired accuracy level. Therefore, mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) has become more common in integrating these data. MPM methods require determining the importance of the data used. This importance is expressed as the weight of the layers (evidence). Typically, data-driven methods cannot be used to determine the weight of evidence layers in green areas due to the need for sufficient deposits. In these areas, knowledge-based methods, using the opinions of expert geologists, are often used to determine the weight of the layers. However, the weights determined by different experts may vary depending on their perspectives. Therefore, one of the challenges of using MPM methods in green areas is determining a reliable weight for the layers. This paper uses different exploration data, such as airborne geophysical data, geochemistry, geology, and remote sensing data, to prepare suitable reference layers. Due to the limited mineral prospects available in this area, we used the prediction-area (P-A) method to calculate the layers' weights without experts' opinions. We then used these weights to produce the gold prospectivity map in this area using the multi-index overlay (MIO) and the (Adjusted, Conventional, and Modified) TOPSIS methods. Finally, the obtained results were used to evaluate the efficiency of these methods and the calculated weights for this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of a “peeling front” or an elastic line is studied under creep (constant load) conditions. Our experiments show in most cases an exponential dependence of the creep velocity on the inverse force (mass) applied. In particular, the dynamical correlations of the avalanche activity are discussed here. We compare various avalanche statistics to those of a line with non-local elasticity, and study various measures of the experimental avalanche-avalanche and temporal correlations such as the autocorrelation function of the released energy and aftershock activity. From all these we conclude, that internal avalanche dynamics seems to follow “line depinning”-like behavior, in rough agreement with the depinning model. Meanwhile, the correlations reveal subtle complications not implied by depinning theory. Moreover, we also show how these results can be understood from a geophysical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctica is of great importance in terms of global warming, the sustainability of resources, and the conservation of biodiversity. However, due to 99.66% of the continent being covered in ice and snow, geological research and geoscientific study in Antarctica face huge challenges. Geophysical surveys play a crucial role in enhancing comprehension of the fundamental structure of Antarctica. This study used bibliometric analysis to analyze citation data retrieved from the Web of Science for the period from 1982 to 2022 with geophysical research on Antarctica as the topic. According to the analysis results, the amount of Antarctic geophysical research has been steadily growing over the past four decades as related research countries/regions have become increasingly invested in issues pertaining to global warming and sustainability, and international cooperation is in sight. Moreover, based on keyword clustering and an analysis of highly cited papers, six popular research topics have been identified: Antarctic ice sheet instability and sea level change, Southern Ocean and Sea Ice, tectonic activity of the West Antarctic rift system, the paleocontinental rift and reorganization, magmatism and volcanism, and subglacial lakes and subglacial hydrology. This paper provides a detailed overview of these popular research topics and discusses the applications and advantages of the geophysical methods used in each field. Finally, based on keywords regarding abrupt changes, we identify and examine the thematic evolution of the nexus over three consecutive sub-periods (i.e., 1990–1995, 1996–2005, and 2006–2022). The relevance of using geophysics to support numerous and diverse scientific activities in Antarctica becomes very clear after analyzing this set of scientific publications, as is the importance of using multiple geophysical methods (satellite, airborne, surface, and borehole technology) to revolutionize the acquisition of new data in greater detail from inaccessible or hard-to-reach areas. Many of the advances that they have enabled be seen in the Antarctic terrestrial areas (detailed mapping of the geological structures of West and East Antarctica), ice, and snow (tracking glaciers and sea ice, along with the depth and features of ice sheets). These valuable results help identify potential future research opportunities in the field of Antarctic geophysical research and aid academic professionals in keeping up with recent advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers several approaches for solving multiplicative second-order linear differential equations with variable exponentials, such as normalization and reduction to Riccati equations. In addition, in this paper, the multiplicative version of the Airy equation, which emerges in fluid mechanics, geophysics, and atomic physics, is solved using the multiplicative power series solution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the promotion of China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the energy industry is transforming from traditional fossil energy to renewable energy, which is sustainable, clean and safe. The development of renewable energy is not only an important measure to achieve the above goals but also a significant factor to alleviate the global energy crisis. Salt caverns, with good air tightness, have been considered as the best choice for large-scale underground energy storage. To elaborate on the research and future development of salt cavern compressed air energy storage technology in China, this paper analyzes the mode and characteristics of compressed air energy storage, explores the current development, key technologies and engineering experience of the construction of underground salt caverns for compressed air energy storage at home and abroad. Focusing on salt cavern compressed air energy storage technology, this paper provides a deep analysis of large-diameter drilling and completion, solution mining and morphology