Search

Purpose: To evaluate the information that patients undergoing spine surgery truly receive and assimilate when they sign their informed consent documents. Methods: This was a retrospective study on patients who underwent spine arthrodesis or spine discectomy. Patients were given a full explanation of the surgical technique to be employed and its potential risks before they were included on the surgical waiting list. Before surgery, they were asked to sign an informed consent form. The studied variables included whether patients read the informed consent form, whether they recalled the surgical technique used or the spinal segment operated, whether they were aware of the surgical risks involved, and if they had looked for information about their procedure elsewhere. Answers were analyzed by age and educational level. Results: Of a total of 458 total patients, only 51.9% answered all the questions. Sixty-three percent of patients said they had read the informed consent document before surgery. Although 91.6% of patients were aware of the spine segment operated, only 73.5% remembered the surgical technique employed. A total of 63.9% of patients could recall the vertebral levels operated. 39.1% were not aware of the surgical risks involved, and only 16.0% of patients admitted having looked for additional information. A statistically significant correlation was found between the search for additional information and young age (p < 0.001) on the one hand, and high educational level on the other (p = 0.023). Conclusion: Even though obtaining informed consent is an important procedure before spinal surgery, almost 40% of the patients in this study underwent surgery without reading the informed consent document or being aware of the risks posed by the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focused Clinical Question: In adult patients with persistent low back pain, what relationship do social determinants of health have on pain frequency or severity? Bottom Line: This systematic review identified several particular social risk factors (including education status, socioeconomic status, and occupational factors) that are consistently associated with adverse low back pain outcomes. In addition, the analysis of the population-representative (cross-sectional) studies demonstrated support for important associations between specific social determinants of health, such as low socioeconomic status/income status and employment status and chronic low back pain prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System barriers to effective healthcare engagement and navigation contribute to healthcare disparities among Latino children with immigrant parents in the US. We evaluated a nine-minute educational video supporting healthcare navigation and engagement skills of Spanish-speaking Latino parents of infants. Participants viewed the video at their child's 2-month well-visit, completed a pre-and post-video knowledge evaluation, and answered open-ended questions on video style. A paired t test was used to examine differences in knowledge and open-ended responses were coded using an iterative, consensus-based process. Of the 79 participants, 63.3% had an education level below high school diploma/GED and 84.8% were at risk for limited health literacy. There was a significant gain in healthcare navigation and engagement knowledge after watching the video (p < 0.001). Parents expressed that the video was interesting and provided useful information. Parents valued the knowledge gained and preferred videos over written materials for receiving culturally and linguistically tailored health education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to verify for older adults, the applicability of a recently developed measure of everyday problem solving, a performance-based observed assessment (the Chinese Version of Observed Tasks of Daily Living [OTDL-C]), by comparing with two other measures—a self-report questionnaire and a paper–pencil test. Totally 183 older adults (aged 60–84 years) completed demographic questionnaires and three everyday problem-solving assessments. All assessments measured the same instrumental domains of daily life (medication use, phone use, electric appliance use, and financial management). We observed significant differences in inter-individual variation, and found significant differences in the effects of age and education level on OTDL-C performance compared with self-report and paper–pencil measure performance. Additionally, the inter-individual variance was significantly greater for the OTDL-C and paper–pencil test than for the self-report questionnaire. Age remained a significant predictor of OTDL-C performance after controlling the scores of the self-report and the paper–pencil measures. Education level had more consistent effects on the total score and each domain score of the OTDL-C compared to the other two measures. Overall, our finding indicated that the OTDL-C had greater inter-individual variation, might be a more sensitive tool for examining age-related differences in the ability to solve everyday problem, and could be more applicable to older populations with diverse education levels compared to the self-report and the paper–pencil measures. In circumstances where a high sensitive assessment of everyday problem solving is needed to detect individual differences, the OTDL-C might be a more appropriate choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research consistently shows that parents' educational attainment is associated with their children's level of political interest. The life stage when this relationship is established and grows has been identified to be between the ages of 10 and 16. This paper identifies the social class‐based practices that drive the influence of parental education on the development of political interest among early adolescents and explains why the social gap grows at this point. The paper draws on two panel surveys, the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study and the Understanding Society Youth Survey, and applies latent growth curve modelling and path analysis. The findings show that university‐educated parents influence the change in political interest of their children in early adolescence by raising their educational aspirations, enabling their access to political activities in school, choosing the school for their children, taking their children to museums and art galleries and influencing their children's friendship groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods & Procedures Outcomes & Results Conclusions & Implications WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject What this paper adds to the existing knowledge What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Although considerable research has been conducted on post‐COVID‐19 syndrome (PCS), cognitive symptoms, particularly those related to language, are still not well understood.To provide a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of language performance in PCS patients using a comprehensive set of semantic and verbal production tasks.The study involved 195 PCS patients aged 26–64 years and 50 healthy controls aged 25–61 years. Participants were assessed using two semantic tasks, three naming tasks and four types of verbal fluency tasks, designed to evaluate different aspects of language processing.PCS patients demonstrated significantly poorer performance compared with controls across all verbal fluency tasks. This was evident in both the total number of words generated and their types, with patients tending to choose more easily accessible words. In naming tasks, the pattern of errors was similar in both groups, although patients showed a higher number of non‐responses and made more errors, reflecting difficulties in word retrieval. The analysis highlighted the impact of factors such as stimulus availability, educational level and cognitive reserve on performance. Notably, younger patients performed worse than older, a paradoxical trend also observed in previous research.These findings reveal significant word retrieval difficulties in PCS patients, suggesting that cognitive impairment related to language may be more pronounced than previously understood. The results underscore the need for a thorough evaluation of language functions in PCS patients and the development of more targeted and individualized language rehabilitation strategies to address these specific challenges. Studies on the cognitive characteristics of CPS have focused mainly on broad‐spectrum neuropsychological assessments covering all cognitive functions. However, there are very few studies analysing oral production with specific lexical and semantic system tasks. Furthermore, no work has specifically included tasks assessing semantic processing or conducted qualitative analyses of the psycholinguistic variables affecting performance. Such analyses could undoubtedly help clarify the nature of the language impairments in patients with PCS. This study explores in depth the evaluation and analysis of the oral production of patients with PCS using several lexical and semantic tasks. In addition, psycholinguistic variables are analysed that could undoubtedly help clarify the nature of the language impairments in patients with PCS. The study allows the identification of specific lexical–semantic deficits in the spoken language in patients with this PCS. A more detailed assessment of the oral language of these patients, keeping in mind the psycholinguistic variables that may affect the performance, will facilitate the design of more efficient and individualized rehabilitation programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study describes the incidence of fatigue in kidney transplant recipients and analyses the relationship between physiological factors, psychological factors, situational factors and fatigue in kidney transplant recipients. Background: Fatigue, as a common symptom after kidney transplantation, is affected by many factors, but the influence of some factors on the fatigue of kidney transplant recipients is still controversial. Design: This cross‐sectional study was designed based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms. Methods: Our survey involved 307 participants attending the kidney transplant outpatient clinic of a tertiary Class A hospital (Changsha, Hunan, China). Data were collected between February and April 2021 using a structured questionnaire and electronic medical records. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc.) Results: It was found that the incidence of fatigue in kidney transplant recipients was 53.1%. According to the binary logistic regression analysis, sleep quality, hypokalemia, anxiety, depression and education level were independent risk factors for fatigue in kidney transplant recipients. Conclusion: The incidence of fatigue in kidney transplant recipients was high and was influenced by physical, psychological and situational factors. Clinical nurses should assess fatigue levels in a timely and multidimensional manner in clinical practice and provide effective and scientific guidance about fatigue self‐coping and symptom management for kidney transplant recipients. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Fatigue is a common symptom of kidney transplant recipients and can impair postoperative recovery, reemployment, quality of life, social activities and physical and mental states, causing the body to be in a state of chronic energy consumption.Owing to the imperceptible physical injury upon kidney transplant recipients, fatigue is often underappreciated or even disregarded. What this paper adds? It was found that the rate of fatigue in kidney transplant recipients was high.The risk factors for fatigue in kidney transplant recipients based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms were analysed in three ways: physiological, psychological and situational. The results showed that sleep quality, duration after transplantation, serum potassium level, anxiety, depression, education level, financial burden and social support were associated with fatigue in kidney transplant recipients. The implications of this paper: Clinical nurses should conduct timely and multidimensional fatigue evaluations of kidney transplant recipients and pay more attention to those with a high level of fatigue.The findings can provide a scientific basis for kidney transplant specialist nurses to conduct targeted interventions and facilitate fatigue management for kidney transplant recipients. They can also help to develop fatigue intervention models based on the displeasure symptom theory to improve fatigue in kidney transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the association between nurse education levels and patient‐related factors with hypertension self‐care. Background: Although self‐care development is recognized as a healthcare provider–patient encounter, the attribution of nurse education level to hypertension self‐care is not well addressed. Design: A cross‐sectional study. Methods: Hypertensive patients from 15 primary care facilities were sampled, and self‐care was assessed using the Self‐Care of Hypertension Inventory version 2.0, with standardized scores ≥70 indicating adequate self‐care. Data on patient‐related factors were obtained from electronic health records, self‐reports and laboratory tests, while nurse education levels were categorized as standard (baccalaureate‐prepared) or higher (post‐baccalaureate specialty). Results: A total of 1493 participants were included in this study, with a median age of 66 years and 77.7% being female. Approximately 10% of participants had adequate self‐care, and 66% received care from higher educated nurses. The study showed the relation between nurse education levels and the self‐care of the patients. Adequate hypertension self‐care was significantly associated with higher educated nurse providers and patient‐related factors, including intermediate to higher education, non‐overweight/obese and the absence of age‐related comorbidities. Conclusions: Hypertensive patients who had been provided care by higher educated nurses and their favourable sociodemographic, lower cardiometabolic risk and no concomitant disease were more likely to demonstrate adequate self‐care. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Improving hypertension self‐care requires attention to both patient‐related and healthcare‐related factors.Clinical trial studies have established the effectiveness of nurse‐enhanced hypertension self‐care.There is currently a lack of evidence regarding the impact of nurse‐related factors, such as nurse education level, on hypertension outcomes in routine primary care practice and observational studies.What this paper adds? We confirmed that patient‐related factors, such as having intermediate to higher education, being non‐overweight/obese and not having aging‐related comorbidities, were associated with better hypertension self‐care.Patients who received care from higher educated nurses demonstrated better hypertension self‐care.The implications of this paper: To enhance hypertension self‐care, clinicians should prioritize individuals who have low levels of education, are overweight/obese and have aging‐related comorbidities.Preparing nurses with advanced competence through higher education could be a viable approach to improving hypertension outcomes in primary care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of male nurses towards human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination and to examine whether knowledge about the HPV vaccine affects attitudes and beliefs about HPV vaccines. Background: HPV is responsible for ≈5% of all cancers worldwide. Therefore, vaccination against HPV is recommended to prevent HPV infections and HPV‐related cancers in men and women. Methods: The study group included 383 male nurses who were asked to complete online questionnaires. The data were collected using the following tools: a sociodeomographical characteristics form, the Human Papillomavirus Knowledge Scale (HPVKS), and The Carolina HPV Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (CHIAS). Results: It was determined that the general HPV knowledge of the male nurses participating in the study was at a moderate level, but their knowledge of HPV screening test, HPV vaccination, and current HPV vaccination programmes were at a low level. Male nurses' HPV vaccination rates were relatively low, and most of them did not intend to be vaccinated. In addition, CHIAS Attitudes and Beliefs scores of the male nurses were at an average level and HPV knowledge affected the attitudes and beliefs of the nurses. Conclusion: These results demonstrate an opportunity to improve information and awareness about HPV and vaccines by nursing education. Summary statement: What is already known about the topic? Although HPV vaccination is recommended to prevent HPV infections and HPV‐related cancers in men and women, vaccination rates are far behind the target, especially for men. What this paper adds? Findings showed that male nurses' HPV vaccination rates were relatively low.Male nurses' knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine was not sufficient.HPV knowledge affected the attitudes and beliefs of these male nurses. The implications of this paper: Nurses need to be aware of the HPV vaccine during their undergraduate education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminalization of young women in care remains an important practice and policy issue in England despite 2018 national guidance and the subsequent development of local authority protocols to reduce the criminalization of care‐experienced young people. This paper contributes to the emerging research on young women whose behaviour challenges professionals, through secondary analysis of case file data and narrative interviews with 24 care‐experienced young women from a national project on care and offending. Analysis focused on young women's pathways through the care, justice and education systems and identified five domains within young women's lives where available risk or resilience factors were significant in directing young women towards prosocial opportunities, to new types of victimization or to criminalization and offending. These domains consisted of placements and caregiver relationships; partner relationships; pregnancy and motherhood; participation in education; and the transition to adulthood through leaving care. The paper concludes with implications for practice for professionals working with young women, in particular emphasizing that how the care, justice and education systems respond to young women can contribute to negative pathways or transform them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the rate of NUPs and associated factors in the PED of the 'Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe' in Valencia (Spain) using Andersen's Behavioural Model. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross‐sectional study using Andersen's Behavioural Model in parents visiting the PED with their children at the 'Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe' in Valencia (Spain). Results: The study involved a total of 530 participants, of whom 419 (79%) had made an NUP. The predisposing factors identified were: (I) paediatric patients brought in by their fathers (OR = 0.460; p = 0.005), (II) lower educational attainment (OR = 3.841; p = 0.000), (III) first‐time parenthood (OR = 2.335; p = 0.000) and (IV) higher parental stress (OR = 1.974; p = 0.023). The enabling factors included: (I) responsibility for a significant part of the childcare shared with others (OR = 0.348; p = 0.041) and (II) the perception that PEDs provide better care than primary care (PC) services (OR = 1.628; p = 0.005). The need factors were: (I) existing chronic illness in the child seeking care (OR = 0.343; p = 0.000) and (II) the perceived severity of the urgency (OR = 0.440; p = 0.031). Conclusions: The NUP rates found in this study are similar to those found internationally. In accordance with Andersen's Behavioural Model, we identify predisposing, enabling and need factors to explain the multifactorial nature of NUPs in PEDs. Implications for Practice: Identifying the factors associated with NUPs enables interventions to be targeted at those groups most likely to engage in NUPs, thereby optimising the functioning of the PED and improving the well‐being of children and families. These interventions should focus on improving parental health literacy, providing education on making appropriate decisions about accessing health services and recognising severe symptoms in children, as well as improving access to high‐quality PC services. Providing support to parents during the transition to parenthood would also be beneficial. Reporting Method: This paper adheres to the STROBE initiative guidelines. Contribution from patients or members of the public: Participants, who voluntarily agreed to take part, contributed to the study by completing a paper‐based