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Biological cells can be treated as an inhomogeneous particle. In addition to biomaterials, inhomogeneous particles are also important in more traditional colloidal science. By using two energy methods that are based on Legendre polynomials and Green's function, respectively, we investigate the interaction between biological cells or colloidal particles in the presence of an external electric field, in an attempt to investigate the effect of inhomogeneity on crossover frequencies across which the interaction force changes from attraction to repulsion or vice versa. The predictions by the two methods agree with each other very well. It is shown that there exist two kinds of crossover frequencies ¿p, one from attraction to repulsion and the other from repulsion to attraction as external frequencies increase. The first ¿p strongly depends on the degree of inhomogeneity, while the second ¿p does not. This work has relevance to manipulation of biological cells or colloidal particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropic dielectric response occurs naturally due to the presence of gradation, like in functionally graded materials or graded biological cells. However, these materials with locally anisotropic dielectric responses can have macroscopically isotropic responses. In treating graded particles of anisotropic materials, traditional isotropic gradation methods need to be modified. In this work, we developed a first-principles approach, as well as an anisotropic differential effective dipole approximation, for calculating the dipole moment of these particles. To this end, the two methods are shown in excellent agreement. As a result, these approaches offer convenient and effective ways to investigate the dielectric properties and optical responses of graded spherical particles of anisotropic materials, as well as the electrokinetic phenomena of biological cells. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We exploit theoretically nonlinear optical materials by graded multilayered colloidal crystals, whose basic layer is made of metallodielectric nanoparticles immersed periodically in a host fluid. In the crystals, either the volume fraction of nanoparticles or the dielectric constant of host fluid can vary gradually within layers. The electric field distribution can be shown to exhibit a peak in a certain layer, and that the position of the peak can change by tuning the incident angular frequency. Such a gradation-controlled electric field distribution serves as a physical mechanism for understanding the enhanced nonlinear optical responses with a broad plasmon band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on nonlinear composite materials, we exploit theoretically a class of electrically tunable one-dimensional double-layer photonic crystals (PCs), namely, composite-dielectric and composite-composite PCs. For such PCs, extensive and precise tunability of photonic band gaps can be readily achieved by choosing appropriate pump ac or dc electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]