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Abstract: Mekorot Water Company owns and operates a SWRO plant in Eilat for the production of 10,000 m3/d of desalinated water. This peculiar plant, commissioned during June 1997, is practically dual purpose, for the production of desalinated water and also for the manufacture of high-quality table salt by the Israel Salt Company. The feed to the desalination plant is a blend of 80% seawater and 20% BWRO brine from adjacent BWRO plants. The brine from the SWRO plant is blended with seawater, and this stream is fed to a series of evaporation ponds, and thereafter to the salt processing factory of the salt company. A brine discharge line and other discharge facilities are not needed. Their cost is spared. Also potential non-homogenous salinity distribution profile of the sea is prevented, leaving the sea fauna and flora at this beautiful resort city untouched. The salt production in this configuration increased by 30% compared to salt production from seawater alone. The salt produced is of the highest quality within the range of the most severe standards. It was not easy to reach these goals, and many difficulties were tackled during the first year of operation. These difficulties and the applied solutions are discussed. Also discussed are aspects of the contract between Mekorot, a governmental corporation, and the salt company, which is a private sector corporation. Issues such as operation of the seawater intake serving both the desalination plant and the evaporation ponds, the sharing of the electric power bills, the investment in the intake and the supply piping, requirements imposed on the quality of brine delivered to the evaporation pond, restrictions imposed on the dosed chemicals in the desalination plant, transfer of data between the companies and mutual responsibility are also presented. The paper stresses that salt production from SWRO brine is a lucrative application for the Gulf countries where similar site-specific conditions prevail: strong solar radiation, very low precipitation, low cost desert land, short and easy transportation to ports, and relatively good accessibility to Asian nations, which are large consumers of salt. Today the brine from desalination sites is polluting the Gulf, imposing ever-increasing environmental problems and difficulties in the operation of desalination plants. The paper analyzes the advantages of salt production vis-a-vis seawater pollution and the investment associated with brine discharge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The overexploitation of non-renewable fossil resources has led to dangerous warming of our planet due to greenhouse gas emissions. The main reason for this problem is the increase in global energy demand. The rising prices of oil and gas have pushed governments around the world to turn to renewable energy, especially solar and wind power. For this reason, the present paper aimed to focus on photovoltaic and wind energy systems. However, exploitation of these two sources individually is not always easy because of their intermittent and irregular characters. Therefore, the obvious solution is the hybridisation of these two sources, which, when used alongside other systems such as batteries, increases the reliability, availability, and efficiency of these renewable sources. The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of different configurations of hybrid solar and wind energy conversion systems. First, the behaviour of each system, as well as their mathematical models, characteristics, and existing topologies, is presented. Then, the control strategies, optimal configurations, and sizing techniques, as well as different energy management strategies, of these hybrid PV–wind systems are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, balancing electricity production using renewable energy such as wind power, PV cells, hydropower, and CHP (combined heat and power) with biomass is carried out in relation to electricity consumption in primarily one major region in Sweden, SE-3, which contains 75% of the country's population. The time perspective is hours and days. Statistics with respect to power production and consumption are analyzed and used as input for power-balance calculations. How long periods are with low or high production, as well as the energy for charge and discharge that is needed to maintain a generally constant power production, is analyzed. One conclusion is that if the difference in production were to be completely covered with battery capacity it would be expensive, but if a large part of the difference were met by a shifting load it would be possible to cover the rest with battery storage in an economical way. To enhance the economy with battery storage, second-life batteries are proposed to reduce the capital cost in particular. Batteries are compared to hydrogen as an energy carrier. The efficiency of a battery system is higher than that of hydrogen plus fuel cells, but in general much fewer precious materials are needed with an H2/fuel-cell system than with batteries. The paper discusses how to make the energy system more robust and resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the analogy where achieving the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals (the "dual carbon" goals) is compared to a battle, energy is the main battlefield, and electric power the main force. The low-carbon transformation path of the electric power industry exerts fundamental impact on progress towards carbon peaking and carbon neutrality of the whole society. Therefore, this paper first analyzes challenges and opportunities faced by the electric power industry to achieve the "dual carbon" goals; secondly, on the basis of deep low-carbon, zero-carbon and negative-carbon scenarios of the electric power industry, this paper quantifies and delves into the consumption structure of primary energy and final energy, as well as the future development positioning and trend of different categories of energy. Based on the research results, this paper proposes low-carbon transformation path of the electric power system at the stages of carbon peaking, deep low-carbon and carbon neutrality, and analyzes the trend of power supply cost changes in different scenarios. On this basis, a series of implementation key points and measures are proposed to adapt to green and low-carbon transformation of the electric power industry, covering areas such as coal-fired electric power development positioning, new energy development and utilization, diversified supply and demand, new energy industry chain, and power supply costs, and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uninterrupted power supply (UPS) plays a dominant role in domestic appliances and also the growth rate of solar roof top system implementation is massively increasing day by day. To minimize the cost on the converters, solar PV power is directly connected with existing UPS with separate MPPT controller. However, due to the presence of nominal frequency transformer, the size and cost of UPS becomes more. In addition, it consumes the power with poor power quality to charge the battery. Apart this, the current supplied from the battery is much higher due to the lower voltage level of battery, which makes voltage dip during peak load condition and resulting to shorten the battery life and degrades its performances. In order to overcome all these drawbacks, this particular paper proposes a transformer-less novel