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Background: Iran is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world that have experienced earthquakes with a magnitude of more than seven on the Richter scale, which has caused significant financial, human, economic, and social losses in society. In earthquakes where the vital arterial system is severely damaged, the community's life is threatened and sometimes causes significant damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the earthquake on vital arteries and to design a new approach to earthquake crisis management in the classification of vital arteries. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive applied. The study population consisted of technicians and experts in management and civil engineering in Isfahan Province, Iran. Considering that the study population is 265 people, all of them were studied with the assumption of a confidence interval of 0.95 and an error of 0.05. The study data were collected by a questionnaire. Because of the normality of the data, the data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software. Results: The results of data analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient test show a significant relationship between the classification of vital arteries based on new structuring with crisis management and its key role in earthquake crisis control. The passive defense was the most important component and the most relevant among effective approaches to managing vital arteries crises. Conclusion: By creating this proposed model of earthquake crisis management, a new classification was made for the system of vital arteries. Also, It provides a proper performance in different situations of before, during, and after social crises. It is also necessary to form a headquarter called the Social Crisis Management Headquarter based on efficient strategies and the necessary implementation and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iran is an earthquake-prone country, and a considerable rural population lives in earthquake-prone areas. With many worn-out areas, incompetent houses, and relatively underdeveloped rural areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to risk reduction and subsequent measures in these areas. Materials and Methods: Among the current methods, HAZUS is one of the most common methods in estimating potential losses in an earthquake. We used it to calculate the buildings' estimated losses in the earthquake based on the instructions. Because one of the main issues in disaster management is to choose locations for emergency or temporary settlement of population affected by the distracter, this research tries to carry this out based on the derived results from the damage using fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). After reviewing the previous studies and the experts' opinions, the major and minor criteria affecting the selection of temporary settlement locations were identified. Results: Results suggested that using the damage rate of the studied buildings in the studied area and after choosing six priorities in the pilot village of Vaneshan, priority number 1 was chosen as the best option for temporary settlement in this village. Ultimately, the required items for the evacuees were determined by using the standards of supplying the essentials for the evacuees. Conclusion: Regarding the study area, the results of the damage analysis of the area show that the rate of damage with extensive and complete levels in the villages is very high, which leads to a large number of homeless people with the urgent need to provide adequate shelter. This endower requires a lot of money, and the relevant managers should already be thinking about finding financial resources for it. This issue is not only related to the study area and applies to the whole of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the Kermanshah earthquake on November 12, 2017, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences dispatched a response team to the earthquake-stricken areas. This team provided the affected people with health services for 10 days. This article intends to examine the experience of this team in Kermanshah earthquake-stricken areas. Materials and Methods: After the team's return from Kermanshah, a meeting was held to examine the challenges and review the learned lessons with 60 participants, including authorities and the people who were members of the team. The discussed issues were coded using content analysis. The similar codes were merged, and then categories were extracted. Results: The analysis of discussions led to 9 categories of experiences that included delay in recalling process and its challenges, lack of preparedness, use of the virtual space capacity, lack of proper assessment of the health needs and the estimation of facilities, management experience of the team on the dispatch, shortcomings, and imperfections, managerial challenges, lack of coordination, and setting up of field hospitals without planning. Conclusion: Iran is susceptible to natural disasters, and from time to time, parts of the country are affected by these disasters. One of the priorities in these disasters is people's need for health services. Since health facilities in the area usually encounter problems in these circumstances, other medical universities should provide help and relief. The present experience shows that there are still many challenges that should be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the earthquakes that occurred in the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE on Western Anatolian settlements, aiming to determine the dates of the earthquakes that happened during the prehistoric period using the earthquake layers of the settlements and associated C14 data. The focus of the paper is the investigation of the effects of two earthquakes that occurred in the region during the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE on the settlements of the region. The first earthquake occurred around 2800 BCE and damaged settlements in the area of İzmir. Evidence of this damage is provided by traces of fire and destruction in the archaeological layers. In addition to the building materials and techniques of the period, the common use of side walls of buildings 25 m in length and their construction in blocks increased the destructive effects of earthquakes. In the wake of earthquakes, some structural changes were made, and the masons of the period tried to take measures against earthquakes by using new construction techniques. The earthquakes of the first quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE may have caused political turmoil in Western Anatolia, as they had the potential to create social unrest. The earthquakes that hit the İzmir region in the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE led to the abandonment of settlements, a reduction in the sizes of settlements, or changes in social organisation. In this paper, the earthquake layers of Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe, which contain the oldest archaeological earthquake remains found to date in Western Anatolia, are analysed in detail for the first time. Highlighting the importance of archaeological data, this paper also offers new perspectives for understanding the profound and permanent impacts that natural disasters had on ancient societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing a psychological first aid intervention for psychological distress, resilience capacity, quality and meaning of life among survivors affected by earthquake adversity in Northern Syria. Methods: A quasi‐experimental, pre‐posttest, two‐group research design was utilized. A convenience sample of 95 survivors (46 in the study group and 49 in the control group) was recruited for the psychological First Aid intervention at a 1:1 ratio. The psychological first aid intervention was delivered in 10 sessions, twice weekly, followed by 3‐month follow‐up. Results: A statistically significant improvement in the mean scores of resilience capacity, quality and meaning of life among survivors, along with a significant reduction in psychological distress, was registered among the study group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Our work verified the suitability of implementing psychological first aid following the catastrophic temblors which struck Northern Syria. Given that the psychological first aid intervention is grounded in psychological safety, cognitive reframing, mobilization of social support and installation of hope, the feasibility of its path following public health emergency, traumatic events or even a personal crisis can be favourable. