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Objectives: nearly 50% of people in developing countries suffer from extreme poverty. Consequently, a debate has emerged about the potential of ICT to improve socio-economic conditions prevailing in impoverished nations. This discussion has given rise to a burgeoning field of research known as ICT for development (ICT4D). However, most academics in the ICT4D arena do not come from developing countries, nor do they reside in these regions -- the main beneficiaries of ICT4D initiatives. This is the case of Brazil, a country characterized by significant socioeconomic disparities, where this field of study has aroused little interest among the scientific community and thus continues to be largely under-researched. Thus, the objective of this paper is to make sense of that phenomenon. Provocations: as most of the ICT4D knowledge base has been generated either by academics who are not originally from developing countries or by academics native to developing countries who currently reside in developed countries, a provocation can be made, namely, considering that ICT4D initiatives can improve the quality of life of people, why haven't Brazilian scholars prioritized research in this area? Conclusion: as a provocative paper, our main objective is to debate on the aforementioned issue. For this, we should listen to the Brazilian Academy of Management -- mainly the academics of the ANPAD's Information Management division -- to address and solve this puzzle, so that ICT4D research in Brazil can be encouraged with a view to causing a real impact on our society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to validate the hypothesis that in Brazil, between 1941 and 1948, when the first geographical expeditions to the sertão (backcountry) of Brazil took place, there was a transition in the epistemological style practiced by geographers between the historicist and ecological approach and a positivistic planning approach. Added to both is the need to restructure the colonial legacy of the country's territory, a perspective marked by social geography with a Marxist bias. This transition process is, simultaneously, the construction of another hybrid geographical style and an epistemological point of view of its own. This form of epistemology reflects the configuration of space, i.e., the continuity of the economic and political life of the coast without major modifications. However, the projected planning perspectives for the future occupation of the sertão, seen by the actors of the time as an empty territory, with resources and in which its occupation could gradually reverse Brazil's colonial legacy. Brazilian scientific space is observed as a circulation of knowledge, which is subject to tensions. Conceptual developments occurred in discussions in National Council of Geography (CNG) and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) institutional settings and were called 'geographical talks/gatherings', which were published in the Boletim Geográfico and the Revista Brasileira de Geografia. Based on these discussions and controversies, it was possible to differentiate the styles of geography mobilised by actors, as well as to create a general interpretation based on the material analysed. Development geography and a geographical reason are understood as the result of this construction, based on two main factors: the influences of foreign geographies and the nature of the country. The methodology adopted was a geo‐history of knowledge, associated with aspects of Bruno Latour's actor‐network theory. Finally, the paper seeks to contribute to the validation of the epistemological and heuristic virtues typical of the southern hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the evolutionary approach, in this paper we deal with the growing importance of National Innovation Systems (NIS) for socioeconomic development, focusing on the Brazilian case. For this, initially we discuss the connections between NIS and socioeconomic development. Next, we discuss a set of reports and official statistics that indicate the current reality of the Brazilian innovation system. In this perspective, we analyze the challenges and perspectives for Brazil in the face of the economy and society of the 21st century, which are increasingly complex and globalized. It is considered that, despite the advances since the 1990s, the Brazilian innovation system lacks adjustments to effectively and efficiently contribute to the Brazilian socioeconomic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation has been strategic for stimulating the development process. Aware of this, Brazil has been formulating guidelines to promote its ability to develop technology and innovate, but the results over the years are still modest. This paper aims to allow a logical and discursive discussion on the adequacy of innovation for leveraging the development of underdeveloped economies in the current situation. The study was organized in the form of a theoretical essay, dialoging with the literature that articulates innovation as an element for development, and with data that explore the Brazilian reality. It was identified that Brazil has a trajectory of initiatives to expand and mature its innovative conditions; however, the absorption of these by a structure of underdevelopment is thought-provoking. This aspect is in contrast to the innovation discourse put forth by so-called developed countries, treated critically in this paper. Finally, we argue that for innovation efforts to guarantee higher levels of development for Brazil, it is necessary to overcome historical obstacles and delays, with the understanding that they are barriers to the desired innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast relevance of applications of spatial regression models has recently captured the interest of Economics and Agriculture, in