Search

[Display omitted] • An enrichment method of glycoproteins using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) was developed. • The μPADs consist of two separate parts: the enrichment part (Chip I) and the detection part (Chip II). • The 3-aminophenylboronic acid immobilized on Chip I can capture glycoproteins at pH 8.0 and release them at pH 3.0. • The method can effectively enrich an ovalbumin solution with concentrations as low as 1.0 × 10−11 mol/L. • Glycoproteins was enriched from 1 × 106-fold diluted real egg white samples. We introduce a facile method for glycoprotein enrichment, separation, and detection using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). The μPADs comprise two distinct components: the enrichment region (Chip I) and the detection section (Chip II). The reusable Chip I is fabricated by immobilizing 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) onto a circular paper substrate, demonstrating exceptional glycoprotein affinity. In disposable Chip II, glycoproteins react with periodic acid, generating carbonyl compounds that produce a purple-colored product upon reacting with the Schiff reagent. Alterations in color intensity are captured using an ordinary cell phone and are subsequently analyzed using Photoshop software. Observations note a linear increase in average color intensities from 1.0 × 10−3 to 5.0 × 10−3 mol/L, with an R2 value of 0.9927. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of inter-day (n = 5) and intra-day (n = 5) assessments stand at 1.5 % and 1.4 %, respectively. Our proposed approach can effectively enrich an ovalbumin (OVA) solution with concentrations as low as 1.0 × 10−11 mol/L, resulting in enrichment rates of 107 to 108 times. The interference deviations of five substances relative to OVA lie within the range of − 2.0 % to + 2.0 %. The methodology successfully enriches glycoproteins from egg white samples diluted by a factor of 1 × 106, demonstrating that the proposed method is remarkably suitable for enriching glycoproteins from authentic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of industrial effluents for agricultural purposes has become common practice both in developing and developed countries. Industrial effluents may add significant amount of nutrients for the nourishment of soil. However, the presence of various pollutants in effluents may deteriorate physicochemical nature of soil. The current study presents the effect of different proportions (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of PBM effluents containing heavy metals on physicochemical properties of soil. These soil samples were analyzed at regular intervals of 30, 60 and 90 days. The findings of the study indicate that lower proportions (20 and 40%) of PBM effluents may be preferred for long- term irrigation. On the other hand, higher proportions (60, 80 and 100%) of PBM effluents may cause adverse effects on physicochemical characteristics of soil within short duration of irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing portable and sensitive biosensors for bacteria detection is highly demanded due to their association with environmental and food safety. Paper-based microfluidic chip is the suitable candidate for constructing pump-free biosensor since paper is hydrophilic, low-cost and easy to use. However, the contradiction between sensitivity and small sample volume seriously affects the application of paper-based chip for bacteria detection. Here, a new microfluidic biosensor, combining large PDMS reservoir for sample storage, hydrophilic paper substrate for pump-free water transport, coated microspheres for bacteria capture and super absorbent resin for water absorption, is designed for the detection of bacteria in aqueous samples. Once the sample solution is introduced in the reservoir, water will automatically flow through the gaps between microspheres and the target bacteria will be captured by the aptamer coated on the surface. To facilitate PDMS reservoir bonding and ensure water transport, the upper side of paper substrate is coated with Polyethylenimine modified PDMS and the bottom side is kept unchanged. After all the solution is filtrated, fluorescent dye strained bacteria are enriched on the microspheres. The fluorescent intensity representing the number of bacteria captured is then measured using a portable instrument. Through the designed microfluidic biosensor, the bacteria detection can be achieved with 2 mL sample solution in less than 15 min for water or 20 min for diluted milk. A linear range from 10 CFU/mL to 1000 CFU/mL is obtained. The paper-based 3D biosensor has the merits of low-cost, simple operation, pump-free and high sensitivity and it can be applied to the simultaneous detection of multiple bacteria via integrating different aptamers. [Display omitted] • A microfluidic chip is constructed for detecting bacteria with LOD of 10 CFU/mL. • A funnel-like PDMS reservoir is integrated for large sample solution storage. • Partially permeable paper and super absorbent resin are for self-pumping. • The target bacteria can be captured and enriched by coated microparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based analytical device (PAD) has received more and more attention in the field of point-of-care test (POCT) due to its low cost, portability and simple operation. Sensitivity and selectivity are two important aspects in clinical diagnostic analysis. However, low sensitivity of a PAD limits its wider application for POCT. Here we introduced a PAD that can clean and enrich the protein content from salty media with both electric field (E) and pH gradient (double E/pH gradients), with which 100-fold enrichment effect could be achieved within 70 s as demonstrated by fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) from artificial urine media. With post staining of the protein stacking band with bromophenol blue (BPB), selective colorimetric detection of human serum albumin (HSA) was achieved simply with smartphone camera in the clinically significant range of 10–300 mg‧L−1 (R2 = 0.99) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.9 mg‧L−1. Detection of microalbuminuria (MAU) of diabetic patients was demonstrated with this method without difference (ɑ = 0.01) to that by the clinical method (immunoturbidimetry). This work demonstrated the potential of this PAD method in online sample pretreatment and detection of target component from complex physiological samples. Image 1 • Both electric field and pH gradient (E/pH double gradients) can be established and sustained on a paper fluidic channel. • Ampholytic content from salty sample media can be stacked/separated from other types of species. • Proteins from urine can be cumulatively stacked on the double gradient interface without intensive pre-treatment. • Sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of microalbuminuria (MAU) from clinical samples was successfully demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic paper analytical devices (μPADs) are among the most promising platforms for heavy metal ion analysis. On the other hand, achieving simple and highly sensitive analysis of μPADs is challenging. In this study, we developed a simple enrichment method for sensitive multi-ion detection utilizing water-insoluble organic nanocrystals accumulated on μPAD. By combining the enrichment method with multivariate data analysis, three metal ion concentrations in the ion mixtures were simultaneously quantified with high sensitivity owing to the sensitive responses of the organic nanocrystals. In this work, we successfully quantified Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ at 20 ng L−1 in the mixed ion solution using only two dye indicators with a larger sensitivity improvement than those reported in previous studies. Interference studies revealed possibilities for a practical application in real sample analysis. This developed approach also can be used for other analytes. [Display omitted] • Organic nanocrystals of two dyes were applied to microfluidic paper analytical devices. • The device responses to Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were captured by a smartphone camera. • Quantitative multivariate analysis enabled simultaneous multi-ion determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills are engineered, heterogeneously contaminated sites containing large reservoirs of paper waste. Cellulose degradation is an important process within landfill microbial ecology, and these anoxic, saturated environments are prime locations for discovery of cellulases that may offer improvements on industrial cellulose degradation efforts. We sampled leachate from three locations within a municipal landfill, a leachate collection cistern, and groundwater from an adjacent aquifer to identify cellulolytic populations and their associated cellulases. Metagenomic sequencing identified wide-spread and taxonomically diverse cellulolytic potential, with a notable scarcity of predicted exocellulases. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing detected nine landfill microorganisms enriched in a customized leachate medium amended with microcrystalline cellulose or common paper stocks. Paper-enrichment cultures showed competition dynamics in response to the specific composition (lignin: hemi-cellulose: cellulose) of the different paper stocks. From leachate biomass, four novel cellulolytic bacteria were isolated, including two with the capacity for cellulolysis at industrially relevant temperatures. None of the isolates demonstrated exocellulase activity, consistent with the metagenome-based predictions. However, there was very little overlap between metagenome-derived predicted cellulolytic organisms, organisms enriched on paper sources, or the isolates, suggesting the landfill cellulolytic community is at low abundance but able to rapidly respond to introduced substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The B cell receptor (BCR) is a membrane-bound protein complex that is required for the normal development of B cells. BCR signalling is also involved in the pathogenesis of B cell cancers. While there is substantial literature on genomic analyses of the BCR, there are limited proteomic studies of receptor structure and its interactions with neighbouring proteins. This is partly due to the location of the BCR in the surface-membrane lipid environment that has limited the ability to enrich the complex for proteomic analysis. Here, we report an enrichment technique that can be used for mass spectrometry analyses of the BCR from live B cells. B cells are central to the adaptive immune response and provide long-lasting immunity after infection. B cell activation is mediated by the surface membrane-bound B cell receptor (BCR) following recognition of a specific antigen. The BCR has been challenging to analyse using mass spectrometry (MS) due to the difficulty of isolating and enriching this membrane-bound protein complex. There are approximately 120,000 BCRs on the B cell surface; however, depending on the B cell activation state, there may be hundreds-of-millions to billions of proteins in a B cell. Consequently, advanced proteomic techniques such as MS workflows that use purified proteins to yield structural and protein-interaction information have not been published for the BCR complex. This paper describes a method for enriching the BCR complex that is MS-compatible. The method involves a Protein G pull down on agarose beads using an intermediary antibody to each of the BCR complex subcomponents (CD79a, CD79b, and membrane immunoglobulin). The enrichment process is shown to pull down the entire BCR complex and has the advantage of being readily compatible with further proteomic study including MS analysis. Using intermediary antibodies has the potential to enrich all isotypes of the BCR, unlike previous methods described in the literature that use protein G-coated beads to directly pull down the membrane IgG (mIgG) but cannot be used for other mIg isotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enriched environments are beneficial to neurobiological development; specifically, rodents exposed to complex, rather than standard laboratory, environments exhibit evidence of neuroplasticity and enhanced cognitive performance. In the present study, the nature of elements placed in the complex environment was investigated. Accordingly, rats (n = 8 per group) were housed either in a natural environment characterised by stimuli such as dirt and rocks, an artificial environment characterised by plastic toys and synthetic nesting materials, a natural/artificial environment characterised by a combination of artificial and natural stimuli or a laboratory standard environment characterised by no enrichment stimuli. Following exposure to emotional and cognitive behavioural tasks, including a cricket hunting task, a novel object preference task and a forced swim task, brains were processed for glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP)-, neuronal nuclei (NeuN)- and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) immunoreactivity. Baseline and stress foecal samples were collected to assess corticosterone ( CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA). Natural environment animals exhibited shorter diving latencies and increased diving frequencies in the second forced swimming task, along with higher DHEA/ CORT ratios, and higher GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. The type of environmental enrichment did not influence levels of BDNF immunoreactivity in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; however, natural environment animals exhibited higher levels of NeuN immunoreactivity in the retrosplenial cortex, an area involved in spatial memory and other cognitive functions. These results suggest that, in addition to enhancing behavioural and endocrinological variables associated with resilience, exposure to natural stimuli might alter plasticity in brain areas associated with cortical processing and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Contemporary best practices for working with exhibit animals in zoological facilities incorporate behavioral research, theories on operant learning, animal welfare principles, and practical experience to provide animals with largely positive experiences when interacting with their caretakers and their environment. These best practices must be more fully implemented to increase ambassador animal welfare based on taxonomic and individual animal characteristics, experience with present and past caretakers, and ambassador program objectives. This implementation requires training staff to modify animal behavior using the most positive and least intrusive interactions possible. We rigorously consider how to apply best practices to meet ambassador program objectives and animal welfare needs by ensuring appropriate institutional support, the selection of the most suitable animals for the program's objectives, and the creation of an environment where animals recognize that they can choose whether to interact with humans and participate in programs, as well as exert control over their environment. Our synthesis provides a framework showing how staff can continually assess and address the behavioral response of ambassador animals to their environment—along with their interactions with humans during and outside of program usage—with the goal of meeting our most current and evolved criteria for ensuring high animal welfare. There is an ethical need to document and develop best practices for meeting ambassador animals' welfare needs within the context of meeting zoo and aquarium program objectives. This is because ambassador animals experience direct and frequent contact with humans. This paper rigorously synthesizes behavioral research and theory, contemporary practices, and personal experiences to offer key concepts that can be applied to meet ambassador animal welfare needs. These key concepts include addressing an animal's recognition of choice and control, the use of the most positive and least intrusive effective interventions when training animals to participate in programming, and an overall reduction in aversive strategy use. Our model for increasing ambassador animal welfare focuses on seven main areas of concern, including the following: choosing the most suitable animal for the program; choosing the human with the right skills and knowledge for the program; using the most positive, least intrusive, effective training methods; developing a strong trusting relationship between trainer and animal; developing a comprehensive enrichment program; the need for institutional support; and creating opportunities for animals to practice species-appropriate behaviors. Our model will provide guidelines for improved ambassador animal welfare that can be refined with future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Enrichment was introduced to enhance the sensitivity of paper-based sensor array. [•] 8 pyridylazo indicators provide facile identification of the heavy-metal ions. [•] The immobilization of pyridylazo indicators was performed using polymer. [•] Array technologies and pattern-recognition were combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are a class of 30-150 nm natural nanoparticles that participate in many physiological processes through active cellular sorting of intracellular substances and their transport to the extracellular compartment in the form of vesicles. Exosomes are often used as circulating biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis because they carry information about parental cells. However, the method of enrichment of exosomes from clinical specimens, the yield and purity of enriched products limit the clinical translation of exosomes, therefore efficient enrichment of exosomes from clinical specimen sources is a prerequisite for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Common exosome extraction techniques such as ultracentrifugation and polymer precipitation can enrich exosomes with high yields, but the high level of protein pollutants in the products greatly affect the subsequent analysis. The high purity and specificity of exosome products enriched by the magnetic bead method, are gradually used by researchers for enrichment and detection of exosomes in clinical specimens. In magnetic bead enrichment, the choice of different bead types and enrichment methods affect the efficiency of exosome enrichment and the results of downstream assays, and new exosome separation methods have been developed based on the magnetic bead method to improve the enrichment elution and other limitations of magnetic beads. This paper reviews the exosome enrichment methods and detection techniques based on the