questionnaire containing all the study variables as prepared by the research team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This descriptive paper aims to describe the design and implementation of a community engaged primary healthcare strategy in rural Australia, the Primary Healthcare Registered Nurse: Schools-Based strategy. This strategy seeks to address the health, education and social inequities confronting children and adolescents through community engaged service provision and nursing practice. Background: There have been increasing calls for primary healthcare approaches to address rural health inequities, including contextualised healthcare, enhanced healthcare access, community engagement in needs and solutions identification and local-level collaborations. However, rural healthcare can be poorly aligned to community contexts and needs and be firmly entrenched in health systems, marginalising community participation. Methods: This strategy has been designed to enhance nursing service and practice responsiveness to the rural context, primary healthcare principles, and community experiences and expectations of healthcare. The strategy is underpinned by a cross-sector collaboration between a local health district, school education and a university department of rural health. A research framework is being developed to explore strategy impacts for service recipients, cross-sector systems, and the establishment and maintenance of a primary healthcare nursing workforce. Findings: Although in the early stages of implementation, key learnings have been acquired and strategic, relationship, resource and workforce gains achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic nodular prurigo (CNPG) is a condition characterized by chronic itch, a prolonged scratching behaviour and the presence of pruriginous nodules. A comprehensive understanding of this condition, especially regarding its clinical characteristics and impact on quality of life is still lacking. Objectives: Aim of this pan‐European multicentre cross‐sectional study was to establish the clinical profile of CNPG, including its associated burden. Methods: Fifteen centres from 12 European countries recruited CNPG patients presenting at the centre or using the centres' own databases. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire in paper or electronic format. Demography, current co‐morbidities, underlying disease, itch intensity, additional sensory symptoms, quality of life, highest burden and emotional experience of itch were assessed. Results: A total of 509 patients (210 male, median age: 64 years [52; 72]) were enrolled. Of these, 406 reported itch and CNPG lesions in the previous 7 days and qualified to complete the whole questionnaire. We recorded moderate to severe worst itch intensity scores in the previous 24 h. Scores were higher in patients with lower educational levels and those coming from Eastern or Southern Europe. Most patients experience itch often or always (71%) and report that their everyday life is negatively affected (53%). Itch intensity was considered to be the most burdensome aspect of the disease by 49% of the patients, followed by the visibility of skin lesions (21%) and bleeding of lesions (21%). The majority of patients was unaware of an underlying condition contributing to CNPG (64%), while psychiatric diseases were the conditions most often mentioned in association with CNPG (19%). Conclusions: This multicentre cross‐sectional study shows that itch is the dominant symptom in CNPG and reveals that the profile of the disease is similar throughout Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs the aspirations‐capabilities framework to explore the intricate interplay between choices and constraints shaping migrants' settlement patterns, with a particular emphasis on the often‐overlooked aspect of educational attainment. Using Swedish register data containing information about migrants' educational level, this paper examines and typifies the initial residential sorting patterns of migrants arriving in Sweden in the period 2000–2014. Employing multinomial logistic regression to understand how migrant sorting takes place, the results show a clear distinction in settlement patterns, with higher educated migrants being more likely to settle in metropolitan areas, and lower educated migrants ending up in rural areas, even when controlling for region of origin and purpose of migration. Nordic and African migrants, resettled refugees, older migrants, and migrant families with younger children are most likely to live in sparsely populated areas. The paper concludes that these trends exacerbate existing patterns of spatial polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and reliable online assessments has become increasingly important in the digital era. We developed a 10-min online word reading assessment of global English based on the existing paper-and-pencil version of our English silent word reading test. The test includes two parts, namely, random word recognition and contextual word reading. A total of 889 participants (437 children and 392 adults; 62.7% female) took part in the study. They were from various regions including mainland China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Poland, the United States, and the Philippines. Reliability and validity analyses on various demographics samples (by age and country/region of origin) demonstrated that the WordSword Test is highly reliable and valid (e.g., the correlation of this test with other English reading measures were above.80). Education level was positively correlated with test performance, while the correlations between age and test performance were not consistent. Ninety-seven children participants also took the paper-and-pencil version of the WordSword Test. The correlation between performances on the online and paper-and-pencil versions of the test was.879, one year apart. With more children and adults taking the WordSword Test, we ultimately hope to establish norms by area, grade level, and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies educational inequality in the Philippines from 1950 to 2015, examining changes in the association between social origin and educational attainment against a backdrop of educational expansions and fluctuating economic conditions. Using data from the World Bank STEP Skills Survey, the study employs a sequential logit model to illustrate trends in secondary and college completion, followed by a multinomial logit model to look into differences in college destinations (type and status) between advantaged and disadvantaged students. The findings indicate that despite sustained expansions in the past six decades, disparities in secondary and tertiary completion deepened in relation to social background. The paper also finds that although expansions occurred mainly in public higher education institutions, it did little to alter the trends in college destinations, with advantaged students still more likely to complete in "high-status" universities than disadvantaged ones. Finally, the paper sheds light on how economic recessions have varying consequences on educational attainment, routing disadvantaged students out of college in the short term, while resulting in significant declines in the likelihood of completing higher education for advantaged students enrolled in "high-status" public entities in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of computerized devices for neuropsychological assessment (CNADs) as an effective alternative to the traditional pencil-and-paper modality has recently increased exponentially, both in clinical practice and research, especially due to the pandemic. However, several authors underline that the computerized modality requires the same psychometric validity as "in-presence" tests. The current study aimed at building and validating a computerized version of the verbal and non-verbal recognition memory test (RMT) for words, unknown faces and buildings. Methods: Seventy-two healthy Italian participants, with medium–high education and ability to proficiently use computerized systems, were enrolled. The sample was subdivided into six groups, one for each age decade. Twelve neurological patients with mixed aetiology, age and educational level were also recruited. Both the computerized and the paper-and-pencil versions of the RMT were administered in two separate sessions. Results: In healthy participants, the computerized and the paper-and-pencil versions of the RMT showed statistical equivalence for words, unknown faces and buildings. In the neurological patients, no statistical difference was found between the performance at the two versions of the RMT. A moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability between the two versions was also found in both samples. Finally, the computerized version of the RMT was perceived as acceptable by both healthy participants and neurological patients at System Usability Scale (SUS). Conclusion: The computerized version of the RMT can be used as a reliable alternative to the traditional version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on oral histories of first-generation migrant women, this paper explores Chinese women's role in financing migrant households, mothering children and promoting the well-being of the British Chinese community after 1945. It argues that, with better educational attainment and wider participation in professional occupations Chinese migrant women played an increasingly essential yet unrecognised role in private and public lives. This paper expands knowledge of Chinese women's experiences in contemporary international migration and confirms the necessity of understanding migration through the lens of gender to reveal evolving gendered family roles within migrant households and migrant women's manifold but unrecognised merits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allostatic load (AL) is a biological tool for objectively assessing chronic stress and has been discussed inconsistently for its correlation with socioeconomic factors and unhealthy lifestyles. Therefore, this meta-analysis was performed to explore the impact of socioeconomic factors and unhealthy lifestyles on AL. Method: Different databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, VIP, SinoMed, and Wanfang, were searched from inception to June 6, 2023. A total of 25 studies, reporting the correlations of seven socioeconomic factors and three unhealthy lifestyles with AL, were finally included. The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were examined using random-effect and fixed-effect models. Literature quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias were evaluated. Results: The meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk of high AL in the older individuals as compared to the younger ones (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.06), in the individual with low education as compared to those with high education (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.05–1.48), and in the individuals with low physical activities as compared to those with high physical activities (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.26–1.64). This meta-analysis also showed a significantly decreased risk of high AL in the individuals with high income as compared to those with low income (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.71–0.83) and in women as compared to men (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.80–0.81). Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed older people, men, and people having low physical activity, low income, and low education were more likely to have a high AL. Trial Registration: This meta-analysis was registered on the PROSPERO database with trial registration number CRD42022326105. Instead of providing information at registration, we added an author (Tingyu Mu), who provided critical revisions to the paper in this meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This cross‐sectional multicentre study aimed to determine the effect of interventions during vaginal birth for fear of childbirth. Methods: In this cross‐sectional and analytical study, 852 women who had a vaginal birth between 2019 and 2020 were enrolled. Data were collected using the Descriptive Questionnaire and Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale Version B. Results: The mean total Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale Version B score of the women was 97.00 ± 24.24, indicating severe and clinical levels of fear of childbirth. Moreover, 69.4% of the women had clinical, 18.6% had severe and 12% had moderate levels of fear of childbirth. During birth, women who had close supporters, who were allowed to move and who did not undergo amniotomy, enema, perineal shaving and electronic foetal monitoring had a low level of fear of childbirth. As the number of pregnant women in the labour room, frequency of vaginal examinations, duration of delivery/hour, severity of labour pain and negative perception of the approach of health professionals increased, the women's fear of childbirth increased. Fear of childbirth decreased as the frequency of antenatal follow‐ups, number of births and satisfaction levels of the women increased (p < 0.05). Low income perception, irregular prenatal follow‐up, severe labour pain and a long duration of labour were strong predictors of increased fear of childbirth. Increasing number of births, high birth satisfaction level and positive perception of the approach of health professionals were strong predictors of reduced fear of childbirth. Conclusions: The reduction of interventions in vaginal delivery and support from health care providers during delivery can be effective in reducing fear of childbirth. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Fear of childbirth (FOC) is a problem experienced by most women.Sociodemographic characteristics and past experiences can increase FOC.Birth interventions are common as the majority of births in Turkey take place in health institutions. What does this paper add? Women who have vaginal births appear to have severe and clinical levels of fear of childbirth. Multiparity, mobilization, high birth satisfaction and positive approaches by health care providers are strong predictors of reduced FOC.Enema, amniotomy and fundal pressure application, high‐intensity labour pain and a long duration of labour are strong predictors of increased FOC. The implications of this study: Many current routine interventions during childbirth should be avoided.The reduction of interventions in vaginal birth and support from health professionals during labour can be effective in reducing fear of childbirth and negative consequences related to FOC, as well as helping to achieve non‐invasive vaginal deliveries.It is recommended that hospitals be organized in line with the criteria of mother‐friendly hospitals, health professionals be trained and the environments in which women give birth be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental education may influence children's development both additively and multiplicatively. While parental educational attainment enriches financial and cultural investments in children's development, parental educational homogamy is associated with consistency and agreement in parenting practices that may benefit the children. In this paper, using the 2014 China Education Panel Survey, we examine relationships between parental education, regarding both parental educational attainment and educational assortative mating, and children's subjective wellbeing, measured by depressive symptoms and self-rated confidence in the future. We also explore the mediating mechanisms linking parental education and children's subjective wellbeing. Results show that holding average parental years of schooling constant, both hypergamy and hypogamy predict lower levels of confidence and higher levels of depression than does parental homogamy. Children born to hypergamous parents where the mother has less than high school education are most vulnerable of all children. The negative effects of parental hypogamy are likely channelled through parent-child and interparental dynamics, as children from hypogamous families are more likely to experience issues in parent-child relationships, paternal drinking problems, and parental fights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Despite legislation that promotes the transition of young people from school to work and the increasing knowledge of the factors that contribute to successful transitions, young people with disabilities face lower rates of participation in employment, education, and vocational training compared to their non-disabilities peers. OBJECTIVE: The paper aims to examine the perspective of special education teachers (SET) regarding the success factors of the transition to the labor market for persons with disabilities after graduating from secondary school in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: To conduct the research, we used a questionnaire; participants were sampled intentionally, and they were a representative sample at the level of Riyadh city (N = 180) of secondary school SET in the 2022/2023 school year. RESULTS: Educators have identified several factors critical to success in the labor market transition which can be separated into three categories; 1) person-centered factors, 2) family-specific factors, and 3) community instruction-specific factors. There were no statistically significant differences between the responses of participating SET according to their demographic characteristics (gender, educational level, and years of teaching experience) and the factors for successful labor market transition for persons with disability questionnaire. The results were interpreted in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies, and many recommendations were made for those that employ persons with disabilities. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight some of the areas that are critical to the labor market transition: employment and vocational skills' training in secondary school, and families and community members' attitudes and high expectations for the future of persons with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the level of LGBT+ representation among staff and students in higher education in England and Wales. We compare data from the 2021 England and Wales Census to Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) data. We find that LGBT+ people are more highly represented in higher education among all staff groups and students than in relevant comparator groups according to age and educational level in the general population. LGBT+ representation among students and STEM academics is modestly higher than the general population comparator group, while representation among non-STEM academics is substantially higher than one would expect from the general population comparator group. We found no statistically significant under-representation in any particular higher education institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a systematic scoping literature review of higher education mathematics and statistics support (MSS) evaluation focusing on its impact on students. MSS is defined as any additional organised mathematical and/or statistical aid offered to higher education students outside of their regular programme of teaching by parties within the students' institution specifically assigned to give mathematical and/or statistical support. The objective of this review is to establish how MSS researchers investigate the effect of MSS on students and what that impact is. Based on a predefined protocol, five databases, the proceedings of eight conferences, two previous MSS literature reviews' reference lists, and six mathematics education or MSS networks' websites and reports were searched for publications in English since 2000. A two-round screening process resulted in 148 publications being included in the review which featured research from 12 countries. Ten formats of MSS, seven data sources (e.g., surveys), and 14 types of data (e.g., institution attainment, usage data) were identified with a range of analysis methods. Potential biases in MSS research were also considered. The synthesised results and discussion of this review include the mostly positive impact of MSS, issues in MSS evaluation research thus far, and rich opportunities for collaboration. The role MSS has and can play in mathematics education research is highlighted, looking towards the future of MSS evaluation research. Future directions suggested include more targeted systematic reviews, rigorous study design development, and greater cross-disciplinary and international collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we combine administrative data for Spain from 2010 to 2018 with meteorological data, to identify the effect of daily mean temperature on fertility. We demonstrate for Spain that hot days (≥25°C) decrease the total fertility