control, and evaluates the factors affecting cavern tightness and wellbore integrity. The future development and challenges of underground salt caverns for compressed air energy storage in China are discussed, and the prospects for the three key technologies of largediameter drilling and completion and wellbore integrity, solution mining morphology control and detection, and tubing corrosion and control are considered. This paper aims to provide a useful reference for the development of underground salt cavern compressed air energy storage technology, the transformation of green and renewable energy, and the realization of carbon neutral vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture networks linked to the brittle deformation of rocks are often hosts of fluid flows or geomechanical discontinuities which are important to model for rock mass stability analyses, reservoir assessment or storage capacity evaluation. However, the fractures can be mapped only poorly by subsurface geophysics or borehole imagery. 1D scan lines or 2D maps on outcrops analogues are thus one of the current methods used for the assessemet of the networks, but are very limited regarding the 3D distribution of the fractures. This paper shows the first tests and results for a new automated workflow of fracture properties characterization, using high resolution LiDAR and Photogrammetry data on outcrops. From the obtained 3d point clouds on different objects such as quarries, cliffs or road sides, we reconstruct the outcrop surface in a 3D meshed surface with the help of a Simple and Scalable Surface Reconstruction (SSSR). The fracture planes are automatically detected based on a region-growing segmentation approach based on the spatial distribution of the points. It allows to quickly and effectively 10 extract fracture properties such as orientation, geometry and position in the 3d space, with a possibility for direct 3D density computation without using proxies from 1D or 2D data. This paper present the workflow methodology and the tests on 5 basement rock outcrops of different outcropping quality. We also compare the method with a manual fracture picking tool and a classical 1D scan line methodology on the field. It is a first step to get more precise, automatic, easier and faster modelling workflows on fractured rocks from outcrop analogues data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper “A crustal-upper mantle model for southeastern Sicily (Italy) from the integration of petrologic and geophysical data” by Manuella et al. (2013) speculatively proposes that the basement beneath southeastern Sicily is made up of a fossil oceanic crust of Permo-Triassic age. The Authors support their hypothesis discussing the geochemical features of Cenozoic basic lavas and entrained xenoliths. Unfortunately, the paper does not include fundamental references on the subject, and these omissions limit the discussion of alternative hypotheses. In this reply we highlight that the new model proposed by the Authors is poorly constrained and that their argumentations are weak and sometimes wrongly founded. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To develop diagnostic imaging approaches, this paper emphasizes the transformational potential of merging geophysics with health sciences. Diagnostic imaging technology improvements have transformed the health sciences by enabling earlier and more precise disease identification, individualized therapy, and improved patient care. This review article examines the connection between geophysics and diagnostic imaging in the field of health sciences. Geophysics, which is typically used to explore Earth's subsurface, has provided new uses of its methodology in the medical field, providing innovative solutions to pressing medical problems. The article examines the different geophysical techniques like electrical imaging, seismic imaging, and geophysics and their corresponding imaging techniques used in health sciences like tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, etc. The examination includes the description, similarities, differences, and challenges associated with these techniques and how modified geophysical techniques can be used in imaging methods in health sciences. Examining the progression of each method from geophysics to medical imaging and its contributions to illness diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring are highlighted. Also, the utilization of geophysical data analysis techniques like signal processing and inversion techniques in image processing in health sciences has been briefly explained, along with different mathematical and computational tools in geophysics and how they can be implemented for image processing in health sciences. The key findings include the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence in geophysics-driven medical imaging, demonstrating the revolutionary effects of data-driven methods on precision, speed, and predictive modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of the restoration of monumental heritage, non-destructive geophysical techniques have gained an already widely acknowledged importance. The possibility to understand the state of preservation of the artefacts without resorting to a destructive action is extremely useful in identifying unknown or presumed emergencies in order to better lead the restoration operations. At present geophysics is underutilised and furthermore, common techniques may not be optimal for some specific targets or sites. Therefore, more controlled research is needed to better understand the applicability of these methodologies when searching for cultural heritage applications in various material types. The purpose of this paper is to provide a new approach that involves the joint use of several geophysical methods for the study of the probable causes of deterioration on a monument of considerable historical and artistic importance. The monument is the Basilica of Santa Croce in Lecce. It is a baroque church internationally well-known. The starting point of this research was the evidence that some structures of the façade are more damaged and present signs of subsidence. The study of the causes of damage was dealt with a geophysical survey using ground-penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the choice