hybrid converter based solar PV fed UPS system. In the hybrid structure, the gain can be achieved higher with minimum components counts. The novelty of the proposed transformer-less hybrid converter is that the regeneration of switched capacitor voltage is applied to input of switched inductor network in DC–DC converter, due to this hybrid structure the gain has been extended drastically with minimum number of devices. Also the coordinated control algorithm is implemented in solar PV fed UPS to take the decision according to the situation of generation, load and battery back-up. The detailed operation of the proposed coordinated control algorithm has been addressed in this paper. Moreover, the detailed simulation study is carried out for each mode of operation and measured results are obtained and presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarce availability of non-renewable sources and the staggering amount of pollution have inevitably provoked many countries to opt for renewable sources. Thence, invariably, more renewable energy-based applications are hoarded by market stakeholders. Compared to all spheres of renewable energy applications, a considerable part of the energy is pulled into transportation. Wireless power transfer techniques play a significant role in charging infrastructure, considering the current development and advancement in the automotive industry. It will promise to overcome the widely known drawbacks of wired charging in electric vehicles. The effectiveness of wireless charging depends on coil design, compensation techniques, and the airgap between the coils. However, coil misalignment, improper compensation topologies, and magnetic materials reduce the efficacy. We can improve efficacy by overcoming the problems mentioned above and optimizing charging distance, time, and battery size. This paper comprehensively discussed the various electric vehicle charging technologies in conjunction with common charging standards, a list of factors affecting the charging environment, and the significance of misalignment problems. Furthermore, this review paper has explored the suitable coil design structure and different compensation techniques for an efficient wireless charging network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for determining fuzzy evaluations of partial indicators of the availability of continuous systems at coal open pits using a neuro-fuzzy inference system. The system itself is a combination of fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. The system availability is divided into partial indicators. By combining the fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, a model is obtained that has the ability to learn and uses expert judgment for that learning. This paper deals with the ECC system (bucket wheel excavator-conveyor-crushing plant) of the open pit Drmno-Kostolac, which operates within the Electric Power Company of Serbia. The advantage of a model of this type is that it does not rely on the historical experiences of experts and usual predicted values for the fuzzy evaluation of partial indicators, which are based on the assumption that similar systems affect availability in a similar way. The fuzzy evaluation of partial indicators is based on historical data for the specific system for which the model was created. As such, it can more accurately predict continuous systems availability on the basis of expert evaluations in the appropriate time period. Another advantage of this model is that the availability is estimated on a quarterly basis, which gives a more accurate view because it uses a smaller time period with more similar characteristics and, thus, includes certain external influences which are related to the quarterly meteorological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a double-pole double-throw analog switch with n-channel architecture driven by a charge pump is described. The architecture proposed in this paper not only can reduce the on-resistance of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) switch, but also can realize a stable on-resistance within the full swing range of the input signal. This analog switch has the characteristics of high-speed, low-voltage, and high linearity, which is suitable for high-speed USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 applications and meets low-speed and full-speed USB requirements. The test chip using a 0.25 μm BCD (bipolar–CMOS–DMOS) process confirms the characteristics of the switch. It uses + 2.8 to + 5.5 V single power supply, and the normal operating temperature range is − 40 to + 85 °C. This switch has an over-voltage protection function, which can prevent damage to the switch from the high input voltage. Besides, the switch port can realize dual-direction transmission. The analog switch designed in this paper solves some problems of traditional analog switches, such as large on-resistance, large supply current, and large parasitic capacitance. The on-resistance of the analog switch architecture in this paper is 5 Ω and the on-resistance flatness is 0.1 Ω. The supply current is as low as 0.87 μA while the whole chip area is 0.65 mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of defects on small cotter pins that are installed in electric power fittings is an essential part of the inspection task of overhead lines using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). It is challenging to detect small defects from a large number of UAV images. In this paper, an efficient and high-performance defect detection model called DDNet is proposed to recognize defects from images of unmanned aerial vehicles. The attention mechanism was adopted in the improved detection model in order to enhance the representation learning of the image. Inspired by the human visual system, the RFB module is added to the FPN module, increasing the receptive field of the entire detection network, which is conducive to the detection of small objects. Then a dataset of cotter pins for model training and testing was introduced. The study demonstrates that the proposed DDNet increases the average precision from 82.0 to 90.1% and reduces the miss rate of defect detection from 14.5 to 7.4% in our dataset compared to the baseline RetinaNet model. We also compared existing frameworks for object detection and discussed other common ways to improve precision. The results showed that our optimized model in this paper improved detection performance, which subsequently proved the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to an increasing demand for electric power and changes in the typology of loads, stability has become a major concern in power systems. As the system stability is directly related to the response of the connected generator, recent research has focused on enhancing generators' stability and improving their response to load variations. This study focuses on adding another excitation winding on to the q-axis, perpendicular to the conventional excitation winding on the d-axis, to control both active and reactive power. This paper studies and compares the performance of the dual excitation synchronous generator (DESG) to conventional synchronous generators. The mathematical equations are derived, and a mathematical model is then developed. The experimental tests have been conducted using a laboratory model consisting of a two-phase synchronous generator driven by a DC motor with different loads. The obtained results and radial diagrams for the different loading