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? On 6 February 2023, a massive earthquake devastated large portions of war‐torn northwest Syria and southern Turkey, leaving millions in these regions battling to reconstruct their lives.In northwest Syria, strong aftershocks left more than 4500 people dead, injured hundreds more and demolished at least 10 000 structures.Disasters such as earthquakes can have a significant impact on the mental health and well‐being of those affected. Survivors may experience high levels of psychological distress and other negative mental health recovery outcomes.There is a need for psychologically supportive interventions such as the psychological first aid intervention to help survivors cope with the aftermath of such disasters.What this paper adds? A statistically significant improvement in the mean scores of resilience capacity, quality and meaning of life among survivors, along with a significant reduction in psychological distress, was registered among the study group compared to the control group.Our work verified the suitability of implementing the psychological first aid intervention following the catastrophic temblors which struck Northern Syria.The implications of this paper: Being ready for disasters is critical; health care professionals, including nurses, are one of the most frequently requested actors in disaster interventions.Nurses are an indispensable part in ascertaining the psychological repercussions of disasters on survivors, families and communities.Due to their training and professional experience, nurses can take the lead in reducing health‐threatening risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concerns about seismic events enforced structural engineers and architects to embrace the hazardous effect of ground motion in design. To address this, researchers have developed various base isolation (BI) techniques. This study comprehensively reviews BI system types, techniques, and implementation. Exploring the dynamic response of three-dimensional BI devices and the mutual effects of isolation devices and soil-structure interaction during strong ground motion, the paper covers topics such as seismic isolation of nuclear power plants, cost analysis, and various optimization techniques. Furthermore, the paper investigates the behavior of isolation devices in beyond-design events, including blast and aircraft impact loading. In general, the seismic isolation and control device response is demonstrated through shaking table tests and computational analysis. The study sheds light on the functions of seismic isolation system by comparing them with fixed base structures. Additionally, the paper presents codal recommendations, recent advancements, and current practices, aligning them with historical developments and past reviews of different BI techniques, along with their advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion, the closing remarks emphasize the future research prospects in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters are inevitable facts of life. It is difficult to deal with disasters and emergencies because of the uncertainties they contain. Managing disasters and emergencies requires integrity with before and after processes. No matter how well-informed people may be when faced with a disaster, they may not act consciously due to the shock of the event, fear and anxiety. Therefore, the recovery phase after a disaster is very important. In the presented paper, meeting areas after a disaster for Istanbul, which is one of the closest witnesses of the earthquake reality, were examined. The motivation of the paper is to evaluate the assembly areas in Istanbul on the basis of all districts under expert opinions and to compare and rank the suitability of the currently existing emergency assembly areas for the expected major Istanbul earthquake. This ranking was made by the help of the fuzzy logic integration of the Multi Attributive Ideal Real Comparative Analysis (MAIRCA) method, which is one of the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques (MCDM). It is thought that this ranking will be useful in revealing the current situation of the districts and raising awareness. As far as is known, according to the results obtained from the paper in which the spherical fuzzy logic integrated MAIRCA technique was used for the first time, Kadıköy district was determined as the district with the best conditions assembly areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural disasters are out of human control, often leading to loss of life and property, and particularly affecting public health. Natural disasters influence human lives in different ways. They may have severe, obvious, or hidden consequences. Therefore, the present study aimed at examining the environmental health condition of the cities affected by 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah Province. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The environmental health experts gathered and analyzed the study data regarding the environment health condition of public places, food safety, solid waste management, types and number of water supplies, number of healthcare facilities and local health centers, etc. Results: According to the results, the lowest and highest number of damaged villages in Kermanshah Province were located in Sarpol-e Zahab (205 villages) and Qasr-e Shirin (29 villages), respectively. In addition, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Salas-e Babajani had the highest and lowest urban and rural populations, respectively. A total of 138564 people were affected by the earthquake. The improved water sources in the affected areas included 51 low-risk water sources, 171 moderate-risk water sources, 2 high-risk water sources, and 0 very high-risk water sources. In addition, 5059 m³ water was chlorinated by the environmental health experts and 1805 households were under the coverage of methoxymethyl chloride. Moreover, public healthcare centers (1059 intact and 605 damaged), 4564 food safety centers (3204 intact and 1360 damaged), and 20 solid waste management centers (16 intact and 4 damaged) were available in the area after the earthquake. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that the environmental health activities in the areas affected by the earthquake were adequate in terms of providing healthy drinking water, garbage and wastewater management, distribution of healthy foods, and so on. Thus it can be used as a good model to response the needs of the survivors from the future natural disasters and crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Launched on 22 November 2013, Swarm is the fourth in a series of pioneering Earth Explorer missions and also the European Space Agency's (ESA's) first constellation to advance our understanding of the Earth's magnetic field and the near-Earth electromagnetic environment. Swarm provides an ideal platform in the topside ionosphere for observing ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves, as well as equatorial spread-F (ESF) events or plasma bubbles, and, thus, offers an excellent opportunity for space weather studies. For this purpose, a specialized time–frequency analysis (TFA) toolbox has been developed for deriving continuous pulsations (Pc), namely Pc1 (0.2–5 Hz) and Pc3 (22–100 mHz), as well as ionospheric plasma irregularity distribution maps. In this methodological paper, we focus on the ULF pulsation and ESF activity observed by Swarm satellites during a time interval centered around the occurrence of the 24 August 2016 Central Italy M6 earthquake. Due to the Swarm orbit's proximity to the earthquake epicenter, i.e., a few hours before the earthquake occurred, data from the mission may offer a variety of interesting observations around the time of the earthquake event. These observations could be associated with the occurrence of this geophysical event. Most notably, we observed an electron density perturbation occurring 6 h prior to the earthquake. This perturbation was detected when the satellites were flying above Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the coupled horizontal and vertical seismic actions, the Friction Pendulum Bearing (FPB) exhibits a phenomenon where the slider jumps off and detaches from the lower plate. When the jumping phenomenon occurs in the FPB, there are complex issues of motion coupling, friction coupling, and friction nonlinearity between the bearing plate and the slider. Current research overlooks the impact of the jumping-off effect on the response of the FPB, and the widely used Bouc–Wen model in existing studies is incapable of analyzing this effect. To address these problems, this paper abandons the traditional energy equivalence method and innovatively proposes a theory for analyzing the jumping-off effect by combining the multi-contact point vector projection method with the friction decoupling analysis method. This theory is applied to decouple the response analysis of the FPB under the jumping-off effect and elucidate the amplification effect caused by the jumping-off through numerical examples, paving the way for subsequent precise analysis and laying a theoretical foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High complexity and randomness in high-speed train-bridge interactive dynamic analysis under earthquake lead to massive calculations in high-speed railway seismic design. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a deep learning-based method at enhancing the computational efficiency of the train-bridge coupled (TBC) system's seismic response prediction. Accordingly, a deep learning framework for predicting stochastic seismic response is established by using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. Meanwhile, a feasible training strategy for the LSTM network is proposed. A traditional TBC theory and the LSTM neural network are used to perform the seismic response analysis as illustrative examples. The comparative analysis demonstrates the LSTM network's remarkable accuracy and efficiency in predicting the TBC system's seismic response. The prediction performance and extrapolation capability of the LSTM network is evaluated to be good enough to meet the requirement of engineering applications. In contrast to conventional methods like TBC theory or finite element analysis, the LSTM network significantly improves computational efficiency. Furthermore, the computed response data and the evolution characteristics of the probability density function are in good agreement with the conventional method. Therefore, the established LSTM network serves as an effective surrogate model for predicting the TBC system's seismic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this piece of work, we provide comments on the paper: “Solar system planetary alignment triggers tides and earthquakes” by Awadh (2021). The paper claimed to undertake quantitative statistical analysis of earthquakes and planetary alignment across the world and, particularly, in the Zagros Region. As a result of his statistical analysis, he claimed that the alignment of the Earth with two planets in a straight line would generate earthquakes. However, after a careful review of the paper, we found that the analysis was qualitative in its major part. It is suffering from a lack of clarity for planetary alignment data and methods, in addition to a deficiency in earthquake data. We found that the major two tables (i.e., Tables 2 and 5) used by Awadh (2021) to demonstrate the relationship and the planetary alignment were not accurate. Our work demonstrates the problems of relying on inadequate and inappropriate datasets of Awadh’s (2021) paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a scalable end-to-end tree boosting system called XGBoost has been applied for predicting the magnitude of an earthquake from the early part of earthquake waveform data. This model uses the features extracted from the early P wave phase of the records as an input. The model's effectiveness has been verified by using data on earthquakes occurring in the Eurasian plate of Japan Islands from 1996 to 2021. Feature engineering has given 29 new features identified from the early P wave phase of the record, which show a high correlation with the magnitude of an earthquake. The comparison of predicted and actual magnitude shows that a trained XGboost model, which uses a single input record for magnitude prediction, gives an average prediction error of 0.004 ± 0.57 for earthquakes in the test dataset. In contrast, the average prediction error of –1.1 ± 0.80 and –0.65 ± 0.69 has been obtained for the magnitude estimated from conventional τc and Pd methods using the same test dataset. It is further seen that the average predicted magnitude of a single earthquake of magnitude 4.5 and 6.1 (MJMA) obtained by using multiple nearfield records using XGBoost model is 4.58 ± 0.33 and 6.32 ± 0.29, which is close to the actual magnitude of the earthquake. The results presented in this paper clearly show that the structured data can be effectively used by complex machine learning or deep learning models to predict earthquake magnitude from single or multiple records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss how the earthquake risk is exploited by 'disaster capitalism', in order to convert Istanbul to a massive construction site. The shock of the 1999 Marmara Earthquake has been effectively used by the neoliberal market and government as 'a shock therapy' to implement a construction‐led development model for Turkey and to favour the construction sector by introducing new incentives, exceptional rights and interventions, which otherwise might be challenged. The current Turkish government justify the ongoing massive urban transformation and new mass housing projects as an improvement of the housing stock to make residential buildings stronger and more resilient to earthquakes. However, areas actually under earthquake risk do not match the areas that are officially declared under disaster risk by the government. The Disaster Law #6306 that granted the government the absolute right to expropriate land based on the justification of 'protecting residents against earthquakes and other natural disasters' was applied in a selective way to seize valuable land in Istanbul. In the paper I explore how the disaster was quickly converted to an opportunity for economic growth. To do that I introduce stories of three different neighbourhoods in Istanbul, namely Moda, Tozkoparan and Fikirtepe, each of which experience the ongoing massive urban transformation differently based on the land value of the neighbourhoods, class position of the residents, and residents' capacity to organise in order to protect their rights. I describe, how disaster capitalism is lived and experienced differently in these three neighbourhoods. Although the massive construction projects are indifferent to life's sustainability, those projects are justified as interventions in terms of public health and safety through making housing resilient to earthquakes. I critically discuss how in each case biopolitics presents disaster capitalism's massive urban transformation projects as a manifestation of liveliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In designing control systems, it is known that fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controllers often provide greater flexibility than conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers. This higher level of flexibility has proven to be extremely valuable for various applications such as vibration suppression in structural engineering. In this paper, we study the optimization of FOPID controllers using twelve well-established algorithms to minimize structural responses under seismic excitations. The algorithms include crystal structure algorithm (CryStAl), stochastic paint optimizer, particle swarm optimization, krill herd, harmony search, ant colony optimization, genetic algorithm, grey wolf optimizer, Harris hawks optimization, sparrow search algorithm, hippopotamus optimization algorithm, and duck swarm algorithm. In addition to highlighting the benefits of fractional calculus in structural control, this study provides a detailed analysis of FOPID controllers as well as a brief description of the algorithms used to optimize them. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed techniques, two building models with different numbers of stories are examined. FOPID controllers are designed based on oustaloup's approximation and the El Centro earthquake data. Using five well-known metrics, the performances of the developed methods are evaluated against five earthquake scenarios, including the recent earthquake in Turkey. A non-parametric (Friedman) test is also employed to compare the algorithms based on their corresponding vibration reduction. The findings of this analysis show that CryStAl consistently performs better than the other algorithms for both building models, thus resulting in superior vibration suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emergency is defined as an event caused by a natural disaster and/or human action. The emergencies’ consequences can endanger the population, cause human victims, damage to property, and make an unstable economic situation. During an emergency, due to many victims and the scarce or inadequate resources for treatment, the healthcare system could be overloaded. Large-scale emergencies often lead to an overload of the health system due to the unavailability of material and human resources to care for many victims. Most often, it is a question of a lack of personnel, transport vehicles, medical equipment, and medicines. Nurses comprise the largest part of the healthcare workforce, providing professional assistance to many victims during an emergency. All segments of healthcare and almost all health personnel may become involved, at some level, in health emergency response and recovery. In the hospital system, the work of nurses is organized around-the-clock, however, every emergency requires certain adjustments of nursing care. Nurses must be familiar with specific disaster plans and protocols for their workplace, to be prepared and ready to participate in case of staff mobilization, to prioritize patients in evacuation and transport decisions, and maintain personal safety and safety at work, including specific protective workplace and disaster safety measures. Besides, they oversee patients' safety and protection. Floods, earthquakes, and epidemics (specifically the COVID-19 pandemic) are characteristic disasters in the Republic of Croatia and represent an immediate risk to the life and health of the population with a possible long-term impact on the environment. This paper shows the specifics of nursing care on the example of the mentioned disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we frame women's experiences in post-disaster recovery housing to highlight the differential distribution of their vulnerabilities. While studies have reported women's resilience in their new residence, their social vulnerability is often exacerbated in post-disaster recovery housing as they disproportionately shoulder the familial responsibilities with limited resources. We collected and analyzed 350 face-to-face interviews with women survivors living in the post-disaster recovery housing after the 2011 Van earthquake. Using Butler's concept of precarity, we argue that under the prevailing patriarchal system, the physical location and the configuration of the new residence, and women's familial status continue to differentially pose challenges for displaced women and worsen their vulnerabilities even years after their relocation. We found that while some women experienced positive changes, they continue to bargain with patriarchy, underlining the oppressiveness of the patriarchal system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of seismic activity precursors as part of an alarm system will provide opportunities for minimization of the social and economic impact caused by earthquakes. It has long been envisaged, and a growing body of empirical evidence suggests that the Earth's electromagnetic field could contain precursors to seismic events. The ability to capture and monitor electromagnetic field activity has increased in the past years as more sensors and methodologies emerge. Missions such as Swarm have enabled researchers to access near-continuous observations of electromagnetic activity at second intervals, allowing for more detailed studies on weather and