of the two methods and allow to obtain information on buried structures both inside the church and on the façade and to locate and identify anomalies related to a restoration intervention carried out in the 80s. Furthermore, a microclimatic analysis performed inside the Basilica shows a probable connection between the humidity present on the surface and the conductive layers present in the subsoil and highlighted with the electrical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a singular group of evidence gathered on a small hill at ca. 900 meters of altitude. The hill is located in mid-eastern Asturias, near the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of Iberia. The archaeological remains consist of one prehistoric barrow at the top part which is already included in the Sites and Monuments Record. Moreover, several other tiny elevations surround the main barrow, and around them, a few new enclosures have been identified. Despite their irregular conservation, all of them have small parapets meaning clear archaeological features. Old and new data were gathered thanks to three different techniques used in this research: fieldwork, aerial photographs and LiDAR analysis. Due to the lack of archaeological excavations and geophysics analysis, the chronology suggested here must be, at this point of the research, very broad. Finally, the manuscript explores different kinds of enclosures, from prehistoric and historic times, which can be similar to the evidence identified in el Cuetu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wuwei Basin is one of the most important oil- and gas-bearing basins in the Meso-Cenozoic basin groups in the Lower Yangtze River region. It has great shale gas resource prospects. The formation mechanism of this basin is poorly studied for lack of constraining data for deep structures. In this paper, a crustal electrical structure model of the Wuwei Basin and the adjacent areas is constructed based on the two-dimensional inversion of a magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profile achieved with the nonlinear conjugate gradient method. The results show that large-scale low-resistance bodies have developed in the underlying middle and lower crust of the Wuwei Basin, and are different from the uplifts on the two sides according to their high-resistance electrical characteristics. The electrical structure and regional geological and geophysical data suggest that the peak zone of the Chuzhou-Chaohu foreland fold-and-thrust belt is located on the east bank of the Yangtze River (Wuhu Section), which, together with the main thrust fault belt in the east, forms a typical thrust structure belt. An early Yanshanian sinistral strike-slip fault developed in the deep part of the Wuwei Basin, which may have controlled the formation and evolution of the basin, whereas the tectonic inversion of the early-developed thrust faults is relatively weak. These findings provide a geophysical basis for future studies of basin tectonic evolution and regional tectonic frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a geological interpretation using gravity, magnetic, and seismic data to understand the oil and gas potential of pre-Jurassic sedimentary intervals and basement in the central West Siberia basin. The 200 km long Pai-Khoi-Altai strike-slip zone was investigated. Reconstruction based on a data complex indicate the right-lateral kinematics of the principal strike-slip faults and possible fault inversion. The study evaluated the spatial and genetic relationship between the conditions for hydrocarbon trap development and the strike-slip fault systems, such as "flower structures". Strike-slip geometry and kinematics are confirmed based on 2D and 3D seismic data. Geological and geophysical criteria are used to forecast localization of hydrocarbon fields. Predictive zones are elongated in several different directions and have a different distribution pattern in the blocks separated by principal strike-slip faults, confirming its significance as a controlling factor for the hydrocarbon potential of the region's structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is dedicated to consider the approach of longitudinal electrical conductivity maps construction for Central Tien Shan region and to complete the comparison analysis of these maps with related seismic tomography data. The results of joint analysis of longitudinal electrical conductivity distribution and seismic tomography velocity models with respect to geological and geophysical senses allow to confirm the already known and to establish the new patterns of structure and geodynamics of the Tien Shan segment of Central Asia such as the manifestation of characteristic structural ensembles, reflection of the longitudinal and transverse segmentation of the Tien Shan, the existence within the framework of a "single" orogen of segments with different near-surface and deep structure and morphological expression. As well, the correlation between the velocity characteristics and geoelectric properties was found. This correlation allows to identify signs of reflection of fault structures in geophysical fields and to clarify the territorial and structural position of both visible and hidden faults. Additionally, in the paper, the geological interpretation of geophysical anomalies is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic rotary drilling can offer the essential information and core samplesa for the researches on solid earth. Recording the factual field drilling data and analyzing the hydraulic rotary coring process are challenging yet promising to utilize the massive drilling information in geophysics and geology. This paper adopts the drilling process monitoring (DPM) technique and records the four parameters of displacement, thrust pressure, upward pressure, and rotation speed in real-time series for profiling the siliciclastic sedimentary rocks along 108 m deep drillhole. The digitalization results with 107 linear zones represent the spatial distribution of drilled geomaterials including superficial deposits (fill, loess, gravelly soil), mudstone, silty mudstone, gritstone, and fine sandstone. The constant drilling speeds varying from 0.018 to 1.905 m/min present the in-situ coring resistance of drilled geomaterials. Furthermore, the