rate nine months after exposure. Moreover, we do not observe any substantial heterogeneities in the effect of heat by mother’s age, mother’s educational attainment, sex of the newborn, climatic area, or air conditioning penetration. Our results suggest that climate change may be altering the seasonal distribution of births and affect fertility rates in a context with low fertility and rapid population ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School absences can negatively impact a child's schooling, including the loss of teacher‐led lessons, peer interactions, and, ultimately, academic achievement. However, little is known about the long‐term consequences of school absences for overall educational attainment and labour market outcomes. In this paper, we used data from the 1970 British Cohort Study to examine long‐term associations between school absences in late childhood and individuals' educational attainment, social class, unemployment and earnings at age 42 while adjusting for a comprehensive set of confounders. Our findings show that school absences are associated with lower educational attainment but are not associated with social class destination except for increasing the likelihood of being out of the labour force after adjusting for confounders. Individuals who missed five days of school at age 10 were 5.2% more likely to have obtained no qualifications and 4.1% more likely to be out of the labour force. However, we did not find a significant association between school absences and individuals' earnings or duration of unemployment. Our findings suggest that the detrimental consequences of school absences persist beyond schooling into adulthood. Overall, this study highlights the importance of addressing school absenteeism to promote educational and labour market participation over the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Recovery‐oriented services have been shown to promote recovery in people with mental illness; their implementation is important for current psychiatric practice and is being considered by many professional institutions.The Japanese government released the policy 'A Vision for Reform of Mental Health and Medical Welfare' (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2004; https://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/2004/09/dl/tp0902‐1a.pdf), aiming to update public consciousness, reorganize the mental healthcare welfare system and strengthen the foundation of mental healthcare to promote a basic policy focusing on the transition 'from hospital to community life'. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This is the first study to clarify recovery‐oriented attitudes among psychiatric nursing directors and related factors in Japan. It shows an association between recovery‐oriented attitudes and hospital size. What are the implications for practice?: A relationship exists between the recovery knowledge and recovery‐oriented attitudes of psychiatric nursing directors. It may thus be valuable for directors to see and hear about the experiences of patients living in the community during their recovery process. As hospital size and organizational climate may hinder the successful implementation of recovery‐oriented practices, these factors must be considered when introducing such practices.Further research is needed on the relationship between psychiatric nursing directors' recovery‐oriented attitudes and practices. Moreover, to develop intervention studies that uncover success factors for enhancing recovery‐oriented attitudes, organizational factors that enable recovery‐oriented practices must be further investigated. Introduction: Recovery‐oriented practices in mental health services have become a global priority. Despite their proven effectiveness, Japanese hospitals have not widely implemented such practices. Aim: This study clarified psychiatric nursing directors' recovery‐oriented attitudes and factors regarding promoting recovery‐oriented practices to identify methods for developing these practices in Japan. Method: This cross‐sectional study used a questionnaire survey with 250 nursing directors from 1287 Japanese psychiatric hospitals. Multivariable regression analysis assessed how socio‐demographic variables and Recovery Knowledge Inventory (RKI) scores affected Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ‐7) scores. Results: The analysis revealed that more clinical and managerial experience was associated with more negative recovery‐oriented attitudes. High RKI scores, knowledge of strength, hospital size and outpatient work experience were associated with more positive recovery‐oriented attitudes. Discussion: Implementing recovery practices requires consideration of knowledge and experience in recovery and hospital size alongside recovery training based on a hospital's organizational structure. Although the low response rate could influence the study's generalisability, it could also indicate low interest in recovery‐oriented practices among professionals. Implications for Practice: Acquiring more knowledge and experience regarding recovery promotes recovery‐oriented attitudes among nursing directors. An appropriate organizational culture and consideration of hospital size are required when introducing such recovery practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background study: Computer‐assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) has emerged as an important resource for second language (L2) pronunciation learning. CAPT offers diverse opportunities for learners to master L2 pronunciation with the help of authentic learning activities in multiple contexts. Objectives: This study presents a comprehensive overview to examine the overall effect of using a computer in learning pronunciation in multiple settings and diverse educational levels with the assistance of different tools. Methods: The meta‐analysis consisted of 31 primary studies that reported results obtained from experimental vs. control group designs. These studies reported 42 effect sizes in the results. Results: The findings of the meta‐analysis indicated that using CAPT in learning pronunciation had an overall medium effect size. Similarly, the results showed that using CAPT inside the classrooms had a large effect size. The results also showed that CAPT had a large effect size when used in schools and other formal learning contexts, such as language institutes. CAPT had a medium effect when it was used in universities. The results also showed that using videos for learning pronunciation had a large effect size while other tools had a medium effect size. Conclusions: The study findings contribute to understanding the overall effect of CAPT and offer implications for educators and practitioners involved in designing effective instructional strategies for enhancing L2 pronunciation skills. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Training has emerged as a valuable tool for L2 pronunciation learning.The variables that may affect the using of Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Training include settings, educational level and CAPT tools. What this paper adds: The study drew on a meta‐analytic framework to examine the overall effect of using a computer in learning pronunciation in different settings and in different educational levels with the help of different tools.The meta‐analysis consisted of 31 primary studies reported results obtained from experimental vs. control group design. Implications for practice and/or policy: Language instructors are requested to incorporate CAPT in their teaching of L2 pronunciation.The integration of CAPT can be to any educational stage (i.e., schools, colleges, etc.).To optimize the benefits of CAPT, instructors should consider integrating videos, games, and other multimedia elements into their teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Historical socio-political processes have produced gross inequity of health resource for Aboriginal Australians and New Zealand Māori. Objectives: This paper argues that socio-political factors resulting from the entrenchment of colonialism have produced significant personal and structural barriers to the utilisation of healthcare services and directly impact the health status of these two vulnerable groups. Design: Discussion Paper. Conclusions: Understanding the actual barriers preventing the utilisation of healthcare facilities, as perceived by Indigenous people, is essential in reducing the gross disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous morbidity and mortality in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of approaches and proposals to improve the integration of migrant children in schools in Spain and it is linked to the European research project Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe (MiCREATE). It focuses on a part of the research in which stakeholders were interviewed. Based on the needs of migrant children and practices already implemented in Spain, experts from different fields problematised and proposed improvements in current policies and practices in education. The main conclusions indicate that a more holistic and transversal approach to the inclusion of migrants is needed, as well as better coordination between institutions in different contexts and areas of action. This implies rethinking inclusive practices and involving children's families and taking their environment into consideration, as well as supporting educational practices that foster a sense of belonging among migrant children and their families in schools, the community, and society. Finally, the paper highlights the importance of gathering data from stakeholders in different fields of expertise and areas of action in order to obtain a more complex and insightful overview of the phenomenon under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper analyzes long-term impacts of electoral violence on health and education. • Areas exposed to violence in Kenya suffer inflation and fall in annual consumption. • Children and adolescents exposed to violence have stunted height as adults. • The sons of those exposed to violence during growing age also have stunted growth. • No long-term impact on education is found as violence peaks during school holidays. This paper examines whether prenatal, childhood, and teenage exposure to electoral violence has any long-term effects on height and human capital in Kenya. First, using the difference-in-difference estimator, we show that areas impacted by electoral violence see increases