magnetic bead method, and briefly discusses the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of magnetic bead methods in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lowest-order nonconforming virtual element extends the Morley triangular element to polygons for the approximation of the weak solution u ∊ V := H2 0 (\Omega) to the biharmonic equation. The abstract framework allows (even a mixture of) two examples of the local discrete spaces Vh(P) and a smoother allows rough source terms F ∊ V* =H-20(Ω). The a priori and a posteriori error analysis in this paper circumvents any trace of second derivatives by some computable conforming companion operator J: Vh → V from the nonconforming virtual element space Vh. The operator J is a right-inverse of the interpolation operator and leads to optimal error estimates in piecewise Sobolev norms without any additional regularity assumptions on u ∊ V. As a smoother the companion operator modifies the discrete right-hand side and then allows a quasi-best approximation. An explicit residual-based a posteriori error estimator is reliable and efficient up to data oscillations. Numerical examples display the predicted empirical convergence rates for uniform and optimal convergence rates for adaptive mesh-refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternary shale gas resources are abundant in the world, but Quaternary shale contains a lot of pore water, which affects the enrichment of shale gas. At present, the controlling effect of pore water on gas enrichment in Quaternary shale is not clear. Taking the Quaternary shale of Qaidam Basin, China as an example, this paper systematically studies the characteristics of pore water in Quaternary shale through X-ray diffraction rock analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, methane isothermal adsorption and other experiments, and reveals the controlling effect of pore water on shale gas enrichment. The results show that clay shale and silty shale are mainly developed in Quaternary shale. The clay shale is more hydrophilic, and water mainly exists in micropores and mesopores. Silty shale is less hydrophilic, and water mainly exists in mesopores and macropores. Pore water controls the formation of shale gas by the content of potassium and sodium ions, controls the adsorption of shale gas by occupying the adsorption point on the pore surface, controls the flow of shale gas by occupying the pore space, and controls the occurrence of shale gas by forming water film. Therefore, pore water has multiple controlling effects on shale gas enrichment. This achievement is significant in enriching shale gas geological theory and guide shale gas exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents laboratory and pilot flotation tests of the R-66 reagent on samples of mixed copper ore from the Konyrat deposit. The medium regulator reagent was supplied to the main flotation. Laboratory tests of the technology of flotation concentration on ore with a copper content of 0,31 % in a closed cycle in the optimal mode: R-66 - 100 g/t, sodium sulfide - 150 g/t, xanthate - 45 g/t, blowing agent - 60 g/t allows to extract copper into concentrate up to 85 %. At the same time, the copper content in the concentrate after two cleanings was reached at the level of 4,5 %, sulfur 42,3 %. At the same time, the R-66 reagent (100 g/t) makes it possible to completely eliminate the use of lime (1 000 g/t) in the ore dressing scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals released into the environment through industrial sources. Its direct determination is often a problem due to the presence of relatively complex matrices as well as low content. Thus, the additional separation and preconcentration steps are necessary in the analytical procedures. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) continue to attract significant interest for these purposes as they exhibit a high specific surface area, exceptional porosities, and numerous adsorption sites. The modified CNTs with active groups, reagents, or materials have been widely explored using more mutual interactions that can significantly improve their sorption capacity and selectivity. This paper summarizes the recent developments from 2017 in the application of carbon nanotubes for the separation of Pb(II) and its enrichment/removal from the matrix components. Attention is given to oxidized CNTs, their modification with complexing compounds, functionalization with metal oxides and polymers, new nanocomposites, and carbon nanotube membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) have attracted much attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties. The root system is the plant organ most directly in contact with REEs, and it is critical to understand the mechanisms of interaction between the two. This paper investigates the effects of REEs on plant enrichment and fractionation, as well as on various developmental and toxicity indices of the root system. REEs are more likely to be deposited on the root surface under the influence of root secretion. The complexation between the two affects the uptake and fractionation of REEs and the altered pattern of root secretion. The toxicity mechanisms of REEs on plant root cells were lied in: (1) REEs generate reactive oxygen species after entering the plant, leading to oxidative stress and damage to plant cells; (2) REEs with higher charge-to-volume ratios compete for organic ligands with or displace Ca2+, further disrupting the normal function of plant root cells. It was shown that the sensitivity of inter-root microorganisms to REEs varied depending on the content and physicochemical properties of REEs. The paper also concluded with a meta-analysis of phytotoxicity induced by REEs, which showed that REEs affect plant physiological parameters. REEs, as a source of oxidative stress, triggered lipid peroxidation damage in plants and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus revealing the significant toxicity of REEs to plants. The phytotoxic effects of REEs increased with time and concentration. These results help to elucidate the ecotoxicology of rare earth-induced phytotoxicity. [Display omitted] • REEs mainly accumulate in roots with LREEs easily moving into above-ground plants. • Stimulated by REEs, the composition and exudation of root secretions can be altered. • REEs affect root cell function by displacing Ca2+ and inducing ROS. • Interactions between root secretions, microbes, and REEs influence plant growth. • Meta-Analysis reveals the diverse mechanisms of REEs-induced phytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, as the demand for precision nutrition is continuously increasing, scientific studies have shown that high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) functions more efficiently than mixed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations in diseases such as hyperlipidemia, heart disease, major depression, and heart disease; therefore, the market demand for EPA-EE is growing by the day. In this paper, we attempt to review EPA-EE from a whole-manufacturing-chain perspective. First, the extraction, refining, and ethanolysis processes (fish oil and ethanol undergo transesterification) of EPA-EE are described, emphasizing the potential of green substitute technologies. Then, the method of EPA enrichment is thoroughly detailed, the pros and cons of different methods are compared, and current developments in monomer production techniques are addressed. Finally, a summary of current advanced strategies for dealing with the low oxidative stability and low bioavailability of EPA-EE is presented. In conclusion, understanding the entire production process of EPA-EE will enable us to govern each step from a macro perspective and accomplish the best use of EPA-EE in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the mineralogical composition, concentrations, distribution, and modes of occurrence of the trace elements in coal from the Anjialing coal seam 9 in the Pingshuo mining district, Ningwu coalfield, were studied using optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and sequential chemical extraction procedures (SCEPs). The identified minerals included mainly kaolinite, boehmite, pyrite, calcite, quartz, and muscovite. Compared to other hard coal from around the world, the coal from seam 9 was enriched with lithium (Li); slightly enriched with gallium (Ga), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and mercury (Hg); typically enriched with lead (Pb), and depleted in arsenic (As). The results of the SCEPs analysis showed that Li, Ga, Zr, and Hf were mainly associated with clay minerals. Arsenic mainly occurred in its silicate and sulfide forms in pyrite and Pb was mainly associated with aluminosilicate, sulfide, and carbonate minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lutetium-177 radio-pharmaceutical has become an important theranostic candidate in cancer treatment. Its availability from bench-to-bed requires strategic implementation of isotope-enrichment, neutron-irradiation and radio-chemical techniques. In this paper, the need for enrichment of lutetium-176 is emphasized by estimating specific activity of lutetium-177 as a function of enrichment percentage for typical neutron flux available at Dhruva reactor, India. A novel Atomic Vapour Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) module