constant drilling speeds can identify the strength quality of soils to hard rocks. The thickness distributions of the six basic strength quality grades are presented for all the sedimentary rocks and each individual type of the seven soil and rocks. The in-situ strength profile determined in this paper can be used to assess and evaluate the in-situ mechanical behavior of geomaterial along the drillhole and can provide a new mechanical-based assessment for determining the spatial distribution of geological strata and structures in subsurface. They are important since the same stratum at different depths can have different mechanical behavior. The results provide a novel quantitative measurement for continuously in-situ mechanical profiling by digital drilling data. The findings of the paper can offer a new and effective method for refinement and upgrading of in-situ ground investigation, and can provide researchers and engineers with a novel tool and valuable reference to digitize and utilize factual data of current drilling projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an introduction to a special issue of the journal Geophysical Prospecting on "Advanced techniques, methods, and applications for an integrated approach to geophysical prospecting." The issue focuses on the use of integrated approaches in geophysics, which involve the intelligent use of multiple techniques and the combination of their results. The special issue includes 14 papers that cover a range of techniques such as seismic, geoelectric, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and magneto-telluric, as well as various applications including mining, cultural heritage, and geological evaluations. The papers explore topics such as reservoir modeling, water reservoir mapping, machine learning algorithms, mine structure detection, and archaeological investigations. The document concludes with acknowledgments and a statement that the data are available upon request. [Extracted from the article]

Image registration is one of the most important image processing tools enabling recognition, classification, detection and other analysis tasks. Registration methods are used to solve a large variety of real-world problems, including remote sensing, computer vision, geophysics, medical image analysis, surveillance, and so on. In the last few years, nature-inspired algorithms and metaheuristics have been successfully used to address the image registration problem, becoming a solid alternative for direct optimization methods. The aim of this paper is to investigate and summarize a series of state-of-the-art works reporting evolutionary-based registration methods. The papers were selected using the PRISMA 2020 method. The reported algorithms are reviewed and compared in terms of evolutionary components, fitness function, image similarity measures and algorithm accuracy indexes used in the alignment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving and homogenizing time and space reference systems on Earth and, more specifically, realizing the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) with an accuracy of 1 mm and a long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year are relevant for many scientific and societal endeavors. The knowledge of the TRF is fundamental for Earth and navigation sciences. For instance, quantifying sea level change strongly depends on an accurate determination of the geocenter motion but also of the positions of continental and island reference stations, such as those located at tide gauges, as well as the ground stations of tracking networks. Also, numerous applications in geophysics require absolute millimeter precision from the reference frame, as for example monitoring tectonic motion or crustal deformation, contributing to a better understanding of natural hazards. The TRF accuracy to be achieved represents the consensus of various authorities, including the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), which has enunciated geodesy requirements for Earth sciences. Moreover, the United Nations Resolution 69/266 states that the full societal benefits in developing satellite missions for positioning and Remote Sensing of the Earth are realized only if they are referenced to a common global geodetic reference frame at the national, regional and global levels. Today we are still far from these ambitious accuracy and stability goals for the realization of the TRF. However, a combination and co-location of all four space geodetic techniques on one satellite platform can significantly contribute to achieving these goals. This is the purpose of the GENESIS mission, a component of the FutureNAV program of the European Space Agency. The GENESIS platform will be a dynamic space geodetic observatory carrying all the geodetic instruments referenced to one another through carefully calibrated space ties. The co-location of the techniques in space will solve the inconsistencies and biases between the different geodetic techniques in order to reach the TRF accuracy and stability goals endorsed by the various international authorities and the scientific community. The purpose of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art and explain the benefits of the GENESIS mission in Earth sciences, navigation sciences and metrology. This paper has been written and supported by a large community of scientists from many countries and working in several different fields of science, ranging from geophysics and geodesy to time and frequency metrology, navigation and positioning. As it is explained throughout this paper, there is a very high scientific consensus that the GENESIS mission would deliver exemplary science and societal benefits across a multidisciplinary range of Navigation and Earth sciences applications, constituting a global infrastructure that is internationally agreed to be strongly desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Qilian orogenic belt is a typical area of "cold" subduction of the early Paleozoic oceanic plate, forming a series of high pressure and low temperature metamorphic rock assemblages. Among them, eclogite is a kind of protolith, which is basaltic or gabbro high pressure metamorphic rock, mainly composed of garnet and chlorite which are two kinds of minerals. Eclogites record the entire history