in local food prices and a decrease in annual nightlight, suggesting important local consumption shocks. We then identify people exposed to such violence using a nationally representative survey and take advantage of the temporal and spatial variation of electoral violence in Kenya between 1992 and 2013. Using coarsened exact matching, we find that exposure to electoral violence between prenatal and the age of sixteen reduces adult height. Previous research has demonstrated that protracted, large-scale armed conflicts can cause significant nutritional shocks and pass down stunting effects to descendants. In line with these studies, we find that the low-scale but recurrent electoral violence in Kenya has impacted the height-for-age of children whose parents were exposed to such violence while they were growing up. Only boys exhibit this intergenerational effect, possibly due to their increased susceptibility to malnutrition and stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa. The fact that most electoral violence in Kenya occurs over the school holidays may help explain why, in contrast to previous studies on large-scale conflicts, childhood exposure to electoral violence has no lasting impact on educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, there remains an underrepresentation of Black women in and en route to the highest levels of organisational leadership. The divide is all the more pronounced in the field of education, one in which women represent a large share of the community. Particularly relevant for Black women is the incongruence between their heightened educational attainment levels compared to their lower status in the organisational pecking order. To advance both theory and research in this domain, social justice leadership theory (SJLT) serves as the framework for this paper, rooted in the context of the United States. This paper explores the multilayered journeys of Black women aspiring to and operating in senior-level leadership roles (i.e. executives, directors, and CEOs) in US-based education, highlighting the unique and intersectional experiences of one Black woman educational leader. Indeed, there is a need to increase collective consciousness about the impact of leadership cultures on Black women, their experiences, their personal and professional choices, and the ensuing ramifications. In addition, the education leadership sector can benefit from the advancement of more research and theory development relevant to the progression of Black women educational leaders in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macro-level studies on intergenerational mobility among women in India suggests that, there is a need to further probe certain excluded communities that have a higher likelihood of persistence of educational status among women through micro-level studies. The present study investigates the extent and drivers of high/low intergenerational educational mobility among young women (vis-à-vis their mothers) belonging to the weavers' community of Varanasi, India. Using transition/mobility matrices and mobility measures, along with qualitative methods, the paper builds on a mixed-methods study conducted among 364 households of weavers' community from Varanasi. The qualitative data includes a total of 8 respondents with 5 KIIs and 3 IDIs. The study shows that the overall intergenerational educational mobility among women (vis-à-vis their mothers) from the weavers' community of Varanasi is 0.30 and there is no downward mobility. The qualitative findings further highlight various reasons enabling or preventing high educational mobility in the given context. In conclusion, the paper illustrates several micro-level issues and disparities in intergenerational educational mobility that are not clearly evident through the macro-level studies and further helps in making informed policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: When parents bring their child to appointments and then adhere to agreed speech and language therapy (SLT) recommendations, there is the potential to increase the intensity of the intervention, support generalization and improve outcomes. In SLT, however, little is known about factors that may promote attendance or adherence. Studies in other clinical areas such in medicine, psychology and physiotherapy have identified risk factors for non‐attendance or non‐adherence that are multifactorial and variable dependent on, for example, population and intervention. Aims: To identify rates of non‐attendance and non‐adherence, and to identify parent or child factors associated with parent involvement in intervention for children under 5 years of age receiving SLT. Methods: Parents completed questionnaires at two time points assessing the domains of parents' beliefs (problem perceptions, self‐efficacy), personal circumstances (socio‐demographics, family functioning), treatment experience and child factors. Predictors of parent attendance and adherence were identified through multiple regression analyses. Non‐attendance rates were identified via local health records and non‐adherence ascertained using a specific parent‐reported measure within the treatment experience domain. Results: Participants (N = 199) were predominantly mothers, and were ethnically and socio‐economically diverse, speaking a wide range of languages. Their children presented with a range of speech, language communication needs (SLCN). The rate of non‐attendance was 25% and the main predictors of non‐attendance were maternal age, education level and two factors within the parent beliefs domain. This model explained 40% of the variance in attendance. The rate of non‐adherence in this cohort was 26% with parental rating of the importance of a recommendation and self‐efficacy beliefs predicting adherence; this explained 56% of the variance in adherence to SLT recommendations at home. Conclusions & Implications: Our research has provided preliminary evidence of the influence of parents' beliefs, personal circumstances and treatment experiences on their involvement in their child's therapy. Speech and language therapists should consider factors impacting attendance and adherence to treatment and explore parental perceptions of their child's SLCN before embarking on an intervention, a foundation for collaborative practice. A possible limitation of this study is that the levels of attrition in our sample led to generally high measured rates of participation, which should be considered in future studies. Future research should explore adherence in treatments with varying doses, with different types of SLCN or interventions and in different settings. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: It is acknowledged that parent involvement in their child's therapy, such as attending and adhering to recommendations, is important but little is known about the rates of involvement and what factors may be associated with attendance and adherence in SLT. Qualitative research has explored parental involvement suggesting that beliefs about an intervention may be pertinent. Extensive research in other clinical areas suggest multiple and varied factors are influential and further exploration of particular populations and interventions is necessary. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: This study identified rates of parental non‐attendance and non‐adherence in a cohort of predominantly mothers of children under the age of 5 years. It is the first study to measure parent adherence in SLT and identify factors that are associated parental adherence to SLT recommendations. It adds to the small body of SLT specific research in understanding risk factors for non‐attendance. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: This study highlights the need for a speech and language therapist to consider and explore parents' perspectives of their child's SLCN as a part of achieving collaboration with a parent in order to achieve the best outcomes. It provides a foundation for further systematic research into parent involvement with the ultimate aim of enhancing outcomes for children with SLCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the growing focus on men's health, physical activity (PA) initiatives have demonstrated efficacy in engaging men and providing opportunities to enhance wellbeing outcomes. It is important to capture the characteristics of male populations who attend these initiatives as it yields important implications in terms of reach, design and implementation. This paper presents the pre-adoption characteristics of participants at a site of Football Cooperative (FC), a community-based PA initiative in Ireland. The research sought to ascertain whether the participants involved were an at-risk group in terms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (i.e. PA levels, waist circumference, aerobic fitness, diet, smoking, alcohol and sleep quality). Recruitment occurred before and during a return to play period, after a lowering of COVID-19 restrictions in May 2021. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit participants. Fitness and anthropometric data were collected, along with self-report survey data including demographics and wellbeing indicators. A total of n = 71 completed the self-report survey and were predominantly white Irish (95.8%) and married (84.6%). The majority (83.1%) of participants had ≥ 3 CVD risk factors where 66.1% had a waist circumference (WC) of ≥ 94 cm, indicating a high mortality risk. This research suggests that the gendered approach employed by the FC initiative engages a target demographic of at-risk males. While this demonstrates promise in terms of tackling CVD risk, further research that focuses on translating the initiative to engage men at risk of social and economic disadvantage is recommended to enhance the impact of the FC approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE Awareness and screening exercise on prostate cancer health related issues among the rural population is still interfered with by the socio-cultural and economic challenges affecting the developing nations. This is yet to be empirically explored in some regions such as southeast Nigeria. The paper explored prostate cancer awareness and screening exercise among some 1080 men (30+) in rural southeast Nigeria. METHODS The study was guided by Health Belief Model, while survey design and quantitative data gathering techniques were deployed in collecting data from the respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized in probing the prevalence of awareness about prostate cancer/screening practices, and the relationship of these and other variables. RESULTS According to the findings, there is a poor awareness about prostate cancer and related symptoms (31.2%) and poor regular prostate cancer screening practices among the respondents (11%). Prostate cancer awareness is significantly correlated with age (p<0.000, b=-0.618, Exp(B)=0.539), marital status (p<0.000, b=1.239, Exp(B)=3.452), occupation (p<0.000, b=-2.474, Exp(B)=0.084), education (p<0.000, b=1.239, Exp(B)=3.452), income (p<0.002, b=-0.476, Exp(B)=0.621) and having seen someone living with prostate cancer (p<0.000, b=3.927, Exp(B)=50.742). Regular screening exercise is predicted by age (p<0.000, b=0.054, t=4.706), marital status (p<0.000, b=-0.110, t=-5.309), education (p<0.02, b=0.047, t=2.557), occupation (p<0.000, b=0.090, t=4.484) and source of prostate cancer awareness (p<0.02, b=0.052, t=2.366). CONCLUSION The study concludes that prostate cancer screening practices are heavily dependent on the socioeconomic realities among the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abdominal surgery is considered a high-risk procedure for the development of surgical site infection (SSI). Few studies have evaluated the relative importance of surgical site infection risk factors in terms of consistency in abdominal surgery. Therefore, this comprehensive review article mapped and summarized the evidence aimed to determine the relative importance of the risk factors and incidence of SSIs in abdominal surgery. Methods: A literature review was conducted using electronic databases and search engines such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science up to March 16, 2023. There was no language restriction for the papers to be included in the study. The relative consistency of the risk factors was measured and evaluated using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Original peer-reviewed cohort and case-control studies were included if all types of SSIs were included. Meta-analysis was performed to determine the pooled estimates of SSI incidences. Results: Of 14,237 identified records, 107 articles were included in the review. The pooled incidence of SSI was 10.6% (95% CI: 9.02-12.55%, χ²=12986.44, P<0.001). Operative time and higher wound class were both significant consistent risk factors for SSI incidence. Patients' educational status, malnutrition, functional status, and history of neurological/psychiatric disorders were all candidates for consistent risk factors, with insufficient evidence. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that SSI in abdominal surgery was a multifactorial phenomenon with a considerable risk and had different risk factors with various relative importance. Determining the relative importance of the risk factors for the prevention and control of SSI is strongly recommended. This manuscript has been released as a preprint at the research square: (https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3219597/v1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wellbeing is an increasingly prominent topic across academia, including analyses of the myriad factors that influence it. Of these, perhaps the most prominent is economics, with a relatively-well substantiated link, especially at lower levels of income. However, most work has been limited to select measures (usually life evaluation) and/or populations (usually Western nations). This paper offers an expansive approach, exploring associations between income and a selection of 31 items pertaining to wellbeing in the Gallup World Poll over 3 years (2020–2022), covering 386,654 people in 142 countries. Significantly, on every single variable, participants with higher incomes fare better than those with lower incomes. However, there are also many interesting nuances when filtering the results through various demographic considerations, including comparing participants in terms of global regions, sex, age, and level of education. Together, these nuances paint a complex picture of the impact of economics on wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 census data in Australia show that a higher proportion of Bangladeshi Muslim women in Australia have postgraduate degrees compared to the broader female population. They are also more likely to have a bachelor's degree when compared to their counterparts in the wider female cohort. However, the unemployment rate for Bangladeshi Muslim women is more than twice as high as that of the general female population. While a comparison between higher educational attainment and lower labour participation raises the question of whether the goal of higher education is indeed labour participation and the dilemma of valuing education solely based on its economic returns, nonetheless, the disparity alarms curiosity to investigate the reasons. The existing research on Muslim women in Australia reveal a complex web of external and internal multilayered intersecting factors that influence migrant women's labour participation and makes them more susceptible to financial vulnerabilities. Utilizing qualitative methods in analysing fieldwork data from ongoing PhD research, this paper underscores the critical need for a nuanced understanding of internal cultural, domestic, and religious factors to address the unique challenges faced by this demographic in their labour market participation in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: In this paper, we investigated which socioeconomic and demographic groups first adopted digital primary care video consultations when they became accessible to the entire population in Sweden. Methods: We analysed data on all patients (378,000) who had a consultation with the largest provider of digital healthcare in Sweden – Kry – in the first years of national availability of the service, 2016–2018. We studied their income, education, demographics, and diagnosis backgrounds using matched registry data. Moreover, to compare users and non-users of digital primary care, we used data on all physical primary care users in one Swedish region: Skåne. Results: We found that this digital primary care was first used by young and higher-income adults, but not far from half of adult users had incomes below the national median. Digital care patients were more educated than the general population, reflecting that urban inhabitants were more likely than rural inhabitants to be users. First-generation immigrants were less represented among digital care users than in the population. However, second-generation immigrants with two foreign parents were slightly over-represented. The prevalence of some chronic diseases in pre-digital secondary (specialist and hospital) healthcare data among digital care users was similar to the population adjusted for age. Studying all physical primary care users in Skåne region, young digital care users had more primary care diagnoses and previous in-person primary care appointments than non-users, while the pattern was reversed for older users. Conclusions: When digital primary care became nationally available, younger, urban and more educated patients were the first to adopt the new technology. Regarding medical history, young users of digital care had a higher previous disease burden than young non-users, suggesting that these digital services were first adopted by young people with high primary care needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether U.S./Mexico border residence in California is related to the prevalence of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) among Whites and Hispanics. Household survey data were obtained from 1,209 adults (59.7% female) 18 to 39 years of age resident in four counties in California: Imperial on the U.S./Mexico border; and Kern, Tulare, and Madera in California's Central Valley. Households were selected using a list assisted sample, with data collected on the phone or online. Results show that AUD rates were not different between border and non-border location and between Whites and Hispanics. AUD was negatively associated with higher income ($20,000 to $60,000: AOR=.38; 95%CI=.17–.86; p<.01—more than $60,000: AOR=.27; 95%CI:.09–.81; p<.01) and poor risk perception (AOR=.86; 95%CI=.78–.94; p<.01). AUD was positively associated with continued volume of drinking (AOR = 1.05; 95%CI = 1.01–1.09; p<.01), drinking in Mexico (AOR = 4.28; 95%CI = 1.61–11.36; p<.01), marijuana use (AOR = 4.11; 95%CI = 1.73–9.77; p<.01), and impulsivity (AOR = 1.55; 95%CI = 1.23–1.94). Efforts to prevent AUD in the population in California, and especially among those who live close to the border with Mexico, should take into consideration factors such as impulsivity, marijuana use, border crossing to drink in Mexico, all of which increased risk of AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The involvement of women, as health influencers, has been instrumental in improving health outcomes and quality of life. In sub‐Saharan Africa, poor knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cancers have contributed to late detection and increased mortality. Although pharmacists have provided optimum pharmaceutical care in ensuring that prostate cancer (PCa) patients obtain maximum clinical benefits from pharmacotherapy, late detection has hindered pharmacotherapeutic outcomes. The application of the PCaKAB‐Gh tool to women has the potential to investigate their lapses in PCa knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs and further equip pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to design educational interventions. Ultimately, Ghanaian women will be well‐positioned to advise and motivate their men to screen for PCa. Method. Our pilot and psychometric studies recruited 400 and 500 participants from the Kumasi Central Market and the New Agogo Community Market, respectively. In this large population application of the PCaKAB‐Gh tool, 2000 women were simply randomly enrolled from these markets and data were collected using paper questionnaires with ethical approval. Data were entered into IBM SPSS (version 24) after cleaning and coding for analysis. The knowledge on signs and symptoms was scored and graded as "low" (≤2), "moderate" (3–5), and "high" (5–8), whilst the knowledge on causes and risk factors was stratified as "low" (≤1), "moderate" (2‐3), and "high" (4‐5). Pearson's correlation was conducted to investigate the relationship between women's educational status and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Statistical