for lutetium-176 enrichment is designed to meet the above requirement. The paper documents its characteristics and production estimates. The design is carried out after critical assessment and evaluation of available AVLIS-infrastructure in the country. Outline of lutetium-177 enrichment, capable of producing non-carrier-added lutetium is also provided. This work concludes that India has taken a step forward towards self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in securing the supply chain of lutetium-177. • Estimation of specific activity of 177Lu using Bateman's approach. • Assessment of enrichment technologies for neutron flux of Dhruva reactor, India. • Selection of AVLIS for 176Lu enrichment after reviewing its infrastructure in India. • Design of AVLIS-module to achieve useable amount and desired enrichment of 176Lu. • Outline for enrichment of 177Lu to produce carrier-free 177Lu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review has been developed as part of the mEATquality project with the main objective to examine the types of extensification practices used in European pig husbandry and their effect on intrinsic meat quality. Literature search has resulted in 679 references in total, from which 53 showed a strict compliance with the goals of this review: 1) the use of local European breeds and their crossbreds (22 papers); 2) addition of forage to diet (9 papers); 3) increased space allowance (3 papers); 4) enrichment of environment (19 papers). The evaluation of selected extensification factors showed that not all of them have a clear impact on meat quality, and are often confounded. The most clear differences were observed when comparing autochthonous with commercial breeds, and systems with access to pastures or woodlands vs. indoor housing. Despite many studies focusing on the extensification of husbandry practices, some of the factors cannot be confirmed to have a direct effect on pork intrinsic quality. • Significant differences of pork meat quality were observed when comparing local with commercial breeds. • Autochthonous breeds have higher pH, IMF, a* and b*, or lower L*, compared to commercial pig breeds and their crossbreeds. • The access to natural forage affects the IMF content and the fatty acid profile of meat. • Pork from pigs kept outdoors often was darker and redder with lower pH and water holding capacity than in pigs kept indoor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modern approach to animal nutrition involves the use of sustainable and environmentally safe solutions with maximum efficiency and the provision of all required nutrients. It is necessary to search for new methods of animal feed formulation and enrichment to meet these requirements. This paper presents an innovative spray biosorption method fortification of feeds for laying hens with valuable micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe). The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the method in vitro (extraction in water and ammonium citrate) and in vivo tests on laying hens. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory scale (up to 1 kg of feed was enriched), semi-technical scales (up to 1000 kg of feed was enriched), and the possibility of enriching feed in a spouted bed column was also investigated to test this method for an industrial scale. The influence of process conditions on biosorption efficiency (total concentration of micronutrients in solution 5000–15,000 g/L, the low rate of enrichment liquid 3.33·10–8 to 1.33·10–7 m3/s, material spraying time 68–720 s) was also investigated. A group of 108 Lohmann Brown laying hens was randomly divided into six experimental groups (including a control group). Each group of hens was fed a compound feed in which all or part of their micronutrient requirements were replaced with material enriched by the innovative method for 90 days. Egg characteristics, sensory evaluation, and micronutrient content were analysed, and in most cases, better results were obtained than with feeds enriched by standard methods. High-quality eggs were obtained, and egg production reached 95–96 %. The amount of micronutrients in the egg content was higher than the standard value for conventional farming for all research groups. A significant improvement in eggshell quality was also observed. The results are promising, and micronutrient-enriched eggs can be functional foods with higher micronutrient content. • An innovative spray sorption method for enriching feed materials was developed. • The feed mixture was enriched with micronutrients Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe. • Research was conducted on laboratory and semi-technical scales. • The obtained high-quality feed material was tested on laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Generally, the user requires customized information reflecting his/her current needs and interests that are stored in his/her profile. There are many sources which may provide beneficial information to enrich the user's interests such as his/her social network for recommendation purposes. The proposed approach rests basically on predicting the reliability of the users' profiles which may contain conflictual interests. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach: This approach handles conflicts by detecting the reliability of neighbors' profiles of a user. The authors consider that these profiles are dependent on one another as they may contain interests that are enriched from non-reliable profiles. The dependency relationship is determined between profiles, each of which contains interests that are structured based on k-means algorithm. This structure takes into consideration not only the evolutionary aspect of interests but also their semantic relationships. Findings: The proposed approach was validated in a social-learning context as evaluations were conducted on learners who are members of Moodle e-learning system and Delicious social network. The quality of the created interest structure is assessed. Then, the result of the profile reliability is evaluated. The obtained results are satisfactory. These results could promote recommendation systems as the selection of interests that are considered of enrichment depends on the reliability of the profiles where they are stored. Research limitations/implications: Some specific limitations are recorded. As the quality of the created interest structure would evolve in order to improve the profile reliability result. In addition, as Delicious is used as a main data source for the learner's interest enrichment, it was necessary to obtain interests from other sources, such as e-recruitement systems. Originality/value: This research is among the pioneer papers to combine the semantic as well as the hierarchical structure of interests and conflict resolution based on a profile reliability approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions of microplastics (MPs) biofilm with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotics in aquatic environments have made microplastic biofilm an issue of keen scholarly interest. The process of biofilm formation and the degree of ARGs enrichment in the presence of antibiotic-selective pressure and the impact on the microbial community need to be further investigated. In this paper, the selective pressure of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and illumination conditions were investigated to affect the physicochemical properties, biomass, and extracellular polymer secretion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic biofilm. In addition, relative copy numbers of nine ARGs were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the presence of CIP, microorganisms in the water and microplastic biofilm were more inclined to carry associated ARGs (2–3 times higher), which had a contributing effect on ARGs enrichment. The process of pre-microplastic biofilm formation might have an inhibitory effect on ARGs (total relative abundance up to 0.151) transfer and proliferation compared to the surrounding water (total relative abundance up to 0.488). However, in the presence of CIP stress, microplastic biofilm maintained the abundance of ARGs (from 0.151 to 0.149) better compared to the surrounding water (from 0.488 to 0.386). Therefore, microplastic biofilm act as abundance buffer island of ARGs stabilizing the concentration of ARGs. In addition, high-throughput analyses showed the presence of antibiotic-resistant (Pseudomonas) and pathogenic (Vibrio) microorganisms in biofilm under different conditions. The above research deepens our understanding of ARGs enrichment in biofilm and provides important insights into the ecological risks of interactions between ARGs, antibiotics, and microplastic biofilm. [Display omitted] • Characteristics of PVC biofilm formation by different conditions were summarized. • Selective pressure of CIP had enrichment effect on ARGs in water and biofilm. • PVC biofilm created conditions for selective pressure to generate ARGs. • Biofilm maintained the abundance of ARGs better than the surrounding water. • Characterization of bacterial community composition in PVC biofilm was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized/extended finite element methods (GFEM/XFEM) for an interface problem are generally enriched by a distance function to the interface to handle discontinuities across