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[Objective] The objective of the paper is to provide the scientific basis for rational fertilization in Jianhe County of Guizhou Province and similar areas. [Method] The effects of soil nutrient indexes(total N .organic matter, available N .available K, available P, total P and total K)on soil fertility are explored by using variation coefficient method, correlation coefficient method and weighted mean method, and then the soil fertility in paddy field and dry' land is evaluated by using improved Nemerow comprehensive evaluation method combined with the weight coefficient mean value of the three methods. [Result] The soil available k in paddy field and total P in dry land were at a lower level, while other nutrient indexes were at a medium-high, high and higher level. The soil available N content in six dry' land sampling sites with different plants was high. Soil total P and available k fluctuate greatly among sampling sites, while organic matter content fluctuates less. The soil available P in fertility factor weighted coefficient of paddy field and dry land was the highest, respectively 0. 2710 and 0. 2358 comparing the mean value of the three weighted method weighted coefficient. The available P is the main factor influencing soil fertility in paddy field and dry' land and soil fertility indexes is 1.52 and 1.63 separately. The soil comprehensive fertility was at a fertile level. [Conclusion] The soil fertility of paddy field and dry land in Jianhe County is at a fertile level, and available P is the main factor influencing soil fertility in paddy field and dry land. The soil N content in paddy field and dry land is high, which can meet the demand of crop production. Therefore, N fertilization should be reduced in production. The soil K content in paddy field is low, and the corresponding fertilization measures should be taken to improve K supply level in paddy field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]