the sense of better understanding the spatial behavior of the region under study, in the different forms of approaches. It is interesting to understand why some regions show greater variability than others, and why some forms of regional development are better explained. It is up to the researcher to understand, explore, and organize a series of observations, so that it is possible to make predictions, diagnoses, and recommendations to public policy managers and regional development agents. The municipalities' Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) has driven studies involving spatial information. The objective of this study was to analyze the Gdp of the municipalities in Paraná-Brazil, in 2018, regarding soybean yield, corn yield, pig production, and the tax on the circulation of goods, through different approaches of spatial regression models. SAR and CAR models are global models, while the GWR model is considered a local one. Three spatial analysis models were used to perform this study: Spatial Autoregressive (SAR), Conditional Autoregressive (CAR), and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The results were compared using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Cross- Validation Criterion (CVC), and the descriptive graphic of residual diagnoses-Worm Plot. The best result obtained was for the GWR model, which best explained the GDP of the state of Paraná-Brazil in terms of its covariates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the political-economic outgrowth of Brazilian capitalism in the global south after the outset of the global financial crisis. In analysing the public-sector finance policy of the Workers’ Party (PT) during the crisis, I argue that a structuration of investment was established. Utilizing theoretical premises of uneven and combined development and sub-imperialism, this paper traces the motions of the industrial financing processes that perpetuate Brazilian capitalism outside of the boundaries of the nation-state to shed light on the relationship between ‘emergent’ economies, their state structures, and the developing world. I argue that such structures represent a policy to accelerate capital accumulation abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws upon critical theories and the capability approach. It argues for a conceptualization of development as a process designed to enable people to free themselves from structural disadvantage. Amartya Sen has argued that people’s “critical-agency” to question and reject unjust social norms is “pivotal” to human development and important for tackling inequalities of any kind. Freire’s critical pedagogy, and critical feminism, go further by providing disadvantaged people with the practical means to do this; to identify the structural root causes of unjust social norms and the critical-agency to challenge and change them. Two empirical case studies of ICT4D are presented, from Zambia and Brazil, which draw upon these critical approaches but use them in different ways. The paper argues that ICT4D must go beyond addressing people’s immediate practical needs for access to ICT tools and skills, to also address their strategic interest in identifying and tackling the root causes of disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on whether there would be a factual and legal space for the application of compliance measures in the scope of micro and small businesses. The dissemination in Brazil of measures of corporate non-corruption and intention of a culture of integrity has been more strongly affecting the field of business organizations of greater structural and economic importance. One possible explanation is the fact that the main corruptive business scandals in Brazil, brought to wide public knowledge, have been left over in the locations of large business societies. Thus, there emerged an unconscious ideal of complexibility of compliance measures, in a harmful relation of their impact on the environment of smaller companies, facing greater difficulties, among them financial and structural. Factual and legal support, explained in the article, reflect the very essence of what compliance is and say about its possible application compatibility to less significant companies. Also reflected are the underlying effects of this compatibility relationship, which are Development and new business legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the level and determinants of financial inclusion in Latin America and Europe and especially in Brazil and Romania based on the Global Findex database. We found that income and education contribute to greater financial inclusion as they are positively related to having a formal account and this finding supports the view that policies favoring financial inclusion should target certain groups of population such as women and young people. Our main conclusions found that the level of financial inclusion in Brazil and Romania is high relative to comparable countries. Financial inclusion, as measured by the ownership of a formal account, does not create a major problem in both countries. Brazilian and Romanian authorities could nonetheless improve the ownership of a formal account by dismantling obstacles related to income and education, all of which found more long-run issues. In summary, our work contains findings of particular interest to design policies to improve financial inclusion in Brazil and Romania. It stresses the role of policies targeting groups of population particularly affected by financial Inclusion and identifies the main obstacles they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are growing concerns that automation technology may have far-reaching implications for development, by restructuring global value chains and substituting workers. This paper investigates how domestic and foreign automation impact a resource-rich emerging economy. The