the interface. Evaluations of the distance function and its gradients are needed for assembling stiffness matrices, which requires certain computational geometry algorithms. The computational complexity grows if the number of integration points is increased. Besides, the mathematical analysis on the effect of numerical integration has not been established in the field of GFEM/XFEM yet. This study designs an improved enriched function for a stable GFEM (SGFEM, a stable version of GFEM) based on the distance function, which only requires evaluating the distance function at nodes of elements that interact the interface (the gradients of distance function are not needed). The optimal convergence order (in the energy norm) of the SGFEM with such an improved enriched function is proven. In turn, we propose a perturbed variational formula, which can be integrated exactly by simple Gaussian rules designed in this paper. We prove that the SGFEM based on the improved enriched function and the perturbed variational formula (exactly integrated by the numerical integration) achieves the optimal convergence order for the interface problem. Namely, we develop a numerical integration rule for the SGFEM such that the optimal convergence order of SGFEM is maintained for the interface problem. The theoretical achievements are verified by numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrichment increases the ability of a sow to express innate behavior in a barren environment and can reduce aggressive behaviors, stress, and promote animal welfare. The objective of this study was to determine sow interaction with different types of enrichment materials provided before farrowing. A total of 11 sows were randomly assigned an enrichment combination of cardboard, paper, and banana leaves. Sows received two enrichment types, then enrichment was switched for the following day, until all combinations were completed. The enrichment material hung from 2x4 wood using ropes that hung the enrichment and chains placed in the ceiling of the farrowing room that held the 2x4 above the pen of each sow. Therefore, enrichment was placed within the nose reach of each sow. Enrichment material (113 g) was placed in the pens at 0700 h and left for 24 h each day before changing with another enrichment combination. Any enrichment material remaining was weighed. Final weight varied by treatment (P = 0.01), with sows consuming the least of cardboard (24.9 ± 10.0 g) and having an equal preference for banana leaves and paper (74.1 ± 10.0 g and 50.1 ± 11.3 g, respectively). Scan sampling was utilized to measure the frequency of interaction with the enrichments. The scans were designed with the first hour recording every minute a sow interacted with enrichment and the following 3 hours recording every 10 minutes. Continuous observation for the first hour of placement was performed for count data. Each time the sow made contact with the enrichment with her nose, the observation was recorded. The results of the behavior observation suggested that time in contact with enrichment did not differ (P > 0.05), nor did the number of times the pig-initiated contact with enrichment (P > 0.05). In conclusion, sow preference showed that bananas and papers were preferred over cardboard. However, sows will engage with any enrichment material provided before farrowing. Future research should be done to see if any environmental factors play a role in sow's preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As two pollutants with similar transport pathways, microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics (ATs) inevitably co-exist in water environments, and their interaction has become a topic of intense research interest for scholars over the past few years. This paper comprehensively and systematically reviews the current interaction between MPs and ATs, in particular, the role played by biofilm developed MPs (microplastic biofilm). A summary of the formation process of microplastic biofilm and its unique microbial community structure is presented in the paper. The formation of microplastic biofilm can enhance the adsorption mechanisms of ATs on primary MPs. Moreover, microplastic biofilm system is a diverse and vast reservoir of genetic material, and this paper reviews the mechanisms by which microplastics with biofilm drive the production of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the processes that selectively enrich for more ARGs. Meanwhile, the enrichment of ARGs may lead to the development of microbial resistance and the gradual loss of the antimicrobial effect of ATs. The transfer pathways of ARGs affected by microplastic biofilm are outlined, and ARGs dependent transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) is mainly through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Furthermore, the ecological implications of the interaction between microplastic biofilm and ATs and perspectives for future research are reviewed. This review contributes to a new insight into the aquatic ecological environmental risks and the fate of contaminants (MPs, ATs), and is of great significance for controlling the combined pollution of these two pollutants. [Display omitted] • Reviewed characteristics of MPs biofilm and the mechanism of their effect on ATs. • The driving mechanisms of MPs biofilm for ARGs enrichment were summarized. • Comprehensive reviewed the environmental risks of MPs biofilms and ATs. • Research perspectives on the interaction between MPs biofilm and ATs were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of culturally and social inclusive curricula is an important aspect of teaching geography. In countries such as Australia with a history of colonial oppression and dispossession the need to acknowledge Indigenous history and peoples in teaching is vital. This paper reports on the lessons learned from being part of the Indigenous Enrichment of Curricula Project (IECP) for geography curricula at the University of Adelaide, Australia. Drawing on advice from an Indigenous Reference Group, this project trialled the use of visual and aural delivery mechanisms, the development of country-based assessments, the use of "co-run conversations in safe spaces" and embedding of key narratives and storylines to provoke student learning and cultural reflexivity. Challenges are reported on, including working out how to decolonize curricula without adopting binary and essentialist constructions of Indigeneity, how to involve Indigenous colleagues without overburdening them, and how to represent Indigenous knowledge. The paper concludes that Indigenizing or enriching curricula must go beyond a content focus and avoid superficially gilding the lily (by the addition of culturally palatable and romanticized "nuggets" of Indigenous knowledge) but build towards a drastic re-structuring in practice of entire course frameworks consistent with Indigenous ways of doing and seeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the pollution level in sediment core collected from Sunairi Point of Karachi coastal area Pakistan. The sediment was characterized in terms of particle size, pH, total organic carbon, calcium carbonate, metals and mineralogical composition of sediments. The metals were determined using proton induced X-ray emission. It appeared from the results of grain size that sediment of core was mainly sandy in nature and neutral pH was observed throughout the core. The calcium carbonate in the core sediment seemed to be dependent on the pH outline of the sediment. The results of heavy metals in the sediment core indicated a significant upward enrichment in heavy metals with the highest concentrations found in the upper most layer sediments, may be due to anthropogenic activities, which could be the cause of upward enrichment in heavy metals. The pollution load index values, although showed no pollution, but showing an increasing trend from bottom to top in core, may be due to the influence of anthropogenic sources. The average geo-accumulation index values for sediment core showed that sediments were moderately polluted with Co and Pb. The results of sediment quality guidelines of United States Environmental Protection Agency, indicated, sediment of core was moderately polluted with Ni and Zn. It was concluded from the guidelines that heavy metals in sediment may cause danger to aquatic life. It was also inferred from the study that Sunairi Point area of Karachi coast is facing moderately metals pollution which increased with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disease, likened to Alzheimer's, most commonly seen in dogs over the age of 10 years. CCD is difficult to diagnose and there is no cure, consequently research efforts are focused on maintaining a good quality of life for these dogs for as long as possible. Our scoping review aimed to identify, critically appraise, and map the existing literature on the impact of non-pharmacological treatments for CCD. We followed a systematic approach and utilised established tools to assess the literature. Thirty-one papers were extracted for full review. Of these, 29 investigated supplements or diets as their intervention, with the most common a combination of antioxidants and omega 3 fatty acids, which are known for their neuroprotective qualities. There were almost twice as many experiments conducted on laboratory dogs than on pet dogs. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for each study varied widely and was often not well-defined, making comparisons between treatments difficult. This scoping review highlights the need for an accepted measure to determine the presence of CCD, standardised testing methods for cognitive ability in senior canines that translates between laboratory and pet dog populations, and a broader view of non-pharmacological interventions that go beyond supplements or diets. • Supplements are the most commonly investigated non-pharmacological interventions for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD). • Non-pharmacological interventions show efficacy in reducing signs of cognitive decline. • Combining supplemented diets and enrichment improves signs of CCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant technical advancements in phosphopeptide enrichment have enabled the identification of thousands of p-peptides (mono and multiply phosphorylated) in a single experiment. However, it is still not possible to enrich all p-peptide species in a single step. A range of new techniques and materials has been developed, with the potential to provide a step-change in phosphopeptide enrichment. The first half of this review contains a tutorial for new potential phosphoproteomic researchers; discussing the key steps of a typical phosphoproteomic experiment used to investigate canonical phosphorylation sites (serine, threonine and tyrosine). The latter half then show-cases the latest developments in p-peptide enrichment including: i) Strategies to mitigate non-specific binding in immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and metal oxide affinity chromatography protocols; ii) Techniques to separate multiply phosphorylated peptides from monophosphorylated peptides (including canonical from non-canonical phosphorylated peptides), or to simultaneously co-enrich other post-translational modifications; iii) New hybrid materials and methods directed towards enhanced selectivity and efficiency of metal-based enrichment; iv) Novel materials that hold promise for enhanced phosphotyrosine enrichment. A combination of well-understood techniques and materials is much more effective than any technique in isolation; but the field of phosphoproteomics currently requires benchmarking of novel materials against current methodologies to fully evaluate their utility in peptide based proteoform analysis. Image 1 Schematic diagram for p-peptide enrichment strategies. Ti4+ lab-in-syringe polydopamine coated three-dimensional porous graphene aerogel sorbent carrying immobilized titanium (IV) ions (denoted as Ti4+@PDA@GA [ 53 ]), Phos-PAD: p-peptide paper-based analytical devices [ 72 ], graphene oxide-trimethyl-2-methacroyloxyethyl ammonium chloride-titania (GO-META-TiO 2) [ 64 ]. PolyMAC: (polymer-based metal ion affinity capture) [ 86 , 87 ]. Phosphotyrosine antibody cocktails [ 102 ]. Phosphotyrosine-imprinted polymer with TiO 2 [ 100 ]. IMAC-antibody (IMAC with phosphotyrosine antibody) [ 15 ]. High pH and pH step wise elution [ 15 ]. Gradient elution: 100 mM NH 4 HCO 3 (pH 9.2–11.3 step gradient and pH adjust by ammonia [ 16 ]. Ti4+@PDA@GA) Adapted with permission [ 53 ]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. Phos-PAD) Adapted with permission [ 72 ]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. GO-META-TiO 2) Adapted with permission [ 64 ]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. • A critical review of method development in phosphopeptide enrichment. • Existing methods include IMAC, MOAC and other techniques. • Modifications on working condition/supporting ligand/loading capacity. • Development of novel/hybrid/dual affinity materials. • Benchmarking performance of novel methods against existing methods is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the absorption and enrichment of heavy metals cadmium( Cd) and lead( Pb) from jute in different growth stages in heavily polluted soil, and to provide reference for bioremediation of heavy metal pollution of soil and selection of vegetable jute plantation. [ Method] Four jute varieties were planted on soil heavily polluted by Cd and Pb. The contents of Cd, Pb in different growth stages ( seedling stage, flowering stage, mature stage) and different parts ( root, hemp skin, sticks, leaf ( seed) were determined by microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the bio virus were determined at the same time. The bio concentration factor, transfer factor and accumulation in jute were analysed. [ Result The total biomass of Funong 4 at flowering stage and mature stage was 21. 53 and 26. 18 t/hm²,respectively, higher than that of the other 3 varieties. The contents of Cd and Pb in each part of the four varieties in all stage were ranked as root > leaves( seeds) > bast > sticks. With the change of growth stage the Cd content in root, bast, stickts of Guimacai2, Funong1,Funong4 and in bast, stickts of Guimacail were ranked as seedling stage> mature stage >flowering stage. The Ph content of each part in each growth stage were ranked as mature stage > flowering stage > seedling stage. The enrichment factor and transfer factor of Cd, Pb in the four varieties were less than 1. 000 at all the growth stage. The accumulation of Cd and Pb in four varieties showed ranked as mature stage> flowering stage> a seeding stage. The highest accumulations of Cd(50.160 g/hm² ) was Guimacail at the mature stage, while the highest accumulations of Pb ( 64. 025 g/hm2 ) was Funong1 at the mature stage. [ Conclusion] When four jute varieties were planted as vegetables, the heavy metal background value of the planting soil should be investigate thoroughly to ensure their food safety. The Guimacail could be popularized and applied as a soil Cd pollution remediation plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear reactor operation and safety are connected with a nuclear fuel design and its material and geometry properties. An increase in nuclear safety is therefore based on a neutronic and thermal analysis of the materials used in a core. This paper analyzes neutronic properties of a VVER-1200 fuel assembly with alternate fuel and cladding materials that consider Accident Tolerant or Advanced Technology Fuels (ATF). The ATF nuclear fuel development started with the post-Fukushima efforts and its main purpose is a reduction of the high-temperature hydrogen production from the zirconium water reaction. Five ATF cladding candidates with reference Zr-based alloy are studied in this paper as well as six ATF fuel candidates together with an additional standard UO 2 reference case. The results are analysed based on the multiplication characteristics, reactivity feedbacks, and spent nuclear fuel composition. • The Accident/Advanced Tolerant Fuel requires neutronic and thermal hydraulic analysis before they can be operated in the core. • Simple single fuel assembly model can be useful for required nuclear fuel enrichment analysis as well as for the multiplication factor or thermal hydraulic feedbacks analysis. • The effective fuel temperature has to be evaluated for each fuel material candidate because of their different thermal conductivity and mass density. • The usage of nitrogen-based fuel matrices as well as the U–Zr matrices should be analysed in more details. • The composition of advanced U–Mo nuclear fuel concepts should be optimized for their usage in the large cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The objective of this paper was to understand the content and enrichment characteristics of trace elements in soil and plant(root) of wild Berberis in Guizhou Province and to provide the theoretical reference for cultivation of wild Berberis. 【Method】The contents of trace elements in soil and plant(root) were determined, and the correlation of trace elements between soil and plant(root) and the enrichment ability of plant(root) to trace elements were discussed. 【Result】Total amount of soil trace elements of Berberis guizhouensis Ying, B. pruinosa var. barresiana Ahrendt, B. weiningensis Ying, B. tsienii Ying and B. deinacantha Schneid. was Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Mo; B. veitchii Schneid., B. wilsonae var. guhtzunica(Ahrendt) Ahrendt, B.pingbaensis M.T.An was Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>Mo. The highest content of the soil total amount of Cu was B. veitchii, the total amount of Fe was B. tsienii, the total amount of Mn was B. weiningensis, the total amount of Mo was B. deinacantha, the total amount of Zn was B. weiningensis. The highest content of the soil available amount of Cu was B. guizhouensis, the available amount of Fe was B. veitchii, the available amount of Mn and Mo was B. weiningensis, the available amount of Zn was B.wilsonae var.guhtzunica.The highest content of Cu and Mn in the roots of was B.wilsonae var.guhtzunica., Fe was B. deinacantha, Mo was B. deinacantha, Zn was B. tsienii. 