earthquakes. In this paper, we present an approach designed to detect anomalies in electromagnetic field data from Swarm satellites. This works towards developing a continuous and effective monitoring system of seismic activities based on SWARM measurements. We develop an enhanced form of a probabilistic model based on the Martingale theories that allow for testing the null hypothesis to indicate abnormal changes in electromagnetic field activity. We evaluate this enhanced approach in two experiments. Firstly, we perform a quantitative comparison on well-understood and popular benchmark datasets alongside the conventional approach. We find that the enhanced version produces more accurate anomaly detection overall. Secondly, we use three case studies of seismic activity (namely, earthquakes in Mexico, Greece, and Croatia) to assess our approach and the results show that our method can detect anomalous phenomena in the electromagnetic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multi-parameter ionospheric disturbance analysis of the total electron content (TEC), density (Ne), temperature (Te), and critical frequency foF2 variations preceding two significant earthquake events (2015 Mw 7.5 and 2023 Mw 6.3) that occurred in Afghanistan. The analysis from various ground stations and low-Earth-orbit satellite measurements involved employing the sliding interquartile method to process TEC data of Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs), comparing revisit trajectories to identify anomalies in Ne and Te from Swarm satellites, applying machine learning-based envelope estimation for GPS-derived TEC measurements, utilizing the least square method for foF2 data and ionograms obtained from available base stations in the Global Ionosphere Radio Observatory (GIRO). After excluding potential influences caused by solar and geomagnetic activities, the following phenomena were revealed: (1) The GIM-TEC variations displayed positive anomalies one day before the 2015 Mw 7.5 earthquake, while significant positive anomalies occurred on the shock days (7, 11, and 15) of the 2023 Mw 6.3 earthquake; (2) the Swarm satellite observations (Ne and Te) for the two earthquakes followed almost the same appearance rates as GIM-TEC, and a negative correlation between the Ne and Te values was found, with clearer appearance at night; (3) there were prominent positive TEC anomalies 8 days and almost 3 h before the earthquakes at selected GPS stations, which were nearest to the earthquake preparation area. The anomalous variations in TEC height and plasma density were verified by analyzing the foF2, which confirmed the ionospheric perturbations. Unusual ionospheric disturbances indicate imminent pre-seismic events, which provides the potential opportunity to provide aid for earthquake prediction and natural hazard risk management in Afghanistan and nearby regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) in the northwestern Indian Ocean can generate large tsunamigenic thrust earthquakes affecting the coastal regions of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, and western India. In this paper, a probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment is conducted for the MSZ using stochastic tsunami simulations of moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.7–9.1 earthquake scenarios. This study investigates uncertainties associated with earthquake occurrence rate, single-segment (eastern and western MSZ) or two-segment (full MSZ) rupture scenarios, source geometry, and slip heterogeneity. The total number of simulated source models is 15,000. This study presents two major categories of results: stochastic source models and ranges of 475, 975, and 2475-year tsunami heights. For instance, tsunami heights generated by Mw 8.5‒8.7 stochastic sources of western MSZ vary between 1 m and 10 m with a mean of ~ 4.5 m in the affected areas. The tsunami heights are sensitive to the source models' characteristics, such as location of the large slip areas, bathymetry of the nearshore area, and the location of bays. Considering different occurrence rates results in significant variability in the estimated 475, 975, and 2475-year tsunami heights. For example, 2475-year tsunami height in Chabahar is in the range of 3‒7.4 m at 10 m water depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined gender (N = 1406;77.7% women) patterns of religious coping and psychological impact following the devastating 2023 Syrian earthquakes. Measures in this nation-wide convenience sample study included positive religious coping (PRC) and negative religious coping (NRC) using the Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE), and probable PTSD, depression, and anxiety, using the PCL-5, PHQ-9, and GAD-7, respectively. Women reported higher endorsement of PRC items while men higher endorsement of NRC items. Within the women only sample, lower education and lower income, education and younger age predicted PRC and NRC, respectively. NRC was strongly positively associated with PTSD, depression and anxiety; while, PRC was positively associated only with PTSD. These vulnerable women require targeted support to adopt more adaptive religious coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes can cause serious damage to buildings, roads and other infrastructure. The large amount of dust and particulate matter generated when these structures collapse and are damaged can quickly enter the air, leading to a decline in air quality. At the same time, earthquakes may cause secondary disasters such as fires and landslides, which will also produce large amounts of soot and particulate matter, which will have a negative impact on air quality. Therefore, earthquake disaster risk assessment studies are carried out to identify potentially hazardous areas and facilities in advance in order to reduce the air pollution problems that may be caused by earthquakes. Existing research on earthquake disaster risk assessment mainly evaluates earthquake risk from the perspective of geology or seismology, but there are few studies based on multidisciplinary assessment that integrates geology, seismology, engineering and social sciences into socioeconomic factors. To this end, based on remote sensing and GIS technology, this paper takes Qinghai Province, a seismically active area, as the research area, and integrates land use data, natural environment data, social environment data and seismic parameter zoning data to construct a comprehensive assessment model for earthquake disaster vulnerability and risk. The results showed that there were 5 very high-risk areas, 7 high-risk areas, 10 medium-risk areas, 11 low-risk areas and 12 very low-risk areas in Qinghai Province. The high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the central and western parts of Qinghai Province, where the earthquake breeding environment is sufficient, the scale of active faults is huge and the adaptability of the carrier is low. The results of an earthquake disaster risk assessment can provide a reference for the government to formulate environmental protection policies. According to the assessment results, the government can formulate targeted measures to strengthen air pollution control and improve air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new method for automatic preparation of a noisy seismic record for further analysis using expert information systems. The method is based on seismogram fingerprints, which, due to their concise but informative pattern, allow the development of a reliable algorithm for finding important noise characteristics. The search for the optimal cutoff frequency for a high-pass filter is especially important under conditions of partial overlap of the signal and noise spectra, when the latter have high intensity. It is precisely this difficult case that this study aims to address. The article analyzes the methodology developed here in application to several hundred records of regional earthquakes and explosions. The analysis showed that reliable results can be achieved in more than 90% of the cases. In addition, the defects and limitations of the method are mentioned, which are logical consequences of its advantages. The Appendix to this article contains a detailed description of the algorithm underlying the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is reported that earthquakes are accompanied by electromagnetic (EM) anomalies. These anomalies are thought to be caused by earthquakes but their generation mechanism is still unclear. The piezoelectric effect has been proposed as a possible mechanism, particularly in quartz‐rich rocks. However, the EM responses to earthquakes due to such an effect have not been well understood. In this article, we study the EM signals generated by an earthquake source due to the piezoelectric effect. We develop a semi‐analytical method to simulate the EM responses to earthquake sources in a 3‐D layered model and conduct numerical simulations to investigate the characteristics of the EM fields. The results show that the piezoelectric effect in quartz‐rich rocks could be the responsible mechanism for the EM signals recorded during the earthquake. Two kinds of EM signals can be generated by the earthquake, namely, the early EM wave arriving before the seismic waves and the coseismic EM field accompanying the seismic waves. For an Mw 6.1 earthquake, the coseismic electric field is ∼0.1 μV/m and the magnetic field can only reach ∼10−5 nT. We also study the sensitivity of the coseismic EM fields to the rock conductivity. The results indicate that the coseismic EM fields are mainly affected by the conductivity of the shallow layer where the receiver is located, and if the top layer is thin, they are also affected by the conductivity of