types are presented and evaluated. Therefore, a new approach has been designed to connect the DESG directly to the power grid without any electronic components using a special coupling that works in one direction. Two perpendicular excitation coils, d and q, were formed from the existing coils, and the tests were carried out on all loads, ensuring that the revolving angle (i.e., the stability angle φ) was fixed. The results show that the proposed method offers significant cost savings, potentially amounting to 15–20% of the unit price. The experimental results confirm that the DESG significantly improves the generator stability by maintaining a constant rotor angle δ, which requires using an automatic angle regulator (AAR) in addition to the conventional automatic voltage regulator (AVR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, reading of energy meters is done by human operators who move from house to house collecting readings. This exercise requires huge labor operator numbers and a lot of time to achieve complete reading of meters in a particular area. This paper endeavors to do away with this problem by using a telemetering system. With this system, power can be measured from a remote site. To achieve this, readings from an energy meter on site are processed by a microcontroller device that then sends the energy consumption information to a Global System Mobile (GSM) module. The GSM module then sends this information using microwaves to a particular mobile subscriber who receives it in the form of an Short Message Service (SMS). The reading is also transmitted to a web based telemetering system through a server. In the remote site, a remote computer which can access the internet is able to obtain data from the server through the internet. The microcontroller is developed in such a way that it achieves communication between the energy meter and the particular server using Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) protocol. Software programs are also developed to facilitate transfer of data to the user at remote site. With the web based telemetering system connected to the internet, electrical energy measurements can be accessed globally. The efficiency of the transmission channel is important for the success of both SMS and web based telemetering systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of resource depletion, energy scarcity, and toxic waste management, gasification is regarded as a viable waste-to-energy conversion method. Moreover, the Gasifier-Engine-Genest combo provides a suitable alternative for distributed electric power, waste conversion, and alleviating electricity scarcity. Despite an abundance of research report, it is not usually acknowledged as a viable alternative to traditional energy sources. Thus, to promote Gasification, efficient technology is required to maximize the yield of syngas with clean and improved calorific value. Furthermore, there is a void in the prior study that summarises the various types of biomasses and their pre-treatment, as well as the progression of conventional gasification to advanced gasification for the improvement of syngas quality and respective critical applications. Moreover, this is necessary in order to organise the conditions and biomass for gasification, which are many and frequently scattered in the literature. Hence, this study summarises the detailed review of recent novel concepts development over conventional techniques of biomass gasification. Recent reports on feed material properties of diverse biomass, as well as pre-treatment employing biomass torrefaction for gasification, are presented in this paper in order to evaluate their potential. In addition, a literature review of the various categories of gasification, the gasification processes, and the impact of technology on the quality of syngas, power generation and distribution were reported. In conclusion, it is proposed that enhanced gasification technology be employed to implement sustainable development in order to reduce the existing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current physical systems are built in more that one coordinate: for example, electrical power systems, aeronautical systems and robotic systems can be modeled in multibond graphs (M B G) . However, in these systems, some elements use only one axis or dimension—for example, actuators and controllers—which can be modeled in bond graphs (B G) . Therefore, in this paper, modeling of systems in multibond graphs and bond graphs ( M B G - B G ) is presented. Likewise, the junction structure of systems represented by ( M B G - B G ) is introduced. From this structure, mathematical modeling in the state space is presented. Likewise, modeling of systems on a platform ( M B G - B G ) can be seen as symmetric to the mathematical model that represents these systems. Finally, a synchronous generator modeled by ( M B G - B G ) as a case study is developed, and simulation results using 20-Sim software are shown. Furthermore, an electrical power system connected to the power supply of a DC motor as another case study is explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a parameterization technique to obtain complete P-V curves for electrical power systems under various conditions, including contingencies (N-1, N-1 severe, and N-2) as well as normal operating conditions N-0 (pre-contingency). The distinct feature of this methodology lies in the utilization of the new (θk, Vk) plane for constructing the P-V curve. In this new framework, the solution trajectory exhibits a linear characteristic in the vicinity of the maximum loading point (MLP), effectively mitigating any numerical challenges. Another crucial aspect is the point denoted as the center of the set of lines, point O (λ0, Vk0). This point can be adjusted along the ordinate axis, further enhancing the method's ability to achieve a smoother 'flat start'. The 'flat start' approach employed in the proposed methodology enables the determination of the loading margin for any system subjected to both simple and severe contingencies. Additionally, it facilitates the use of larger steps in acquiring complete P-V curves with a reduced number of iterations. A procedure presented is to not update the Jacobian matrix at each iteration but only when the system undergoes significant changes. This technique reduced the CPU Ratio by 29.74% in obtaining the P-V curve for all scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transition towards renewable energy sources has become an imperative step to mitigate climate change, reduce carbon emissions and improve energy security and economic prosperity in a sustainable manner. Maximizing the cost effectiveness of electric power generation is crucial to making renewable energy sources viable and attractive options for clean energy production. The strategic allocation of wind, hydro and solar power systems is essential to achieving this goal. This paper attempts to demonstrate how the cost effectiveness of electrical power system could be maximized through the integration of wind, solar and hydropower systems and comparison at different penetration levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% on cost effectiveness of electric power generation. The different generator technologies were designed based on their electrical output attributions. Results: The cost of electric generation for the integration of each generator at the various buses were calculated at different penetration level for fair