【Conclusion】The trace elements between soil and plant(root) were correlated to some extent. The enrichment coefficient of Cu of B. guizhouensis was the highest and was greater than 1, and the other trace elements enrichment coefficient was less than 1.The content of the available trace elements in the soil of non-area of Berberis in Guizhou Province was more obvious than that of the whole area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein sample preparation is the most critical step in protein analysis of complex samples and is constituted by tedious, time-consuming, and difficult-to-automate steps that usually involve the use of high volumes of solvents. In recent years, novel extraction or digestion nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed aiming to overcome these drawbacks. In this review, we have grouped the recent works related to the development of new NMs and their applications to the extraction, enrichment/purification, and digestion of proteins. This paper evaluates the role of different kinds of NMs in each step of protein sample preparation focusing on the type of established interaction between the protein and the nanomaterial, their sensitivity and selectivity, their adsorption capacity, and the advantages that they bring in relation to time, efficiency, or reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrigenous nutrients discharged into seawater played an important role in controlling the marine primary productivity. Study on the horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics of nutrients was essential in eutrophication and sea-air exchange study. In this paper, the nutrient concentrations and their distribution in the surface microlayer and three sub-surface layers of the Yellow River estuary were measured. The horizontal and vertical distribution characteristic of nutrients was analyzed, so did the potential eutrophication assessment and the nutrient enrichment of the surface microlayer. The results showed that nutrient concentrations decreased from the estuary to the shore horizontally. NH4+-N and NO2--N increased vertically. NO3--N and PO4³-P decreased vertically. Eutrophication occurred in the micro-layer and the sub-surfaces. The Yellow River estuary suffered an eutrophication outbreak risk. The enrichment of NH4+-N, NO3--N and NO2--N was significant in April 2018, nor did PO43-- P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels fulfill a major part of the world's energy demand. Higher demand for energy, depletion of fossil fuels and environmental impacts are the key motivational factors to explore alternate energy sources. Biogas and Hydrogen seem to be the promising alternate gaseous fuels. In this paper, the performance and emission studies were performed on a stationary dual fuel engine using fuel combinations of diesel, biogas-diesel, hydrogen-diesel, and hydrogen-biogas-diesel. Experimental results reveal that the performance of dual fuel mode with hydrogen-biogas-diesel fuel improved, and emissions were reduced in comparison to the neat diesel operation. The Brake Thermal Efficiency (BThEff) was improved by 3.09%, Brake Specific Diesel Consumption (BSDC) was reduced by 71.05%, and Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) decreased by 12.13%. The emission parameters CO, HC, and NO x, were reduced by 88.09%, 5.68%, and 83.01% respectively. Injection timing, which was obtained at 21°CA BTDC, was optimized experimentally for the selected optimum hydrogen-biogas-diesel fuel. Image 1 • Hydrogen gas production by new alkaline electrolyzer. • Generation of biogas in modified RCC KVIC plant. • Effect of novel fuel blend (hydrogen, biogas and diesel) on dual fuel engine performance and emissions. • Optimization of injection timing for selected optimum novel hydrogen-biogas-diesel fuel blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pagin 2014 I provided a new account of pragmatic enrichment. Building on the theory of coherence relations defended by Andrew Kehler, I proposed a four step scale of coherence strength. According to the account, free enrichment takes place, subject to constraints, when it raises the degree of coherence. It turned out that there is an intriguing interaction between coherence raising and determiner semantics: certain determiners license coherence raising while others tend to block them. In this paper I investigate the phenomenon. I try to identify the determiner properties that license coherence raising, and provide an explanation of why they do. 1. A problem for an earlier theory by the author of pragmatic enrichments is noted and discussed. 2. It is observed that enrichments fail in certain quantifier contexts. 3. An explanation of this phenomenon is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the macerals enrichment of the low-rank coal which produced by Shigetai Coal Mine, Shenhua Group. The coal sample fed to the Falcon were the product of the rod mill after 10 minutes grinding. Three factors were carried out, rotational frequency, feed rate and water pressure. The orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the interaction between the three factors and a model was established between the factors and response values. Taking the vitrinite recovery rate as the response value, there was an interaction between the rotational frequency and the water pressure, moreover, the effect of the rotational frequency on the vitrinite recovery rate was greater than the water pressure, while, the feed rate on the vitrinite recovery rate was not significant. Taking the vitrinite enrichment ratio as the evaluation index, the Quadratic model was recommended, there was an interaction between the rotational frequency and the feed rate, moreover, the rotational frequency had better response to the vitrinite enrichment ratio than the water pressure and the feed rate. In order to optimize the experimental conditions, and the vitrinite enrichment ratio was set to 1.2, the vitrinite recovery rate was the larger the better, the optimal separation conditions obtained were the rotational frequency 30Hz, the water pressure 0.03MPa, and the feed rate 15ml/s in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, amphiphilic hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles were modified by dibutyl phosphate (DBP) via covalent bonding. The modified HAP particles (m-HAP) were employed as building blocks to construct oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion, that displayed an excellent performance on the enrichment of organic pollutants dissolved in wastewater by extracting the organic molecules into the oil phase. Environment-friendly organic solvent hexanol was selected as oil phase and three types of monochlorophenol (2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol) were chosen as model pollutants in simulated wastewater. Two types of natural water were also tested as a proof of principle. The enrichment percentage of chlorophenols was up to 98% in 140 s, following first order kinetics. Thermodynamic study suggested that the enrichment process is spontaneous and exothermic. The external environment of the protocells, such as pH, ionic strength and the natural organic matter have been investigated. This study provides a novel, convenient and environment-friendly approach for enrichment and removal of trace organic pollutants in wastewater. Image 1 • A novel approach for enrichment of trace organic pollutants by protocells prepared from modified HAP nanomaterials. • Extremely speed and huge capacity of enrichment was achieved by self-assembled protocells. • Super anti-interference ability on the enrichment of chlorophenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is a necessary resource for the development of society. During copper ore beneficiation, gangue minerals consume a lot of energy. A gas–solid separation fluidized bed has potential application in the enrichment of copper ore. In this paper, the separation and enrichment of copper ore using a high-density gas–solid fluidized bed were studied. The characteristics of copper ore, the distribution characteristics of crushing products, copper, and the occurrence characteristics of Pb in copper ore were investigated. The results show that more than 80% of copper is distributed at a density of +4.0 g/cm3, and Pb exists in the pyrite. The fluidization characteristics and material enrichment principle of high-density ferrosilicon powder were investigated. The results show that the fluidized density is in the range of 2.42–2.77 g/cm3, and the minimum density standard deviation is 0.04 g/cm3. Under the optimal sorting conditions, the ore grades of −10 mm, 10–20 mm, and 20–30 mm sizes increased to 1.57%, 1.79%, and 2.33%, respectively, and the tailings grade decreased to 0.24%, 0.55%, and 0.30%, respectively. Thus, a gas–solid separation fluidized bed can achieve efficient enrichment of copper. Unlabelled Image • Main influence factors reflect on fluidized characteristics are explored and the reasons are analyzed. • The distributions of copper element and copper ore are expressed. • A comprehensive analysis is expressed on the separation degree of copper element response to operating conditions. • The occurrence and separation effect of harmful element Pb is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) and Nanoplastics (NPs) accumulated in the environment have been identified as a major global issue due to their potential harm to wildlife. Current research in the detection of MPs is well established. However, the detection of NPs remains challenging. The aim of this paper is to investigate the detection of polystyrene (PS) NPs on a super-hydrophobic substrate using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology after high-speed centrifugation of PS NPs and AgNPs. The hydrophobic substrate reduces the contact area of droplet, concentrating PS