the deeper layer due to the contribution of the evanescent EM wave created at the interface. Plain Language Summary: When a quartz‐rich rock is under stress, the positive and negative charge centers of quartz crystals are shifted, resulting in a polarization, which manifests macroscopically as the EM radiation. Such a phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect. It is a plausible mechanism for the generation of the earthquake‐associated electromagnetic (EM) anomaly. In this paper, we propose a simple method to simulate the EM disturbances generated by an earthquake source arising from the piezoelectric effect. We also conduct numerical simulations to study the properties of the EM fields. The results show that earthquakes can produce two kinds of EM signals. One signal propagates with the speed of the EM wave in the rocks and it arrives earlier than the seismic waves. The other is the coseismic EM field that appears simultaneously with the seismic waves. Such a coseismic signal is restricted to inside of the area disturbed by the seismic wave. Based on the sensitivity analysis, we find that the coseismic EM signal is sensitive not only to the conductivity of shallow rocks, but also to that of the deep rocks. The results also indicate that the electric signals produced by the piezoelectric effect during an earthquake are observable. Key Points: A method is presented to simulate the seismo‐electromagnetic fields due to the piezoelectric effect in quartz‐rich strataAn earthquake source can generate an early electromagnetic (EM) wave and coseismic EM fields due to the piezoelectric effectNumerical results show that the piezoelectric effect is an effective mechanism to produce observable electric signals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural response reconstruction (SRR) and prediction modeling is an area of growing interest in earthquake engineering research. Within the post-earthquake environment, SRR models are useful for estimating seismic demands in uninstrumented buildings using the response measurements from those that are equipped with strong motion sensors. This paper introduces a dual model that uses kriging combined with the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to reconstruct seismic response demands in buildings during real earthquakes. The model is constructed with data that consists of responses from 207 buildings and 35 earthquakes. Kriging is first used to predict peak ground accelerations (PGAs) at the location of the uninstrumented buildings, using the measured PGAs from instrumented building sites with similar features (e.g., event magnitude, source-to-site distance, and location). The XGBoost algorithm is then used, with PGA as one of several features, to reconstruct the maximum (over the building height) peak (over the response history) story drift ratio and peak floor acceleration in the uninstrumented buildings. The residuals are then examined to assess overall model performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air temperature changes in the Palu MW7.5 earthquake in Indonesia on 28 September 2018 were analyzed, based on the additive tectonic stress caused by celestial tidal-generating forces (ATSCTF) and air temperature data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). This paper explored the variation characteristics of three-dimensional stratified of air temperature caused by seismic activity and the coupling relationship between air temperature changes and the tidal force. The background information for air temperature calculation was obtained from the tidal force changes, and the air temperature increment method was used to study the temperature evolution process of different periods in the study area. The results found that the tidal force acting on the critical state earthquake faults may be an important external factor inducing earthquakes, and there was indeed a significant air temperature increase anomaly during the Palu MW7.5 earthquake. The paper also summarized the abnormal characteristics of air temperature caused by seismic activity: the air temperature closer to the land's surface has greater anomaly amplitude and a wider anomaly area than that of the upper air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in Turkey on February 6th, 2023, which is a rare powerful earthquake in recent years. Building collapse detection is an important part of post-earthquake damage assessment and emergency rescue. Facing the emergency rescue and post-earthquake disaster assessment, this paper aims to comprehensively utilize the intelligent interpretation technology of satellite remote sensing, coupled with high-resolution optical daily and night-time light remote sensing images, and to efficiently assess the collapsed buildings in the extreme disaster areas with low time and labor costs. Methods: In this paper, we present a multi-level rapid localization scheme for disaster-affected regions. First, the proposed approach involves the utilization of low- and medium-resolution night-time light data to estimate the extent of extreme disaster areas. Subsequently, high-resolution optical remote sensing imagery is employed to extract the collapsed buildings. By training a semi-supervised deep learning network with a small number of manually collected samples, the scheme automatically identifies collapse areas, thereby facilitating the precise localization of collapsed buildings. A high-resolution architecture network, HRNet, is employed in this study. HRNet has the advantages in both sematic and spatial feature representation, and can capture the collapsed buildings with muti-scale characteristics. Results: Six cities along the border between the Arab Plate and the Eurasian Plate are severely affected, from Adelman to Kahraman Marrash, and then to Antakia. A total of 2 377 collapsed buildings are detected in the extreme disaster areas. Except for Nurdaji and Antakia cities, where the proportion of collapsed buildings exceeded 2%, the proportion of collapsed buildings in the other four cities is close to 1%. After manual verification, the recall rate of the intelligent interpretation plan is between 74% and 93%. Conclusions: The efficiency and effectiveness of this approach are demonstrated through its application in assessing the building collapse situation after the Mw 7.8 earthquake in Turkey. The proposed work can serve as a timely reference for macro decision-making in post-earthquake emergency rescue operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been observed that, before some strong earthquakes occur, the space static electricity near the ground is abnormal, which might be caused by a large amount of radioactive gas released from the Earth's crust. In this paper, the information diffusion technology for optimally processing small samples is used to analyze 30 cases, and the relationship between magnitude and parameters such as abnormality of space static electricity is constructed. Each case is composed of four observation values: abnormality e, epicenter distance d, impending time t and magnitude m. Using the causal relationship constructed in this paper, the magnitude m of an impending earthquake could be approximately inferred from abnormality e. According to the progress of locking the epicenter and the passage of time, the predicted magnitude could be adjusted in a timely manner. The research results provided in this paper do not eliminate the uncertainty of earthquake occurrence, so that the study is a work of analyzing seismic dynamic risk. Integrating the monitoring information from seismic stations and the physical field information in the air will promote impending earthquake prediction, which is a worldwide scientific challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human beings have encountered numerous natural disasters over time, andthe phenomenon of earthquake is one of the most destructive of them. In recent years, the complex behavior of earthquakes in terms of time and space has been investigated using complex networks, which has enabled us to know the global characteristics of this phenomenon. Studies on the earthquakes using the network method are based on how the network is constructed. In this paper, by constructing the network, the spatio-temporal recurrence of earthquakes which occurred in the Zagros region and were recorded at all broadband and short-period stations of the Iranian Seismological Center (ISC, http://irsc.ut.ac.ir) are subject to statistical review. The results showed that in the Zagros area the spatial recurrenceis about 0.020 km, and the time recurrence for all magnitudethresholds issimilar topower relationship (1/Tα) with α = -0.9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, different kinds of energy dissipation in reinforced concrete (RC) core–wall systems with two buckling-restrained braced outriggers, subjected to forward-directivity near-fault and ordinary far-fault earthquakes, have been compared. The level of the first outrigger was fixed at the top and the second outrigger was placed at different levels. In the non-linear model, two approaches for the RC core–wall were considered: the extended plastic hinge (EPH) approach and the four plastic hinges approach (4PH). In the 4PH approach, only four plastic hinges are allowed in the RC core–wall, one at the base, another adjacent to and beneath the top outrigger, and two others at the level's adjacent second outrigger. For the EPH approach, the plasticity can extend anywhere in the core–wall. Principally for the EPH approach, at the base of core–wall and adjacent to the top outrigger, as well as above and below the second outrigger level, more inelastic energy demands occur due to the large moment demand resulting from seismic load. On average for