empirical analysis builds on a Ricardian model of trade and a shift-share approach. Differences in regional industrial compositions are used to translate domestic industry-level robot adoption to local labor markets in Brazil. Differential trade and inter-sectoral input–output linkages between a foreign industry and regions in Brazil are leveraged to construct a measure of exposure to foreign automation. Instrumental variables account for endogeneity in robot adoption. Larger exposure to foreign automation is found to decrease the share of manufacturing employment and increase the share of employment in the mining sector. These shifts are driven by changes in the demand for export goods from local labor markets. Domestic automation benefits higher skilled and female workers. The findings suggest that foreign automation may contribute to "premature deindustrialization" in emerging economies. • This study examines the effects of automation technology adoption by domestic and trade-partner industries on employment in 557 regions of Brazil. • The empirical analysis is grounded on a Ricardian model of trade, and instrumental variables account for endogeneity in robot adoption. • Automation in trade-partner countries reduces the employment share in manufacturing, while increasing employment shares in the mining sector. • The same pattern is found for sectoral and regional exports, suggesting that shifts in the demand for export goods are causing employment changes. • Automation within Brazil increases the ratio of female and higher-skilled workers, indicating skill complementary with the robot technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship between policies related to educational provision and both educational participation and occupational outcomes in Brazil, using PNAD and RAIS-Migra data.Design/methodology/approach Outcomes are examined using: static multinomial logit analysis, and structural dynamic discrete choice modelling. The latter approach, coupled with the quality of the RAIS-Migra data source, allows the authors to evaluate the education policy impacts over time.Findings The main results show that the education level raises the propensity that the individual will be in formal sector work or still in education, and reduces the probability of the other outcomes. Transition into non-manual formal sector work following education may, however, occur via a spell of manual work.Originality/value This is the first study of occupational destination to be conducted in a rapidly developing country using high-quality panel data and appropriate dynamic methods, and as such makes an important contribution in confirming that increased supply of highly skilled workers enhances occupational attainment in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at assessing the implementation of a Parkway and a Greenway in high and middle Sapucaí region, in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. BR 459 road and the road between Delfim Moreira and Marmelópolis in the Environmental Protection Area of Mantiqueira Mountain Chain are the subjects of this proposition. Considering the relationship between mobility and development, it discusses the possibility of transforming these roads in parkways and greenways, once the existence of Mantiqueira Environmental Protection area is paramount for the road system improvement. Therefore, it is essential that the regional development plan includes Environmental Protection. Technology, agriculture, cattle raising, and, most recently, tourism are the predominant economic activities in this region and may be acknowledged in the regional development scenario. So this paper intends to discuss the advantages brought by a parkway and a greenway to this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decisive factors affecting the recent increase in formal employment in Brazil. This paper gives a general overview of the evolution of labour market indicators between 1995 and 2005 in Brazil. It shows an overall increase in formal employment rates from 2001 to 2005, as opposite to what had happened from 1995 to 1999. It is argued that such recent trends might indicate the reconfiguration of the labour market in better terms, with potential positive consequences to the finance performance of the Social Security sector. The paper also examines some of the major factors associated with this new trend and their chances to maintain such tendency in the near future. It's important to notice that all of them may be subject to some kind of political management by the State. In other words, we suggest that there are suficient instruments and operative skills in the Brazilian State to make these and others factors work in favour of a more persistent strategy of development with social inclusion through labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 40 years archaeology in Brazil has grown in the wake of development projects, covered by the objectivity of techniques and neutrality, and isolated from conflicts and environmental injustices associated with such projects. The arguments on this paper revolve around narratives of rock art from a Brazilian region where people were relocated after their displacement by a large scale development project in the 1970s; they seek to discuss the environmental management model adopted in Brazil and how professional archaeologists act within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the border shared by Peru, Colombia and Brazil has become an enclave of drug production and trafficking for the international markets. It is a territory whose control is disputed by non-state actors and where state security forces suffer from severe material and transport limitations. This paper takes an ethnographic approach to explain the limitations of border security and the institutional challenges of controlling drug and wood trafficking in this context. It places the