comparison. The results indicate that the minimum money loss for the integration of solar power was $743.90 at bus 4 and at 50% penetration level, the minimum money loss for the integration of wind power was $999.00 at bus 4 and at 25% penetration level while the minimum amount loss for the integration of hydropower was $546.50 at bus 4 and at 75% penetration level. Conclusions: The magnitude to which the integration of the different generator affects the cost effectiveness of power production hinges on the type of generator, the penetration level and the location of the generator in the grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient treatment of antibiotic residue, containing a range of persistent organic compounds, is essential to ensure the protection of both the environment and human health. Supercritical water gasification technology could achieve the clean and efficient energy conversion of antibiotic residues. In this paper, a self-thermal supercritical water gasification system for antibiotic residues is developed to convert antibiotic residues to high-purity H 2 and electrical power. The system analysis results demonstrate that increasing the antibiotic residue slurry concentration, elevating the gasification reactor temperature, and optimizing the ratio of water-to-dry antibiotic residues effectively enhance system efficiency and H 2 yield within specific ranges. The H 2 yield and net electrical power at optimal operating conditions are 634.52 kg/h and 2.3 MW with 10 t/h dry antibiotic residue feeding. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and cold gas efficiency of the system are 61.32%, 63.05%, and 53.96%, respectively. The life cycle assessment analysis shows that the global warming potential of the system is 20.77 kg CO 2 -eq/kg H 2 with the above operating conditions. Taking into account the emission reduction impact of the system on thermal power generation, the inclusion of CO 2 capture and storage units can potentially lead to a negative global warming potential for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's constantly advancing economy, fast and efficient load frequency control (LFC) schemes are imperative for stable power systems operation, whether conventional or new. Despite recent advances in this domain, professional engineers, to this day, face significant obstacles in dealing with parametric uncertainty and the rejection of external disturbances. To ensure high-quality, resilient, and consistent electrical power, the developed controllers must operate efficiently, i.e., counteract frequency and tie-line power deviations. In light of this, the current study presents a novel strategy employing several machine learning algorithms to remedy the LFC dilemma, estimating the optimal controller gain values in a real-time environment. A comprehensive case study incorporating random load perturbations exemplified the trained controllers' accuracy, robustness, and adaptability. The proposed online controllers, integrated into emerging power systems with several adjoining regions, renewable sources, and nonlinearities, outperform benchmark procedures. A rank-based statistical analysis implementing the Friedman test reveals Random Forest to be the most effective of the studied algorithms in terms of providing the lowest integral-criteria error values while preserving the minimal peak overshoot, undershoot, and settling duration. This paper demonstrates the significant potential of the suggested framework in addressing the LFC predicament in relevant sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand of electrical power has increased enormously due to various reasons such as fast-changing and challenging technologies, climatic change, economic growth, and lifestyle of mankind. Due to global warming issues and the depletion of conventional sources of power generation, the utilization of renewable energy sources has drastically increased. So, many challenges exist in integrating the microgrid with AC grid and load. The alternative arm converter (AAC) is among the most innovative converter topologies used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) applications. This research work presents a new control strategy to generate pulses to trigger the switches in the AAC in a proper sequence to obtain a smooth output waveform. The AAC output is controlled by implementing various controllers such as the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, fractional order PID (FOPID) controller, and FOPID controller tuned by metaheuristic algorithm-bacterial foraging optimization technique (BFOT). Also, a comparative analysis is performed based on the spectral analysis of the output voltage obtained. In comparison to other controllers, the FOPID controller optimized by the bacterial foraging optimization technique (BFOT) produced the least total harmonic distortion (THD) of the AAC output voltage. In addition, this paper also discusses about the performance and analysis on the design of an energy management system (EMS) to optimally utilize the energy sources such as PV system, wind system, and battery based on their availability which feed the AAC. The energy management system controls the entire integrated system in association with an integrated CUK-SEPIC converter to fulfil the load demand at the point of common coupling, either from the microgrid or the AC grid. A nine-level AAC model is designed integrating the microgrid, grid, and industrial loads with an energy management system using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance parameters of the entire model are analysed at every stage to provide stabilized output to meet the load demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the evaluation of tested inductive CTs' accuracy for distorted current harmonics in accordance with the optional accuracy class WB1 introduced by the new edition of the standard IEC 61869-1 published in the year 2023. The tests were performed in compliance with the interpretation sheet IEC 61869-2:2012/ISH1:2022. Therefore, the resistive and the resistive–inductive loads of the secondary winding of tested inductive CTs were used, as this was required for the given test conditions. The results indicate that the units designed for the transformation of a sinusoidal current of a frequency of 50 Hz ensure the high wideband transformation accuracy of the distorted current harmonics, as demanded by the power quality monitoring and distorted electrical power and energy requirements. The key to this is proper design using modern magnetic material(s) for the magnetic core and its oversizing in relation to the requirements for a given accuracy class defined for the transformation of sinusoidal currents with a rated frequency. Both tested inductive CTs with a rated primary current RMS value equal to 300 A, class 0.2 and 0.5, ensured compliance with the requirements of the WB1 wideband accuracy class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite activities to introduce low-carbon energy sources worldwide, the share of conventional facilities burning organic fuels remains high. One approach to address this problem is to look for solutions to reduce energy consumption. There are various research projects in the area of energy efficiency that lead to diverse results—such as models, methodologies, new data and theories. On the other hand, induction motor drives are becoming a major consumer of electric power because of their wide range of applications. In this paper, after