both EPH and 4PH approaches, the inelastic energy at the base from far-fault records is almost 1.5 times the corresponding value from near-fault records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-based measurements of the vertical atmospheric electric field of the Earth sometimes show bay-like anomalies that precede some earthquakes. In some cases, these anomalies have even been accompanied by a change in the sign of the field under fair weather conditions. Possible causes of this phenomenon are typically attributed to anomalous changes in the electrical conductivity in the near-surface atmospheric layer, increased radon emission from the soil, etc. This paper proposes another mechanism of atmospheric electrical anomalies, which involves the entrainment of charged aerosols as well as light and heavy ions by air flows. Such flows can be produced due to small temperature anomalies observed before some seismic events. Theoretical analysis shows that anomalously strong electrical variations may occur even in the presence of weak air flows provided that they persist for a long time and a peculiar structure of the velocity field, which presumes vertical air circulation and particle exchange between different atmospheric layers. For this type of flows, an analytic solution is derived and spatial distributions of atmospheric electric perturbations are obtained. The results of calculations and estimates confirm that the proposed mechanism can explain the observation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters causing massive injuries. We aim to review the surgical management of earthquake musculoskeletal injuries and the critical care of crush syndrome. We searched the English literature in PubMed without time restriction to select relevant papers. Retrieved articles were critically appraised and summarized. Open wounds should be cleaned, debrided, receive antibiotics, receive tetanus toxoid unless vaccinated in the last 5 years, and re-debrided as needed. The lower limb affected 48.5% (21.9%-81.4%) of body regions/patients. Fractures occurred in 31.1% (11.3%-78%) of body regions/patients. The most common surgery was open reduction and internal fixation done in 21% (0%-76.6%), followed by plaster of Paris in 18.2% (2.3%-48.8%), and external fixation in 6.6% (1%-13%) of operations/patients. Open fractures should be treated with external fixation. Internal fixation should not be done until the wound becomes clean and the fractured bones are properly covered with skin, skin graft, or flap. Fasciotomies were done in 15% (2.8%-27.2%), while amputations were done in 3.7% (0.4%-11.5%) of body regions/ patients. Principles of treating crush syndrome include: (1) administering proper intravenous fluids to maintain adequate urine output, (2) monitoring and managing hyperkalemia, and (3) considering renal replacement therapy in case of volume overload, severe hyperkalemia, severe acidemia, or severe uremia. Low-quality studies addressed indications for fasciotomy, amputation, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Prospective data collection on future medical management of earthquake injuries should be part of future disaster preparedness. We hope that this review will carry the essential knowledge needed for properly managing earthquake musculoskeletal injuries and crush syndrome in hospitalized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring-mass systems are presented as an application of second-order, constant coefficient differential equations in many differential equations textbooks. The phenomenon of resonance can then be analysed after nonhomogeneous differential equations are introduced. With some simplifying assumptions, the movement of the roof of a one-story building can be modeled as a spring-mass system and ground vibrations, such as those from an earthquake, can then be viewed as an external force acting on this system. In this paper, I will discuss a project I wrote and use in which students analyse the movement of a building resulting from an earthquake. This requires students to think in terms of amplitude/displacement (rather than position) and observe how this is affected by the frequency of an external force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthen levees are critical civil infrastructure of coastal regions for flood protection. Earthquakes can cause significant deformation and damage to earthen levees. Seismic performance of such levees under the earthquake hazards is a major concern in their safety evaluation. However, there are significant uncertainties in assessing the seismic behavior of earthen levees and geotechnical uncertainties play a critical role in the probabilistic assessment of earthquake-induced deformation and failures. This paper presents a simplified probabilistic framework for assessing the seismic performance of earthen levees with dynamic analysis and finite element modeling. In this framework, the effects of geotechnical uncertainties are explicitly considered in the uncertainty propagation for probabilistic evaluation of seismic deformations of earthen levees under earthquake hazards. The probability curves are developed to describe the correlations among the probability of exceedance, limiting deformation value, and input peak ground acceleration. The derived probability curves can provide valuable information for risk assessment and risk-informed decision-making of earthen levee infrastructure. The effectiveness of the proposed probabilistic framework is demonstrated through a case study of earthen levee example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Based on the long-term observations of the wells on the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Test Site, the Kamchatka Peninsula, the paper analyzes manifestations of three main types of seismohydrogeological effects—hydrogeological precursors, coseismic pressure jumps and postseismic effects of the vibrational impact of seismic waves in measurements of the pressure and chemical composition of groundwater, depending on the earthquake parameters (magnitude, epicentre distance, intensity of seismic impact in the observation areas). The paper presents data on the earthquakes that were preceded by hydrogeological precursors in several (n = 2–4) wells. It is discussed whether it is possible to use hydrogeological precursors to predict strong earthquakes in Kamchatka. The authors also discuss the results of their experimental use in a real-time environment with weekly reports on the current observational data for the Kamchatka Branch of the Russian Expert Council. By the example of water level observations in YUZ-5 Well, the authors analyzed coseismic jumps in the groundwater pressure due to rupture formation in the sources of local Mw > 6.0 earthquakes and four types of effects of the vibrational impact of seismic waves during local and distant Mw = 6.8–9.3 earthquakes at epicentral distances from 80 to 14600 km; the study demonstrates that such effects depend on the earthquake parameters and the intensity of seismic impact in the well area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we complete pioneering research that indicates the very low frequency (VLF) signal amplitude and phase noise reductions, and short-period wave excitations and attenuations as new potential earthquake precursors. We consider changes in the VLF signal broadcast in Italy by the ICV transmitter and recorded in Serbia that start a few tens of minutes before earthquakes. The sampling interval of the analyzed data is 0.1 s. The main objectives of this study are (1) to complete this research in the time and frequency domains during the periods of the four earthquakes analyzed in the previous studies, and (2) to define the parameters of the VLF signal amplitude and phase in both domains that should be further examined in statistical analyses of the aforementioned potential earthquake precursors. In the first part of this study, we analyze the ICV signal amplitude in the frequency domain during the period around three earthquakes that occurred in November 2010 near the considered signal propagation path. Here, we apply the Fourier transform to the relevant recorded data. In the second part, we compare characteristics of the signal amplitude and phase noise reductions in the time domain, and wave excitations and attenuations in the frequency domain. The results of these comparisons indicate the parameters that should be analyzed in subsequent studies to confirm the connection of the considered VLF signal changes with seismic activity before earthquakes, and potentially establish procedures for their detection are: (a) the start and end times of the noise reductions in the time domain and the excited/attenuated waves in the frequency domain, (b) the differences in the corresponding times, and (c) the wave periods of wave excitations of both the signal amplitude and phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Earthquake anomalies are analyzed for Mw 6.5 Idaho Earthquake America. • Significant anomalies occur in LST, AT, RH, AP and OLR. • Anomalies are studied using statistical, NARX, MLP and CWT methods. • NARX predicted anomalies are more clear than other methods. Remote sensing has became a powerful tool for identifying lithosphere and atmosphere anomalies associated with the impending Earthquakes (EQs) in the vicinity of seismic breeding zone. In this paper, Land Surface Temperature (LST) of both the daytime and nighttime from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) along with Air Temperature (AT), Relative Humidity (RH), Air Pressure (AP) and Outgoing Longwave Radiations (OLR) are studied for the 2020 Idaho (USA) EQ of Mw 6.5. We found the EQ induced surface and atmospheric parameters anomalies just one day