ideas of reproduction and social change at the centre of the discussion on drugs and borders, as key ways of thinking about the dynamics of growing and processing coca-derived drugs in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the issue of development and dependency in the work of the Brazilian sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso as possible explanation / understanding or interpretation of Brazil. It departs from the critical Cardoso ECLA structuralism and Marxist approaches on addiction through the fundamentals of his theory of dependence, where the position of the present political pacts between elites / national and international actors shape the pattern of dependence and associated development. This discussion highlights the importance given by Cardoso' s Policy, which assumes the centrality of economic analysis in place, and as the author articulates, departing from Marxist dialectics. A critical analysis from a methodological orientation assumed by the author and given to political centrality to development thinking and Brazilian dependence will be analyzed as a fundamental explanatory / interpretative understanding, especially for Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the similarities and differences between neo-developmentalism and neo-extractivism. The evaluation compares Brazil with nine other Latin American countries and is based on a framework that considers both economic policies and their outcomes. On the policy side, it looks at income, monetary, international trade, industrial and mineral resource policies; on the outcome side, it observes the composition of both exports and the Gross Domestic Product. In the end, we argue that neo-developmentalism and neo-extractivism are actually variations of the same development route and may face similar challenges in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work presents two exploratory studies about the construction and validation of the Inductive Reasoning Developmental Test (IRDT), a forty-eight items test based on the Model of Hierarchical Complexity. The first version of the test was administered to a convenience sample composed by 167 Brazilian people (50.3% men) aged between 6 to 58 years (M = 18.90, SD = 9.70). The Rasch Model was applied, and the result shows reliability of .97 for the full scale. The Infit mean was .87 (SD = .28; Max = 1.69; Min = .39), and the person reliability was .95. The one sample t-tests showed significant spacing of Rasch scores between items of adjacent orders of hierarchical complexity, with large effect size. The second study was conducted in order to overcome some of the test's limitations found in the first study. The revised IRDT were administered to a convenience sample composed of 188 Brazilian people (57.7% women) aged between 6 and 65 years (M = 21.45, SD = 14.31). The reliability for the full scale was .99, and its Infit mean was .94 (SD = .22; Max = 1.46; Min = .56). The person reliability was .95. The one sample t-tests showed significant spacing of Rasch scores between items of adjacent orders of hierarchical complexity, with large effect size. The paper finishes with a discussion about the necessity and importance to focus on the vertical complexity of the items in any test designed to identify developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development projects of contemporary Brazil. This paper makes an analysis on the expansion of the development debate, from the rise of the democracy and social justice cycle, in the Brazil of the post-national-developmentalism era, using as method the structural-historical approach. Initially, the article will feature the three main cycles of development of the country, according to the chronology proposed by Bresser-Pereira. Later, they identify four causes for the transition from second to third cycle. Finally, some considerations are made about the current development cycle, interpreting the political spectrum of development projects in dispute in the contemporary Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Does the adoption of agroforestry by small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon promote secondary forest succession on the degraded pastures and crop fields? New results from a small-scale farm agroforestry demonstration project, the Rondônia Agroforestry Pilot Project (RAPP) that began in 1992 are presented in this paper. In 1992, 242 farmers were surveyed by a stratified random sampling protocol, 50 of whom were selected to participate in the RAPP, constituting its experimental group. The remaining 191 farmers served as a control group. Farmers from both groups were re-surveyed in 2002 (after 10 years) and again in 2010 (after 18 years). Annual site visits to the experimental group farms were conducted from 1993 through 2003 to monitor agroforest plot development and management, and changes in pertinent socio-economic and household demographic characteristics such as household capacity, production systems, and social participation. Differences in property size, number of people permanently residing on the property, and social participation were found between the experimental and control group, with the experimental group having larger properties, more residents, and more participation in mutual aid associations. Control group farmers were also more reliant on cattle production (based on 2009 sales) despite having similar amounts of pasture as farmers in the experimental group. Within the experimental group, very few differences were found between farmers based on the type of agroforestry plot: timber, mixed or non-timber. Remote sensing analyses reveal long-term (10 years+) spectral differences in terms of the similarity to primary forest of both the agroforestry plots and the entire properties of the farms in this study. Experimental group farmers with mixed or timber-based agroforestry plots allowed more secondary forest succession to occur in and around their plots than farmers with non-timber plots. Although, on average, farm properties have become less spectrally similar to primary forest since 1992, properties with agroforestry plots tend to have more secondary succession and/or primary forest on their land in 2011. Several example properties are shown to illustrate the tendency of farmers with agroforestry plots to allow more secondary forest succession to occur on their land. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eletrobrás is the Brazilian government state company responsible for electrical energy efficiency and they offer several energy efficiency programs. One of these programs helps small municipalities reduce consumption of electricity and improve the energy efficiency of operations that use electricity. Until 2004, this program followed an approach that failed to meet the company's targets for improvement, and thus a new approach was proposed. This paper reports on the successful implementation by Eletrobrás of a creative process in 43 small municipalities. The results show that both the municipalities and their inhabitants managed to reduce consumption as a result of the new approach. The municipal employees - people with varying but often low schooling - felt their self-esteem increase as they solved problems and taught their clients to save energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how capital-labour relations (encompassing processes of class formation, representation, struggle and compromise) impact on emerging regions' developmental trajectories. It does so because much of development studies portray labour simply as an input (human capital) subordinate to more fundamental processes such as capital investment and accumulation. The paper draws on and extends insights gained from the 'new working class studies' and global commodity chains literatures in order to examine evolving capital-labour relations-from relatively militant struggles to class compromise-in an emerging sector of North East Brazilian export horticulture. It identifies sources of workers' structural and associational power and uses these to explain significant gains achieved by the region's rural trade union during the formation of the export horticulture sector. It then asks, why, despite continuing structural power, the region's trade union has entered into a class compromise with the leading employers via (a) reducing its militancy and its strategy of striking against employers to win concessions, and (b) shifting its objectives in terms of concessions sought. It speculates on the impacts of these changing class relations on the region's developmental trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The academic literature on Brazilian cities focuses overwhelmingly upon the metropolises of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. While fruitful in its own right, this research confronts scholars of Latin American cities elsewhere with two ongoing limitations: (1) Despite estimates that nearly one quarter of Brazil’s urban population inhabits the conurbation of Rio and São Paulo, at least 75% of urban space in Brazil, an area populated by roughly 120 million people, is consistently overlooked; and (2) the findings from these two megacities are often (and unfairly) extrapolated across other urban contexts in Brazil, perpetuating lingering misgivings about the overall ‘nature’ of Brazilian cities. In this paper, I consider the Northeast of Brazil, drawing upon my own research from the favela (slum) community of Pirambu, located in the city of Fortaleza, to help understand urban development outside of the Rio/São Paulo corridor. By considering historical circumstances, geographic specificity, theoretical implications, and the course of Brazilian development, I highlight informal urban growth in an oft-overlooked region of Latin America while, at the same time, revealing many of the geographic attributes that give Rio and São Paulo their truly exceptional character. My goal in this work is not to refute the work of others, but rather to underscore the importance of geographic context to socio-spatial processes of urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adapting a methodology to assess housing need is intrinsically difficult, particularly when it must address different levels of development. This paper presents a general discussion of housing needs and assessment methodologies and examines the adaptation of an affordable housing needs assessment methodology developed in the US to produce a method to be applied in developing countries. Specifically, a pilot project was conducted in Brazil, yielding results applicable to any developing country where security of tenure and poverty contribute to the housing problem. Security of tenure, adequacy of shelter and infrastructure, and other concepts are characterized. Cultural, institutional and structural peculiarities of the Brazilian context are explained. The analysis reveals the difficulties of transferring methodologies from developed to developing countries, but also the advantages of looking at seemingly unquantifiable situations through the lenses of a workable model. Results illustrate the application of the adapted methodology and conclusions offer a reflection on the impact of methodology transfer to developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a recension of the book Portraits of Pioneers in Developmental Psychology released in 2011 which has not been translated into Brazilian Portuguese yet. It is a collection of works in honor to some pioneers in the developmental psychology field. In its extension, the reader can find some personal and academic reports about 16 scholars in this area of knowledge, as well as their experiences and contributions to this field of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]