3 results
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2. Public accountability of newborn screening: Collective knowing and deciding
- Author
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Wieser, Bernhard
- Subjects
- *
NEWBORN screening , *MEDICAL screening , *HUMAN chromosome abnormality diagnosis , *MEDICAL decision making , *COMPARATIVE studies , *HEALTH policy - Abstract
Abstract: A number of European countries have expanded their screening programme considerably during the last decade. Other countries have, however, not expanded their programme substantially. In this paper, I will compare UK and Austria, two countries representing two ends of the European spectrum. Focussing on the decision-making processes behind the design and expansion of newborn screening, I draw on Sheila Jasanoff''s concept of “civic epistemology” (Jasanoff, S. (2005). Designs on Nature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.) to investigate how the chosen countries provide information in order to give account for their respective screening policies. In particular, I analyse how key institutions in the UK and Austria use scientific expertise to explain and justify national screening programmes. For this purpose, I compare the material that is made available to the public, including policy documents, scientific studies, medical guidelines, legal regulation, advisory committee reports and public engagement exercises. It was found that the observed differences in the accountability practices are rooted in nationally traditional forms of policy making. However, whether or not these repertoires become indeed realised is a more contingent matter and is often triggered by events which evoke a response from the medical and policy-making actors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Cross-national cognitive assessment in schizophrenia clinical trials: a feasibility study
- Author
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Harvey, Philip D., Artiola i Fortuny, Lidia, Vester-Blockland, Estelle, and De Smedt, Goedele
- Subjects
- *
COGNITIVE psychology , *SCHIZOPHRENIA , *CLINICAL trials , *COGNITION disorders diagnosis , *RISPERIDONE , *ANTIPSYCHOTIC agents , *HALOPERIDOL , *COGNITION disorders , *COMPARATIVE studies , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *ETHNOLOGY research , *PILOT projects , *EVALUATION research , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *THERAPEUTICS ,DRUG therapy for schizophrenia - Abstract
Clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia now often include cognitive assessments in addition to clinical ratings of symptoms. Recently, these trials have included cross-national assessments. It is not clear if translated psychological tests produce consistent results across different languages. This paper presents the results of a study of the comparability of the results of cognitive assessments in different English-speaking countries and a number of countries where tests were translated into other languages. Performance on tests of executive functioning, verbal and visuo-spatial learning and memory, language skills, psychomotor speed, and vigilance was compared across the first episode patients with schizophrenia (n=301) assessed in six different languages (English, French, Finnish, German, Hebrew, and Afrikaans), including two different countries where patients were assessed in English and other languages: Canada (French) and South Africa (Afrikaans). The variance in performance across the sites tested in English was as large as the variance between English and non-English speakers when all tests were considered. Performance differences across English and other languages were found only for executive functions, vigilance, and psychomotor speed, with executive functioning differences nonsignificant when education was considered. No differences were found between English and non-English speakers in Canada. These results suggest that the translation of tests of memory and verbal skills can lead to consistent results across translated versions of the tests. Differences between countries were greater than differences between languages, suggesting the need to consider representativeness of patient samples in terms of local educational attainment. In general, these data support the validity of cross-national neuropsychological assessments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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