careful selection and systematization of 151 literature sources, an extensive study and criteria analysis of the existing state of affairs in the area of energy efficiency improvement of induction motor drives has been carried out. Five major and 48 minor research areas in this field have been identified. The results show that issues related to the adaptation of scientific results and the conditions for their effective and wide-ranging application in practice have not been discussed and investigated so far. Adaptation should take into account the possibilities of data acquisition, including data from measurements; the competences of energy managers; and the type of information provided to them. Based on the seven conclusions formulated below, summary recommendations are made to direct future research towards the justification of models for increasing the power efficiency of induction drives, adapted for use by energy managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing of global awareness of the importance of reducing polluting emissions and maintaining a clean and healthy environment. So, the tendency to generate electric energy from new and renewable sources has become an urgent need to achieve this goal. In this paper an optimal economic cost analysis using hybrid renewable energy sources to generate the electricity needed for long-term evolution mobile phone systems was estimated. The proposed electric system accounts for the reduction of polluting emissions to the environment. The electrical profile of the optimal approaches or the hybrid technology and traditional methods which contain solar photovoltaic', batteries, wind turbines, diesel generator were estimated and provides the electrical power for a Long-Term Evolution mobile network (LTE) as the load at a remote located area. A real time optimal cost analysis of each proposed network is done based on the real load profile, wind speed and solar radiation was placid on from 6 October city in Egypt. Statistical analysis was performed by varying the systems through comparison to determine the optimal approaches based on the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewables software (HOMER). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, a new research path was opened with a new scientific view and a new philosophy for the goals of crude oil production through the development of important joints in the production process of crude oil where a horizontal three-phase separator was developed to produce green electrical energy without the need for combustion processes by creating a design for rotating parts capable of converting the momentum of the flow into electrical energy, the first part is the rotating diverter, which collides with the input mixture, which leads to a reduction in the momentum of the flow and an initial separation of gas from liquid, the collision results in the rotation of the wheel on which the concave bowls are installed, and thus generates electrical power by the dynamo connected to it. The second part of the separator that has been developed is to add a cone-shaped rotating external mist extractor with helical fin to perform two functions at the same time separating suspended liquid particles from the gas and generating clean electric power by the dynamo connected to it when it rotates under the influence of gas pressure. The efficiency of the developed separator parts was tested in performing their traditional function to separate the different phases and it was found that the developed separator is more efficient in addition to its ability to generate clean energy. [Display omitted] • A new vision for the purpose of investing in hydrocarbon fuels and develop production equipment. • The study of generating green electric power from crude oil and natural gas without combustion. • The rotating parts in the upgraded separator to make it more efficient in separating the three phases gas,oil,water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy is a renewable energy source to generate electrical energy that is not fully developed. One device that converts thermal energy into electrical power is a thermoelectric generator (TEG). TEGs are available as modules of various sizes and voltage levels. This paper is about the design of a battery charging system powered by a TEG panel. The TEG panel is implemented using 150 TEG modules interconnected in series and parallel. Its power is transferred to a battery using two stages of DC/DC converters. The 1st stage is a Lou converter that is used for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) by a referenced perturb and observe (referenced P&O) algorithm. The 2nd stage is a bidirectional converter based on buck-boost modes of operation. The system is used to charge a 9 V 1.2 Ah battery. The proposed MPPT algorithm's performance is compared with a traditional P&O algorithm. The TEG panel provided 27.5 W at a ΔT of 30 0C. The designed system is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of a wind energy conversion system co-simulation based on the Functional Mock-up Interface standard aiming at contributing to the development of co-simulation of large electrical power systems by means of open-source and standardized computational tools. Co-simulation enables the computational burden of a monolithic simulation to be shared among several processing units, significantly reducing processing time. Through the Functional Mock-up Interface standard, developed models are encapsulated into Functional Mock-up Unit, providing an extra means for the protection of intellectual property, a very appealing feature for end users, both in industry and academia. To achieve the decoupling of the subsystems, the Bergeron ideal transmission line model will be used, with travel time equal to the simulation time-step. The computational performance and effectiveness of the proposed co-simulation technique was evaluated with a wind power plant with 50 wind turbines. The system digital models were developed into Modelica language, while co-simulation was implemented in Python. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast majority of Earth-orbiting satellites carry an electrical power subsystem (EPS) which main components are solar panels and secondary batteries. During eclipse periods, satellites are powered only by rechargeable batteries which have a large energy density but a limited power density. This fact limits the power capabilities of small satellites during eclipse periods. Due to the large power density of Supercapacitors (SCs), ground and on-orbit tests have been conducted to verify their applicability on satellite EPSs. At the moment, no studies are underway on the issue of sizing SCs for eclipse operations. Hybrid configuration could reduce the mass and volume of EPS or maintain those reference values but increasing peak power capabilities. This paper deals with this issue. On the one hand, novel analytical expressions of a variable capacitance SCs are derived, including time–voltage dependence in constant power applications. Also an equivalent formulation for a SCs bank (SCsB) is derived. On the other hand, a SCsB sizing procedure is presented, considering the energy and power requirements of a particular space mission as an input. Finally, a simple mission is analysed, the results showing an improvement on the hybrid EPS design with respect to the traditional, being the mass reduction of 36%. • Implementation of a simple but accurate supercapacitor (SC) model