NPs and AgNPs on a small spot, which eliminates the random distribution of nano particles. The condensed PS NPs and AgNPs improve the SERS intensity, reproductivity and detection sensitivity. The results show that SERS measurement on a hydrophobic substrate could significantly improve the detection sensitivity of PS NPs, with the detection limits of PS NPs as low as 0.5 mg/L (500 nm PS NPs) and 1 mg/L (100 nm PS NPs). The study provides an effective and rapid method for the detection of NPs at trace concentration, demonstrating more possibility for the future detection of trace NPs in the aquatic environment. [Display omitted] • High speed centrifugation could enrich PS nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous samples. • Nano particles can be condensed in a small spot on the hydrophobic substrate. • SERS intensity of PS NPs was improved using the super hydrophobic substrate. • The detection limits of PS NPs could reach as low as 1 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To date, according to the latest literature inputs, membrane-based technologies have demonstrated to meet the recovery of several high-added-value compounds from agro-food products. Particularly, Pervaporation (PV), as a highly selective membrane technique, has demonstrated its ability in separating specific solutes like aroma compounds, which represent a current research challenge for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the ongoing development works aimed at extracting aroma compounds and their derivatives from their original sources. The literature data is shown, analyzed and discussed in relation to the separation process, molecule properties, membrane characteristics and key factors affecting the performance of such technology. Particular attention is paid to experimental results reported in the most recent findings. In addition, the generalities of PV, as well as the theoretical aspects and its role in separation, are also provided. Graphical abstract Image 1014 Highlights • Pervaporation meets the requirements for the recovery of aromas. • PV is able to recover over 70 different aroma solutes. • The agro-food products are recorded as a potential source of aromas. • PDMS, PEBA and POMS are the most used organophilic membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Consortia enriched from evaporation pond soil (EVPS) showed higher growth. • Supplementing produced water with yeast extract yielded 62% COD removal with EVPS. • Microbial analysis of EVPS showed bacterial genera have more richness and diversity. • Identification of EVPS genera indicated it is potentially suitable for PW treatment. The idea at the core of the research reported in the present paper is the use of indigenous halophilic consortia of an oilfield for treatment of the produced water (PW) generated in the same oilfield. To test this idea water and soil-based microbial sources obtained from desalination units of two oilfields were enriched in PW obtained from the same oilfield and supplemented with either yeast extract (YE) or Mueller-Hinton medium containing crude oil. Enriched soil-based microbial consortia (termed EVPS) gave a meaningfully higher maximum achievable biomass concentration, and amount of COD removed when grown on PW supplemented with YE compared to enriched water based ones. The supplementation of PW with inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous sources resulted in around 35% COD removal whereas supplementation with YE increased the PW COD removal to 62%. Microbial analysis of EVPS with Illumina HiSeq/MiSeq showed that bacteria had higher richness and diversity than archaea. The dominant bacteria genera were Chromohalobacter , Idiomarina, and Marinobacter , whereas Haloterrigena , Haloferax , and Methanohalophilus were the dominant genera amongst the archaea. Based on previous reports, the identified genera in EVPS have a wide salt tolerance range and are collectively capable of biodegrading most of the organic compounds prevalent in PW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uranium metal and its compounds have been of great interest to physicists and chemists due to its use for both civil and military applications, e.g. production of electricity, use in the medical field and for making nuclear weapons. This review paper describes the occurrence, chemistry and metallurgy of the element 'uranium', its conversion to stable compounds such as yellow cake, uranium tetrafluoride and uranium hexafluoride and the enrichment technologies and uses for both civil and military purposes. The paper is meant for ready reference for students and teachers in connection with the recent spate of interest shown in nuclear power generation in Pakistan and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life events can exert a powerful influence on both the pattern of brain architecture and behavioral development. The paper examines the nature of nervous system plasticity, the nature of functional connectivities in the nervous system, and the application of connectography to better understand the concept of a functional neurology that can shed light on approaches to instruction in preschool and primary education. The paper also examines the genetic underpinnings of brain development such as synaptogenesis, plasticity, and critical periods as they relate to numerosity, language and perceptual development. Discussed is how the child's environment in school and home interact with and modify the structures and functions of the developing brain. The role of experience for the child is to both maintain and expand the child's early wiring diagram necessary for effective cognitive as well as neurological development beyond early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the behavior of six heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn) in the bottom ashes of recycled polyvinyl chloride pellets (PVC), wood sawdust (WS) and paper mixture (PM), representing the common components of municipal solid waste (MSW), obtained during combustion in CO 2 /O 2 atmosphere in a lab-scale electrically heated tube furnace. Replacement of N 2 by CO 2 did not obviously change the shape of relative enrichment factor (RE) curves and subsequent order of heavy metals, but increased enrichment of these heavy metals in bottom ashes of WS, PM and PVC. The increment of O 2 concentration in CO 2 /O 2 atmosphere further increased RE values. It was only when the temperature was higher than or equal to 700 °C that the increment of the combustion temperature reduced the RE values of heavy metals. The effect of temperature on heavy metals evaporation was the most pronounced for the medium volatile metal Pb, and the least for the low volatiles Cr and Ni. The effect of temperature was more pronounced for PVC ash than for WS and PM ashes. This paper contributes to the control of heavy metals during MSW incineration and management of MSW oxy-fuel residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensively studied the factors that affect glycopeptide enrichment. • Optimized a ZIC-HILIC-HCD-Orbitrap method for glycopeptides identification. • Clearly indicate the key elements influencing the identification of glycopeptides. • Two glycoproteins were reported for the first time in brain tissue. • Compare the differences of glycoform types of identified glycopeptides between plasma and brain tissue. Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTMs). Protein glycosylation analysis is the bottleneck to deeply understand their functions. At present, the LC-MS analysis of glycosylated post-translational modification is mainly focused on the analysis of glycopeptides. However, the factors affecting the identification of glycopeptides were not fully elucidated. In the paper, we have carefully studied the factors, e.g., HILIC materials, search engines, protein amount, gradient duration, extraction solution, etc. According to the results, HILIC materials were the most important factors affecting the glycopeptides identification, and the amphoteric sulfoalkyl betaine stationary phase enriched glycopeptides 6-fold more compared to the amphiphilic ion-bonded fully porous spherical silica stationary phase. We explored the influence of the extraction solutions on glycan identification. Comparing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and urea (UA), the results showed that N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) type of glycan content was found to be increased 1.4-fold in the SDS compared to UA. Besides, we explored the influence of the search engine on glycopeptide identification. Comparing pGlyco3.0 and MSFragger-Glyco, it was observed that pGlyco3.0 outperformed MSFragger-Glyco in identifying glycopeptides. Then, using our optimized method we found that there was a significant difference in the distribution of monosaccharide types in plasma and brain tissue, e.g., the content of NeuAc in brain was 5-fold higher than that in plasma. To importantly, two glycoproteins (Neurexin-2 and SUN domain-containing protein 2) were also found for the first time by our method. In summary, we have comprehensively studied the factors influencing glycopeptide identification than any previous research, and the optimized method could be widely used for identifying the glycoproteins or glycolpeptides biomarkers for disease detection and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]