of subduction zone metamorphism and later exhumation. Due to the crystal habit and the developed joints, the strength of the pyroxene in the matrix is weak, so it is subjected to the main strain during deformation, whereas garnet tends to show only passive rotational deformation. This paper presents some new results in petrology and tectonic geophysics of eclogite block-like and planar eclogite. The massive and facial eclogite rocks contain eclogite facies mineral assemblages, and the peak temperature and pressure conditions are t = 450 ~ 520 °C and P = 1.9 ~ 2.3 GPa, which are consistent with the adjacent eclogite. Combined with the characteristics of in situ Lu-Hf isotopes, Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios of zircons, relative oxygen fugacity, and absolute oxygen fugacity, it is shown that the oxygen fugacity of the granodiorite porphyry (BL023, BLO31, DB048) of the folio chemical and massive eclogite deposits are all located in MH (magnetite-hematite) buffer zone. Through the calculation results of absolute oxygen fugacity of rock mass, it can be seen that the absolute oxygen fugacity of ore-bearing rock mass is significantly higher than that of non-ore-bearing rock mass. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of the microscopic and ultrastructural deformation of eclogite minerals in high-pressure metamorphic zones, and discusses the changes of mineral composition, oxygen fugidity, and fabric of eclogite deformation characteristics during the recovery of subduction and reentry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of sinkholes has been widely studied due to their potential risk to infrastructure and to the lives of inhabitants and rescuers in urban disaster areas, which is generally addressed in geotechnics and geophysics. In recent years, robotics has gained importance for the inspection and assessment of areas of potential risk for sinkhole formation, as well as for environmental exploration and post-disaster assistance. From the mobile robotics approach, this paper proposes RUDE-AL (Roped UGV DEployment ALgorithm), a methodology for deploying a Mobile Cable-Driven Parallel Robot (MCDPR) composed of four mobile robots and a cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) for sinkhole exploration tasks and assistance to potential trapped victims. The deployment of the fleet is organized with node-edge formation during the mission's first stage, positioning itself around the area of interest and acting as anchors for the subsequent release of the cable robot. One of the relevant issues considered in this work is the selection of target points for mobile robots (anchors) considering the constraints of a roped fleet, avoiding the collision of the cables with positive obstacles through a fitting function that maximizes the area covered of the zone to explore and minimizes the cost of the route distance performed by the fleet using genetic algorithms, generating feasible target routes for each mobile robot with a configurable balance between the parameters of the fitness function. The main results show a robust method whose adjustment function is affected by the number of positive obstacles near the area of interest and the shape characteristics of the sinkhole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar spectrum at the top of the atmosphere contains crucial data for solar physics, astronomy, and geophysics. Accurately determining high-resolution solar reference spectra, whether they are disk-integrated, disk-center, or intermediate cases, represents a new challenge and is of primary importance for all applications where spectral solar radiation needs to be evaluated. These spectra are also essential for interpreting remote sensing measurements that rely on sunlight, such as those obtained by Earth observation satellites or spacecraft exploring other planets. This paper lays a foundation for the implementation of multiple new solar irradiance reference spectra that have high resolution and are representative of solar minimum conditions. We developed the SOLAR high-resolution extraterrestrial reference spectra (SOLAR-HRS disk-integrated spectra) by normalizing high-spectral-resolution solar line data to the absolute irradiance scale of the SOLAR-ISS reference spectrum. The resulting one-of-a-kind SOLAR-HRS disk-integrated spectrum has a spectral resolution varying between 0.001 and 1 nm in the 0.5–4400 nm wavelength range. We also implemented a new high-resolution solar spectrum at the disk-center, covering a range of 650–4400 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.001 to 0.02 nm. We further expanded our analysis by producing several solar spectra for ten different solar view angles ranging from μ = 0.9 to μ = 0.05 (SOLAR-HRS intermediate cases). Finally, we developed new Merged Parallelised Simplified ATLAS spectra (MPS-ATLAS) based on solar modeling with Kurucz and Vald3 solar linelists for both the disk-integrated and disk-center spectra. One of the objectives of implementing all these new solar spectra is to fulfill the requirements of the MicroCarb space mission, which focuses on measuring greenhouse gas emissions. The solar data of this study are openly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a singular group of evidence gathered on a small hill at ca. 900 meters of altitude. The hill is located in mid-eastern Asturias, near the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of Iberia. The archaeological remains consist of one prehistoric barrow at the top part which is already included in the Sites and Monuments Record. Moreover, several other tiny elevations surround the main barrow, and around them, a few new enclosures have been identified. Despite their irregular conservation, all of them have small parapets meaning clear archaeological features. Old and new data were gathered thanks to three different techniques used in this research: fieldwork, aerial photographs and LiDAR analysis. Due to the lack of archaeological excavations and geophysics analysis, the chronology suggested here must be, at this point of the research, very broad. Finally, the manuscript explores different kinds of enclosures, from prehistoric and historic times, which can be similar to the evidence identified in el Cuetu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]