for spacecraft applications. • Innovative analytical expressions of the performance of a SC in constant power applications. • Novel determination of the electrical parameters of a SCs bank, treated as an equivalent SC model. • Estimation of key variables in the operation of hybrid storage systems for space applications. • Preliminary design of a SCs bank devoted to supply high power during eclipse times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-grid (μ-grid) has picked up momentum worldwide with the ability to supply cost-effective, clean, and reliable electrical power to the present-day demand. The practical μ-grids are comprised of non-conventional and conventional sources such as wind turbine generators (WTG) and diesel generators (DG). Due to the encouragement of wind power which is exceedingly sporadic in nature and thus the frequency of the μ-grid is exceedingly vulnerable due to the erratic nature of wind speed. Variations in the load demand have also added to the vulnerability of the μ-grid at distinctive moments of time. Consequently, this paper appears to be a novel plan that utilizes artificial neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) within the built frequency regulation of the μ-grid. The proposed research has been employed within the μ-grid, and the application outcomes have taken all possibilities, such as load variety at the distinctive moment of time, modification of the load demand on the μ-grid, and step alteration of the wind input. The achieved results are coordinated with a few of the most recent results, which presents the ANFIS ahead over other strategies. Although there is a probable scope for improvement which subsequently involves the fuel cell (FC) with a hydrogen aqua electrolyzer (HAE) unit, as well as a redox flow battery (RFB), that is introduced one at a time in the μ-grid and the results of μ-grid are calculated for various working conditions to show the impact that the ANFIS technology has upon storage devices with regards to the μ-grid architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development and flight testing of a personal air vehicle by team Harmony for the GoFly Prize competition. The competition emphasized an open-air flight experience, and the final aircraft was scored by size (≤8.5 ft), noise (<87 dBA), and speed (>30 kt). The highest scoring team would win a $1 million grand prize. Team Harmony endeavored to develop an aircraft which would maximize the competition score. A counterrotating coaxial electric helicopter configuration was chosen to maximize rotor area and reduce disk loading for efficiency and acoustic benefits. The rotors were designed through a parametric study using an in-house aerodynamics code, an in-house acoustics code, and CREATETM-AV Helios CFD. A quiet electric power train and custom 11 kWh battery were developed. Flight control was implemented with dual, independent, electronically coupled swashplates. A one-third-scale prototype aircraft was first developed and flighttested. Then a full-scale, 520 lb (235.4 kg) prototype with an 8.45 ft (2.58 m) rotor diameter was developed and flight-tested. During hovering, the measured sound pressure levels at 50 ft (15.24 m) were 73 dBA. The full-scale vehicle crashed before its speed capabilities could be tested, but the aircraft would have likely scored well, achieving the goal of the project. This work encompassed several design trade-offs, especially between aerodynamic and acoustic performance in the rotor and blade design, and between acoustics and endurance in the power source selection, and in availability and flight-worthiness of off-the-shelf hardware for personal flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with creating a neutrosophic inference system (NIS) and developing its mathematical concepts, as well as determining the most critical problems in the power electrical transformers. Studying their potential failure mode and effects analysis and then, analyzing the risk assessment and management. New insight and novel techniques have been presented to interpret the failure modes (i.e. severity, occurrence, and detection). This paper presents a novel operator called ANOR which is used for the first time to combine the (IF-Then) inference rules. The neutrosophic inference system using failure mode effect analysis is a modern tool for studying the reliability of electrical power transformers. Also, this study suggested some modifications in the standard MIL-STD-1629A. this article presents and for the first time, a new inferencing sixty-three neutrosophic rules in which their biasing is categorized into three types: truth state, indeterminacy state, and falsity state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, increasing communication of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, wearable sensors, healthcare applications and cloud providers provides power and energy consumption for high processing personal data and healthcare records. Cloud-edge data centers are processing enormous amount of electrical power resulting in high performance computing. One of the important challenges in this problem is Virtual Machine (VM) service placement that attempts to enhance energy management of VMs to cloud-edge service providers dynamically to support Service Level Agreement (SLA) metrics in IoT systems. Service placement is a very important issue because if VMs are not confident in the SLA of their critical data, IoT applications will not want to use existing resources safety. Providing a way to increase the Quality of Service (QoS) factors and energy efficiency of the service placement in the IoT environment is an important and critical issue because the use of IoT devices and wearable sensors increases energy consumption in human life in smart contracts. Therefore, this paper presents a hybrid Genetic algorithm and social spider optimization (GA-SSO) algorithm for an energy-aware service placement model in the IoT to manage data congestion and system safety. After conducting studies and comparisons, the accuracy and superiority of the proposed model were established. Experimental results show that the energy consumption with the proposed GA-SSO algorithm can be reduced 24% and we can achieve to the performance of QoS factors with fitness function 88% with compare to the other meta-heuristic algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome its reliance on burning fossil fuels for energy generation and water desalination, Kuwait has pioneered research and cutting-edge projects in renewable energy since the 1980s. This paper examines the power sector in Kuwait and emphasizes the government’s keenness to diversify the country’s electric power supply. It provides a comprehensive overview of Kuwait’s efforts, to emerge as a leading example in the region, fostering collaboration and matchmaking within renewable energy industries. The country’s goal is to meet 15% of the demand for power from renewable energy by 2030, including a reduction in energy use in the building sector by 12% and a decrease in CO2 emissions by 33%. The country’s initiatives revolve around harnessing renewable sources, particularly emphasizing the exploration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Challenges and opportunities are presented to provide information for international institutions, technology companies, designers, researchers, and decision makers, aiming to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of PV project implementation in the country