prior to EQ main shock using statistical analysis. Moreover, we observed a sharp increment in LST and AT followed by the drop in both AP and RH, which are responsible for cooling the hot gases emitted from epicenter during preparation period. Also, we observed a large increase in OLR on the same day confirming these anomalous variations to be related with the main shock. Furthermore, these abrupt variations are also confirmed using neural networks (nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX), multilayer perceptron (MLP) and continuous wavelet transformation (CWT). These multi-parameter and multi-technique analyses can contribute to assist in the main shock forecasting in future with an enhanced cluster of satellite observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper continues a series of publications on the modification of the Map of Expected Earthquakes (MEE), a method of medium-term earthquake forecasting. It is devoted to the calculation and analysis of retrospective statistical characteristics of dynamic and quasi-stationary prognostic indicators in the Kamchatka region used at this stage in the modernized MEE method. In our calculations we used the regional catalog of earthquakes in Kamchatka over the period from 1962 to 2020. The object of the forecast were earthquakes with Kforecast ≥ 13.5. The slope of the recurrence frequency graph γ with an efficiency value of Jt = 10.7 and JS = 11.3 appeared as one of the most effective precursors for the Kamchatka region, both in time and area. The next most effective (in terms of time) precursor was the number of earthquakes Neq in quiescence form with Jt = 5.8. In terms of area, the most effective precursor is the released seismic energy E2/3, also in quiescence form with JS = 14.7. The value of unconditional probability P(D1) of the occurrence of a strong earthquake was calculated based on a set of dynamic indicators, which turned out to be equal to 0.09. A map of the stationary conditional probability of a strong earthquake has been constructed that takes into account the stationary prognostic indicator "presence of faults in a cell" with values of 0.01 (in the cells where there are no faults) and 0.13 (in the cells where there are). As part of the next stage of work, it is planned to continue expanding the functionality of the algorithm for the medium-term forecast of the MEE. The ultimate goal of modernization is the development of a digital problem-oriented system for medium-term earthquake forecasting using a set of prognostic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider four moderate earthquakes that occurred on November 9, 2011; September 5, 2015; March 16, 2018; and October 10, 2019, in the southern basin of Baikal Lake near the Goloustnaya River delta. Seismotectonically, the earthquake sources are confined to the southwestern part of the Olkhon graben. The earthquake focal mechanisms allow us to suggest the activity of local submeridional faults, feathering the structures of the general northeast strike. For two seismic events, the following parameters were determined: scalar seismic moment M0 = 4.0 × 1015 N m, moment magnitude Mw = 4.4, and source depth h = 12 km for the September 5, 2015 earthquake and M0 = 2.2 × 1015 N m, Mw = 4.2, and h = 7 km for the March 16, 2018 earthquake. None of the seismic events was followed by noticeable aftershock activity. In 2011–2019, these earthquakes caused a noticeable macroseismic effect within the Irkutsk agglomeration, as well as a rather wide public response. Macroseismic data were collected mainly using an online survey system; the number of responses received within the first day after an earthquake varies from 127 to 341. The maximum intensity, IV–V, was observed for the November 9, 2011 earthquake in the settlement of Bolshoye Goloustnoye. The results can be used for assessing the seismic hazard in the Southern Baikal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a new artificial intelligence model that can produce explainable rules to predict the mix design and early‐age concrete compressive strength classes of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Unlike other black‐box machine learning methods and rule‐based algorithms, the study relies on a metaheuristic mechanism for explainability. This metaheuristic mechanism is not used for a traditional parameter optimization, but to automatically extract interpretable and interpretable rules from the experimental data. In the study, 30 series of RACs are produced, and the samples' 1‐ and 3‐day early‐age concrete compressive strength values are determined. Concretes produced using these strength values are classified. The labels defined for each concrete class are Class A (C 8/10), Class B (C 12/15), Class C (C 16/20), and Class D (C 20/25). The proposed intelligent classification model that consists of rule set automatically produces interpretable and comprehensible rules from data to determine the early‐age concrete compressive strength class and RAC mix amounts. In addition, the proposed method eliminates the black‐box disadvantages of classical machine learning methods with its explainability and interpretability feature. The sunflower optimization algorithm is adapted as the metaheuristic mechanism and a special fitness function and representative solution form are developed for automatic extraction of high‐quality comprehensible rules by simultaneously optimizing many different metrics. This paper is the first interpretable and comprehensible artificial intelligence model attempt used for early‐age compressive strength classification and mixture design of recycled aggregate concrete by balancing and optimizing both the accuracy and explainability. Proposed explainable intelligent classification model is tested against both well‐known state‐of‐the‐art machine learning algorithms and standard rule‐based methods on the produced real data. Promising results in terms of accuracy, precision, recall are obtained along with the explainability feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, there are examples of complex geotechnical problems in both 2D and 3D that are modelled using PLAXIS software on the specialist workstation provided by the Czech Geotechnical Society to their members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports results from an analysis of swarm seismic events that were recorded in 2018 in the area of the Elbrus Volcanic Center (EVC) by the North Caucasus Seismological Network of the Federal Research Center, Geophysical Survey, Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC GS RAS). The standard location procedure was used to find the hypocenters of recorded events in the EVC area. In the LOS program package, a complex combined location algorithm, methods for minimizing the time residuals at the source, and search over a grid with several trial depth values, were used to relocate the hypocenters of seismic events in swarm sequences. This approach enhances location reliability due to incorporation of the uncertainties related to erroneous onset identification and insignificant deviations of travel times that depend on the earth velocity model used here. A study of earthquake mechanisms for the larger earthquakes has determined the type of slip in agreement with the kinematics in the Elbrus–Mineralnye Vody normal-oblique fault zone. Correlation analysis of waveforms on the vertical component that have been filtered in the frequency range 1‒10 Hz, which includes P and S waves, at the nearest station shows a high agreement among the data under analysis (the correlation coefficient is R ≥ 0.85), thus indicating a high probability of all events having similar sources and propagation paths of seismic waves. Comparison of power spectral densities for individual earthquakes in the swarm sequences also demonstrates a high similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the characteristic period of ground motions (Tg) is an essential step in the seismic design of structures, but a critical problem that needs to be solved is figuring out how to do so when bedrock ground motion is utilized as an input. In this paper, the relationship between surface and borehole temperature data is investigated, and the main factors affecting the Tg are analyzed. Then, the algorithm for predicting Tg is presented. It is found that two factors, i.e., peak ground acceleration (PGA) and fault distance have significant effects on the value of Tg. By comparing the values of Tg for borehole and surface motions, we find that, contrary to expectation, Tg for borehole motions is usually larger than that for surface motions in most cases. Finally, the conversion equation between the Tg for borehole and surface motions is given using regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters, including earthquakes, can have a traumatic impact on children's psychological wellbeing and development. The efficacy of interventions aimed at enhancing children's socio‐emotional learning has been documented in the literature. At the same time, these techniques are the key for training children for possible future disasters by enhancing their knowledge about behavioural preparedness and emotional competence. However, research on evidence‐based training programs on earthquakes combining digital and traditional activities is scarce. We tested the efficacy of a 10‐unit training program for primary school children, developed within the Emotional Prevention and Earthquakes in Primary School (PrEmT) project. The program aimed at increasing knowledge of and metacognition about earthquakes, safety behaviours, emotions, and coping strategies, through digital (using the web‐application HEMOT®, Helmet for EMOTions, developed ad‐hoc) and traditional activities (completing