significance was established as a p < 0.05. Results. Christians and Muslims accounted for about 70% and 24% of the participants, respectively, whilst over 50% of the participants were Akans. Over 50% and 30% of the 2000 participants had high and moderate knowledge about the signs and symptoms of PCa, respectively. Knowledge about the causes and risk factors was approximately 30% high and 50% moderate amongst the participants. Negative attitudes and beliefs outcomes were observed in about 25% and 55% of the participants. A p < 0.001 was achieved in Pearson's correlation between the educational level of respondents and knowledge on signs and symptoms (r = −0.102), knowledge on causes and risk factors (r = 0.111), attitudes (r = −0.122), and beliefs (r = 0.228). Conclusions. Our study established that market women had better knowledge on the signs and symptoms of PCa compared to the causes and risk factors. Their beliefs about PCa were worse compared to their attitudes. The development and administration of educational interventions, relying on the outcomes of this study, must involve markets, churches, and mosques as educational sites with special attention to addressing negative beliefs through a broader community‐based engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse maternal and infant health outcomes among African Americans are increasingly recognized as indicators of a critical public health crisis in the United States. Research has found that stress is related to structural racism and the social determinants of health (SDOH) that cause avoidable, unfair inequities in resources, education, power, and opportunities across ethnic groups. This paper describes the SDOH needs and experiences of pregnant Black women from the perspective of doulas and Birthing Beautiful Communities (BBC) clients. The design was a qualitative description, using data collected over time (2017–2018, 2020–2021, and 2023). This study took place in Cleveland and Akron, Ohio and the sample included 58 clients, 26 doulas, and 2 resource intake specialist assistants (RISAs). Qualitative data included individual client interviews, three doula focus groups, and one interview with two BBC RISAs. Three coders used content analysis to deductively identify SDOHs and calculate the number of interviews that contained information about specific SDOHs. Although the sample reported issues with all SDOH, particular ones caused a cascade of SDOH effects. Transportation issues, for example, impeded women from being able to make it to work, doctor's appointments, and to purchase essential baby items (e.g., food, infant supplies). An inability to work—whether because of transportation challenges or pregnancy-related health complications—led to unstable housing and an inability to deal with transportation challenges. Many clients mentioned that housing was a major issue, with many clients experiencing housing instability. Implications include ensuring SDOH information is collected from a trusted source who can advocate and ensure access to a wide range of local resources, ensuring policies protect pregnant women from experiencing a cascade of SDOH that may contribute to continuing health disparate infant and maternal health outcomes in African American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Transformational leadership benefits both patients and staff. The objective of this scoping review was to explore personal and organisational attributes that support transformational leadership in acute health care. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken using Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, Medline Complete, PsycInfo and Emerald Insight databases. Search terms were related to transformational leadership and acute care hospitals. Results: A total of 18 studies were included: 14 reported personal attributes and 8 reported organisational attributes supporting transformational leadership. The most common personal attributes were manager educational preparation (n = 5), years of management experience (n = 4), age (n = 3) and emotional intelligence (n = 3). The most common organisational attributes reported were larger organisational size (n = 2) and culture (n = 2). Personal (manager) attributes were synthesised into the following categories: demographics, role characteristics, leadership preparation and traits. Organisational attributes were categorised as manager support, organisational characteristics and organisational processes. Conclusions: Despite the beneficial outcomes of transformational leadership for patients, staff and organisations, the personal and organisational attributes supporting transformation leadership are not well understood. What is known about the topic? Transformational leadership has clear benefits for patients, staff and organisations. What does this paper add? The personal and organisational attributes supporting transformation leadership are not well understood. What are the implications for practitioners? Transformational leadership was unrelated to gender or years of experience but was strongly associated with manager educational preparation and emotional intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant evidence indicates that exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) tend to cluster among children and adolescents. Considering that adolescents from African countries present higher risk of being exposed to multiple ACE compared to other countries, the identification of victimization profiles in this population is clearly warranted. The aim of this study was to determine meaningful clusters of individuals with similar experiences of ACE in a sample of Kenyan adolescents. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify latent classes of exposure to ACE. In addition, the relationships between the latent classes and gender, parental education, living arrangements and diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were estimated. A three-class solution was found to be the best description of ACE, and the classes were labelled "Low Risk", "Intermediate Risk", and "High Risk". Compared with the Low-Risk class, the High-Risk class was found to be significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of PTSD and being a female may be an antecedent risk factor for high exposure to ACE. The Intermediate Risk class was significantly less likely to have parents with high school or college education. This paper indicates that Kenyan adolescents present higher risk of being exposed to multiple ACE and that trauma research may turn its focus on the individual as the unit of analysis rather than traumatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of birth order on educational attainment in the United States and the underlying mechanism producing these effects. Using a family fixed effects model, we find negative birth order effects on educational outcomes. However, this effect varies depending on the household's income, being the strongest for households with the highest income and diminishing as households' income decreases. In addition, we show that the timing of income across childhood is important for completed education, as the largest gap in educational attainment between siblings emerges between those who were born and spent their early childhood in wealthier households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of education on inequality using the recentered influence function regression and standard inequality measures. Results indicate that between 2005 and 2010, the returns to education declined from the 10th to the 50th percentiles, but increased at the upper tail of the distribution. Inequality is lower in the counterfactual education-equalising distribution, revealing the inequality increasing effect of education in the actual distribution. This implies that educational expansion widens inequality relative to educational equalisation. As such, policies that target disadvantaged groups in terms of educational attainment should be a key focus for policy interventions than educational expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined gender (N = 1406;77.7% women) patterns of religious coping and psychological impact following the devastating 2023 Syrian earthquakes. Measures in this nation-wide convenience sample study included positive religious coping (PRC) and negative religious coping (NRC) using the Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE), and probable PTSD, depression, and anxiety, using the PCL-5, PHQ-9, and GAD-7, respectively. Women reported higher endorsement of PRC items while men higher endorsement of NRC items. Within the women only sample, lower education and lower income, education and younger age predicted PRC and NRC, respectively. NRC was strongly positively associated with PTSD, depression and anxiety; while, PRC was positively associated only with PTSD. These vulnerable women require targeted support to adopt more adaptive religious coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the psychometric properties of social capital indicators, comparing Black and White respondents to identify the extent of measurement invariance in social capital by race. We used data from the longitudinal study Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), waves 1 through 3 (1995-2016). Data were from 6513 respondents (5604 White and 909 Black respondents). Social capital indicators were social cohesion, contributions to community, and community involvement. We used Structural Equation Modeling and Item Response Theory methods to test for measurement invariance in social capital by race. We observed violations of longitudinal and multi-group measurement invariance (MI) at configural and metric levels on two scales. Factor structures and indicator loadings were inconsistent over time. In IRT analysis, 'Many people come for advice' exhibited Differential Item Functioning (DIF), indicating a consistent advantage for White respondents on the contributions to community scale. Despite similar social capital levels (P(χ2,2) = 0.00), DIF was found in all contributions to community items and some community involvement items when examining race and education interaction. Invariance issues in social capital items suggest potential biases in comparing Black and White respondents. Recognizing these biases is essential. Future social capital research should assess existing data assumptions and involve stakeholders from diverse communities in creating new items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]