and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear batteries are devices that provide electrical power by converting the energy of radioactive decays. Their full operational potential depends on the actual limits set by the specific power (W/g) released by a radioisotope. This paper analyzes the main features of α-, β‒- or γ-emitting radioisotopes most qualified to run nuclear batteries, and provides updated values of specific power released by their decays as well as specific total energy (kWh/g) supplied over a given working period. When it is the case, the contribution coming from the daughter radionuclide is also taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industries using electrical power have a critical and pressing need for improved power quality (PQ). Several important problems have already been identified, such as voltage swell, sag, and harmonics. However, PQ fluctuation issues remain unresolved. A series of active power filters are used to shield delicate loads from PQ related problems. This paper present a low-complexity control technique for voltage compensation using a type of custom power device used with different inverter topologies called Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). In this study, a three-phase Z-Source Inverter-based DVR is employed to reduce voltage disruption, including voltage fluctuation, sag, swell, and harmonics. Error-driven Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller provides higher PQ performance in terms of voltage augmentation, stabilization, and reduction in harmonic distortion in the distribution system. This strategy keeps the load voltage near or close to the nominal value and addresses many other voltage issues. The gain parameter of a PID controller is tuned using Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) method. The proposed work is compared with traditional controllers as well as Genetic Algorithm-based PID controllers, and the distortion of total harmonics comparisons are also conducted to show the accuracy of the proposed Z-DVR. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested methodology, it is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink R2020a tool and the results of the mitigated sag, swell fluctuation, and total harmonic distortion (THD) are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrification of isolated or rural areas brings with it technical, economic, and social challenges that differentiate the operation of these networks compared to the traditional operation of large electrical power systems, such as the dependence of air or river transport on fuel for the supply of generation plants, the absence of individual measurement and the obsolete infrastructure of the distribution networks. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid methodology for studying a Colombian case, analyzing the development of programs for rational electricity use and energy efficiency in isolated areas. These first steps are related to the diagnosis of the current conditions of the power network, the identification of actors that can influence the regulation of the electricity service in the area, and the proposal of mechanisms that allow promoting the rational and efficient use of the electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For longer journeys, when drivers of electric vehicles need a charge on the road, the best solution is off-board ultra-fast chargers, which offer a short charging time for electric vehicle batteries. Consequently, the ultra-fast charging of batteries is a major issue in electric mobility development globally. Current research in the area of power electronics for electric vehicle charging applications is focused on new high-power chargers. These chargers will significantly increase the charging power of electric vehicles, which will reduce the charging time. Furthermore, electric vehicles can be deployed to achieve improved efficiency and high-quality power if vehicle to microgrid (V2µG) is applied. In this paper, standards for ultra-fast charging stations and types of fast charging methods are reviewed. Various power electronic topologies, the modular design approach used in ultra-fast charging, and integration of the latter into standalone microgrids are also discussed in this paper. Finally, advanced control techniques for ultra-fast chargers are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis is a problem that countries all over the world pay more and more attention to, and a series of ecological problems caused by it have become increasingly prominent. It is difficult for traditional fossil fuels to maintain a healthy and coordinated sustainable development of society and economy. The establishment of a sustainable energy system has become the development trend of various countries to solve energy problems. Electric energy is a secondary energy that all primary energy can be converted into, and an irreplaceable consumable for all industrial technologies and people's lives. Electric power data has the characteristics of large rate span, numerous data sources, complicated interaction methods, and various types of data. The existence of abnormal data in the power system will greatly reduce the accuracy of the system state estimation and the state estimation convergence rate. This paper introduces the power grid industrial control system, combines the data flow of power big data, and analyzes the abnormal information detection process in detail. It takes the data stream acquired by the acquisition unit PMU of the wide area measurement system as the research object. The rapid development of the Hadoop big data platform provides important technical support for the research of power grid big data. Based on the Hadoop platform, the clustering algorithm is used to complete the anomaly detection of real-time data. The LOF algorithm has poor performance when dealing with a large amount of high-dimensional data, and has high time and space complexity. In order to make up for the shortcomings of the LOF algorithm, this paper uses the K-means clustering algorithm to propose an improved algorithm K-LOF of the density-based local abnormal factor detection algorithm LOF, and optimizes the neighborhood query process. It is verified by experiments that the K-LOF algorithm can effectively reduce the time complexity of the anomaly detection algorithm and improve the detection accuracy by 2–4.