paper‐and‐pencil tasks). The participants were 548 second and fourth‐graders from Italian schools. They were divided into an experimental group (participating in the training program) and a control group. Both groups participated in pretests and posttests to evaluate changes in their knowledge of training‐related contents. For ethical reasons, we also measured children's wellbeing. Generalized linear mixed models indicated an improvement in the experimental group's knowledge and metacognition about earthquakes, safety behaviours, emotions, and coping strategies after the training program, compared to the control group. Children's general wellbeing did not deteriorate during participation in the project. The results documented the efficacy of the evidence‐based training program developed within the PrEmT project. The program provides a preventive method for enhancing earthquake‐related resilience that could be generalized to other kinds of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of destruction caused by an earthquake depends on a variety of factors, such as magnitude, duration, intensity, time of occurrence, and underlying geological features, which may be mitigated and reduced by the level of preparedness of risk management measures. Geospatial technologies offer a means by which earthquake occurrence can be predicted or foreshadowed; managed in terms of levels of preparation related to land use planning; availability of emergency shelters, medical resources, and food supplies; and assessment of damage and remedial priorities. This literature review paper surveys the geospatial technologies employed in earthquake research and disaster management. The objectives of this review paper are to assess: (1) the role of the range of geospatial data types; (2) the application of geospatial technologies to the stages of an earthquake; (3) the geospatial techniques used in earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk analysis; and (4) to discuss the role of geospatial techniques in earthquakes and related disasters. The review covers past, current, and potential earthquake-related applications of geospatial technology, together with the challenges that limit the extent of usefulness and effectiveness. While the focus is mainly on geospatial technology applied to earthquake research and management in practice, it also has validity as a framework for natural disaster risk assessments, emergency management, mitigation, and remediation, in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains transdisciplinary reflections from both scientists and local NGO (nongovernmental organisation) managers on the international small island tourism destination of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. These viewpoints centre on the impacts of, as well as the short‐ and long‐term adaptation strategies and sustainability opportunities associated with, two disasters that occurred in rapid succession: the earthquakes that struck Lombok in 2018; and the COVID‐19 pandemic that began in 2020. A brief review of the governance challenges facing Gili Trawangan sets up the analysis of the findings and the presentation of new empirical insights into how the island's communities have dealt with two unique disaster scenarios over the past three years. The paper draws on a community resilience framework premised on social capital and collective action theories to position the island's ability to transition towards sustainable tourism in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. It concludes by laying out sustainability opportunities going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake early warning systems are used as important tools in earthquake risk management, providing timely information to residents and both public and private emergency managers. By doing this, the potential impact of large magnitude seismic events is significantly reduced. These systems use seismic sensors in order to acquire real-time data for the weaker but fast moving P wave (usually the first 3–5 s of the earthquake) and specific algorithms to predict the magnitude and the arrival time of the slower but more destructive surface waves. Most of these projection algorithms make use only of the vertical component of the acceleration and need extensive training in earthquake simulators in order to enhance their performance. Therefore, a low-inertial-mass uniaxial shaking table is proposed and analyzed in terms of frequency response in this paper, providing an effective cost/control ratio and high daily duty cycle. Furthermore, with the large variety of prediction algorithms, which use different frequency ranges, a new concept of selective frequency band error is also introduced and discussed in this paper as being a necessary tool for the final assessment of magnitude estimation algorithm error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood scouring can expose the foundation and cause stiffness degradation of masonry structures and is often overlooked by designers and engineers. The seismic performance of a structure cannot be guaranteed when stiffness degradation reaches a certain critical level, which is usually difficult to control. Investigating structural performance under the combined action of earthquakes and flood scouring is very significant for regions that have both a high seismicity and a high flood risk. In this paper, a method for evaluating the failure probability of masonry structures under flood scouring and earthquakes based on risk theory is proposed. According to the performance requirements of masonry structures under natural hazards, the performance indexes of structures are quantified, and the fragility of masonry structures under the combined action of flood scouring and earthquakes is analyzed. Flood scouring and earthquake hazard risks and structural fragility under multiple hazards are comprehensively considered to obtain the structural failure exceedance probabilities in different damage states. Then, the critical scour depth at which the seismic resistance of the structure drops abruptly due to flood scouring is calculated. Furthermore, the loss ratio and the cumulative failure probability of a structure are introduced to determine the failure risk and reliability index of the structure in the full-performance state and to ultimately evaluate the multihazard structural performance. Based on the method proposed in this paper, the multihazard failure risk of a one-story masonry structure is analyzed. The results show that earthquakes are the main force controlling the structural performance, and flood scouring has a relatively small influence on the fragility of structures in slight damage and moderate damage states and a relatively large influence on structures in severe damage and collapse states. In addition, a critical scour depth exists, beyond which the structural fragility changes sharply. Compared with the failure risk of the case in which only earthquakes are considered, the failure risk of the structure under each damage state increases substantially when the combined action of flood scouring and earthquakes is taken into account. Therefore, the influence of flood scouring on the seismic performance of structures must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred years ago, Fusakichi Omori died. Our paper is dedicated to his memory. Omori made an outstanding contribution to the physics of earthquakes. In 1894 he formulated the law of aftershock evolution. Omori’s Law states that after the main shock of an earthquake, the frequency of aftershocks decreases hyperbolically with time. In this paper, we briefly describe one of the directions of modern aftershock research. We present Omori’s law in the form of a differential equation describing the evolution of aftershocks. The evolution equation allows us to solve the inverse problem of the earthquake source “cooling down” after the main shock. The solution of the inverse problem allowed us to reveal the existence of the so-called Omori epoch. It is established that at the end of the Omori epoch something similar to a bifurcation of the source state occurs. A logistic equation supposedly describing the bifurcation phenomenon is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) multi-surface plasticity model to computationally simulate the behavior of coarse-grained granular soil during seismically-induced liquefaction. The model extends an existing multi-surface plasticity formulation and includes the Lade–Duncan failure criterion as the yield function to more closely capture salient characteristics of laboratory test data. Subsequently, flow rules are updated for modeling the essential shear response mechanisms associated with dilatancy, cyclic mobility, and post-liquefaction shear strain accumulation. The constitutive model is implemented into the OpenSees computational framework, and Finite Element (FE) calibrations are undertaken to match a set of laboratory test data, including drained monotonic/undrained stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests, and a centrifuge test on a liquefiable sloping ground. It is demonstrated that the soil constitutive model and the employed computational framework can reasonably predict the seismic response of the liquefiable sloping ground under earthquake loading. On this basis, full 3D FE simulations of a typical bridge abutment seated on liquefiable sloping ground are conducted to further highlight underlying earthquake-induced liquefaction effects on the ground-structure system deformations. Overall, the developed constitutive model provides a useful tool for evaluating earthquake-induced soil liquefaction hazards and associated 3D ground seismic response scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]