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the electric power grid experiencing a rapid shift to the smart grid paradigm over a deregulated energy market, Internet of Things (IoT)-based solutions are gaining prominence, and innovative peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading at a micro level is being deployed. Such advancement, however, leaves traditional security models vulnerable and paves the path for blockchain, a distributed ledger technology (DLT), with its decentralized, open, and transparency characteristics as a viable alternative. However, due to deregulation in energy trading markets, most of the prototype resilience regarding cybersecurity attack, performance and scalability of transaction broadcasting, and its direct impact on overall performances and attacks are required to be supported, which becomes a performance bottleneck with existing blockchain solutions such as Hyperledger, Ethereum, and so on. In this paper, we design a novel permissioned Corda framework for P2P energy trading peers that not only mitigates a new class of cyberattacks, i.e., delay trading (or discard), but also disseminates the transactions in a optimized propagation time, resulting in a fair transaction distribution. Sharing transactions in a permissioned R3 Corda blockchain framework is handled by the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) and transport layer security (TLS). The unique contribution of this paper lies in the use of an optimized CPU and JVM heap memory scenario analysis with P2P metric in addition to a far more realistic multihosted testbed for the performance analysis. The average latencies measured are 22 ms and 51 ms for sending and receiving messages. We compare the throughput by varying different types of flow such as energy request, request + pay, transfer, multiple notary, sender, receiver, and single notary. In the proposed framework, request is an energy asset that is based on payment state and contract in the P2P energy trading module, so in request flow, only one node with no notary appears on the vault of the node.Energy request + pay flow interaction deals with two nodes, such as producer and consumer, to deal with request and transfer of asset ownership with the help of a notary. Request + repeated pay flow request, on node A and repeatedly transfers a fraction of energy asset state to another node, B, through a notary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand management is expected to reduce emissions from energy systems and support the utilization of renewable energy sources. In this paper, the focus is on the viability of educational buildings' mechanical ventilation systems' participation in electric demand management. The results suggest that when load shedding lasts for a short duration, the ventilation machine load seems more promising than expected for electric demand management, as even 60% of its electric power could be granted to such markets. Prolonging the load-shedding duration increases the risk of the indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration exceeding the limit for good indoor air quality. This paper contributes to the academic community by providing information for the assessment of the demand management potential of buildings and eventually their significance in decarbonizing the electric energy system and filling research gaps concerning the impact of implementing demand management that involves a reduction in ventilation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the technical demand-supply text information increases rapidly in electric power technology transfer, traditional matching methods could no longer meet the need. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a new technical demand-supply matching method based on electric power technical field feature. First, the improved TF-IDF algorithm was used to extract technical field feature, then scientific and technological achievements with higher relevancy were retrieved based on technical field feature to build a background library of electric power technological achievements, and the matching degree of electric power technological achievements based on word vector was used to verify the matching efficiency of this method. We adopted the China smart grid technical transaction service platform and the text message of electric power technical demand and technological achievements on Keyi net for application, and the results indicate this method has raised the matching efficiency by 23.4% compared to traditional methods. In this paper, a new idea of taking technical field feature as the demand-supply matching basis of electric power technology transfer platform was proposed, which opens a new perspective for the research of demand-supply matching efficiency on electric power technology transfer platform, helps to promote the matching efficiency of technical demand and technological achievements, and further raises the success rate of electric power technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper searches and combs the achievements of grey system theory in the past nearly 40 years based on databases of China national knowledge internet (CNKI) and ISI Web of Science. More than 227 thousands literatures were found by inputting 10 phrases such as grey system‑grey number and sequence operator etc. in CNKI. After entering the 21st century, the number of grey system papers included in CNKI database is increasing rapidly. Since 2008, more than 10 thousands papers have been included per year, and more than 15 thousands papers have been included per year since 2014. The grey system method and model are widely used in natural science fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology, as well as engineering technology fields such as transportation, electric power and machinery, and a large number of valuable results have been achieved. From the large number of documents applying the grey system method and model, which are published by the project team undertaking important national science and technology plans and the double first‑class universities in China, it can be seen that the grey system theory plays an important role in promoting China’s scientific and technological progress, innovation and development, and high-level talent training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of district heating systems is characterized by a trend towards lower supply temperatures and higher energy efficiencies. The most recent advancement in this field is the fifth-generation district heating and cooling systems (5GDHCS). Current literature identifies three key features of 5GDHCS: operating at near-ambient temperatures, the use of distributed booster heat pumps at end-users, and the capability to provide both heating and cooling services. However, there is ongoing debate on whether 5GDHCS represents a significant technological leap beyond its predecessor, the fourth-generation district heating system (4GDHS). To resolve fundamental questions surrounding the 5GDHCS concept and to highlight its distinctive features, this paper conducts a detailed comparison between 5GDHCS and 4GDHS, examining their functional, technological, and operational differences. Based on this, limitations in existing definitions of 5GDHCS are identified, and a refined definition better characterizing its unique attributes and advancement is suggested. Additionally, considering the 5GDHCS-related studies are growing fast, with over 30 works published each year since 2021, this paper tries to complement previous reviews with an updated perspective on its latest research progress and practical deployment, through a comprehensive state-of-the-art analysis. Results show that while 5GDHCS is a promising technology to decarbonize domestic heating and to promote sector coupling between electric power and district heating systems, it is still in the early stage of development, marked by substantial research gaps in technical, policy, regulatory, and market aspects. Analysis on an exhaustive collection of real-life cases also indicates a long way ahead to achieve its widespread commercialization. • Diverged opinions on the term of "fifth-generation" are summarized and discussed. • A comprehensive comparison between 5GDHCS and 4GDHS is provided. • Distinctive features of 5GDHCS are analyzed and a refined definition is suggested. • An updated review on the research progress and practical development of 5GDHCS. • A collection and analysis of research projects and real-life systems are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]