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Tricyclazole is commonly used to prevent rice blast to meet the carbohydrate intake needs of half of the global population, and a large number of toxicological reports indicate that monitoring of tricyclazole is necessary. Here, we analyzed the structure of tricyclazole and designed different hapten derivatization strategies to prepare a high-performance monoclonal antibody (half inhibition concentration of 1.61 ng/mL), and then a lateral flow immunochromatographic sensor based on gold nanoparticles for the detection of tricyclazole in rice, with a limit of detection of 6.74 μg/kg and 13.58 μg/kg in polished and brown rice, respectively. The recoveries in rice were in the range of 84.6–107.4%, no complex pretreatment was required for comparison with LC-MS/MS, and the comparative analysis demonstrated that our method had good accuracy and precision. Therefore, the developed lateral flow immunochromatographic analysis was a reliable and rapid means for the on-site analysis of tricyclazole in rice. • The anti-tricyclazole monoclonal antibody possessed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.61 ng/mL. • A paper-based lateral flow immunochromatographic sensor for the rapid and on-site analysis of tricyclazole was developed. • The sensor provided a limit of detection of 6.74 μg/kg and 13.58 μg/kg in polished and brown rice, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to evaluate the antifungal activity of michelia oil ( Michelia alba ) and its main components (linalool and caryophyllene) at concentrations of 300–500 mg g −1 against the growth of Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp. and Cladosporium sp. on the surface of bamboo paper packaging boxes. Next, Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser operating at 543, 594, 604, 612, and 633 nm for 1 min was used to enhance the antifungal activity of these additives. A spore suspension of each mold (7log 10 CFU ml −1 ) was inoculated on pieces of treated bamboo paper. Visible mycelium growth of all molds on treated bamboo paper compared to control specimens was to calculate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The inhibitory period of michelia oil and linalool in a bamboo paper box with and without laser against natural mold infections on brown rice snack bars was further examined for 8 weeks at 25 °C and 100% RH. The MIC values of michelia oil and linalool with laser treatment were 300 mg g −1 and 150 mg g −1 , respectively. Without laser treatment, no MICs were found at the maximum concentration (500 mg g −1 ). Therefore, linalool was shown to be a stronger inhibitor than the essential oil after laser treatment and should be the key factor in boosting the antifungal activity of michelia oil. In addition, the MICs showed the capability of bamboo paper boxes treated with michelia oil and linalool, with laser treatment to protect against mold growth on snack bars for at least 5–7 weeks in comparison with the control (3 days) during storage at accelerated conditions (25 °C and 100% RH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown rice over‐milling causes high economic and nutrient loss. The rice degree of milling (DOM) detection and prediction remain a challenge for moderate processing. In this study, a self‐established grain image acquisition platform was built. Degree of bran layer remaining (DOR) datasets is established with image capturing and processing (grain color, texture, and shape features extraction). The mapping relationship between DOR and the DOM is in‐depth analyzed. Rice grain DOR typical machine learning and deep learning prediction models are established. The results indicate that the optimized Catboost model can be established with cross‐validation and grid search method, with the best accuracy improving from 84.28% to 91.24%, achieving precision 91.31%, recall 90.89%, and F1‐score 91.07%. Shapley additive explanations analysis indicates that color, texture, and shape feature affect Catboost prediction accuracy, the feature importance: color > texture > shape. The YCbCr‐Cb_ske and GLCM‐Contrast features make the most significant contribution to rice milling quality prediction. The feature importance provides theoretical and practical guidance for grain DOM prediction model. Practical Application: Rice milling degree prediction and detection are valuable for rice milling process in practical application. In this paper, image processing and machine learning methods provide an automated, nondestructive, and cost‐effective way to predict the quality of rice. The study may serve as a valuable reference for improving rice milling methods, retaining rice nutrition, and reducing broken rice yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we analyzed the differences in metabolites between semiwaxy japonica rice (Yangnongxiang 28 [YNX28]) and conventional japonica rice (Hongyang 5 [HY5]) before and after brown rice milling. The metabolites of brown and milled rice grains from the two rice varieties were analyzed by LC–MS‐based nontargeted metabolomics. A total of 266 differentially abundant metabolites (DMs) were tentatively identified in brown rice grains of YNX28 (YNX28B) compared with milled rice grains of YNX28 (YNX28H), and these included 248 upregulated and 12 downregulated DMs. A total of 273 (234 upregulated and 39 downregulated) DMs were tentatively identified in brown rice grains of HY5 (HY5B) compared with milled rice grains of this variety (HY5H). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway involved and enrichment analyses revealed that 53 and 7 metabolite pathways were enriched and significantly enriched (p < 0.05), respectively, in the DMs identified in YNX28B compared with YNX28H, and the main enriched pathways were related to starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Forty‐six metabolite pathways were enriched in DMs identified in HY5B compared with HY5H, and these included 16 pathways that were significantly enriched (p < 0.05); in addition, the main enriched pathways were related to starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. This study provides a theoretical reference for further on the changes in metabolites during rice processing and provides a basis for improving the nutritional quality in rice. Practical Application: Original data were obtained regarding the changes of different metabolites in semiwaxy japonica rice and conventional japonica rice before and after processing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of metabolite loss in two rice varieties before and after processing. This paper reports on the differences of metabolites between the two types of japonica rice before and after processing, as well as the changes of key metabolites before and after processing, it also provides important theoretical basis for developing new rice varieties with good nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of milling treatment on the nutrients of brown rice and the release of polyphenols during in vitro digestion were studied in this paper. As the milling degree increased, the protein, fat, and total dietary fiber content of brown rice decreased and the total starch content increased, the changes in fat and dietary fiber contents were more significant. The contents of γ‐oryzanol, vitamin B1, total phenolic, and total flavonoids all decreased to varying degrees with different milling times. The contents of 11 phenolic acids in brown rice were significantly reduced (p <.05). Additionally, the results of simulated digestion in vitro showed that the content of phenolic in gastric juice and intestinal juice all decreased with the increasing milling degree. The phenolic in brown rice are mainly released during gastric digestion, and the total phenolic in gastric juice and intestinal juice are 1.79–2.04 times and 2.24–2.71 times of those before digestion, respectively. These results suggest that it is indispensable to advocate reducing milling degrees to improve the edible value of rice. It will also provide data support and theoretical guidance for promoting moderate rice processing, reducing grain loss, and developing whole grain in China. Practical applications: In this paper, the changes in main nutrients (total starch, protein, fat, dietary fiber) and bioactive substances (γ‐oryzanol, vitamin B1, total phenolic and profile of phenolic, total flavonoids) of brown rice with different milling degrees produced by the actual process in the factory were analyzed, and the effect of milling on the bioaccessibility of phenols in brown rice through simulated digestion experiments in vitro was also investigated. The results of this paper suggest that it is indispensable to advocate reducing milling degrees to improve the edible value of rice. It will also provide data support and theoretical guidance for promoting moderate rice processing, reducing grain loss, and developing whole grain in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, microwave precooking and freeze-drying were used to improve the quality of germinated brown rice. The results suggested that the ideal microwave precooking conditions for germinated brown rice were 1 : 1 (m / V) followed by a 9 min heating time at 600 W. Brown rice with microwave precooking and freeze-drying treatment (TBR) had a better nutritional value than untreated brown rice (UBR). The edible quality of TBR was improved, and its hardness was reduced by 54.78%. TBR, in contrast to UBR, has a rough and porous surface, a loose internal structure, and facilitates the contact between starch and water during cooking, hence enhancing gelatinization. In germinated brown rice, microwave precooking and freeze-drying significantly increased the synthesis of the majority of volatile compounds. The aforementioned data imply that microwave precooking-freeze-drying may greatly improve the nutritional value and palatability of brown rice after germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper continues by examining the composite maps Graph HT ht and Graph HT ht to identify period two and period three points of I f i ( I z i ). If Graph HT ht , then Graph HT ht , which implies that Graph HT ht , which is not helpful. Logically, one might simply just extend complex numbers with one more term, Graph HT ht , where Graph HT ht . [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Rice landraces are essential for supplying beneficial traits for developing improved rice varieties with better nutritional quality. Nevertheless, in a yield-driven environment, grain nutritional quality has been ignored especially that of rice landraces. Given this, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the content and nutritional variability of rice landraces from Manipur. Design/methodology/approach: Thirty-three most popular rice landraces were collected as dry paddy samples from Manipur and transported to the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, by air. All the paddy samples were processed and analyzed for 35 nutrient parameters using standard methodologies. Findings: The mean nutrient content of Nagaland brown rice was: protein 7.5 ± 0.8, fat 3.0 ± 0.3, TDF 5.5 ± 0.4 and ash 1.2 ± 0.2 g/100g. The range of water soluble-vitamin content in mg/100g, was 0.1–0.43 for Thiamine and for Niacin 2.1–3.5, while the content in µg/100g was 40–64 for Riboflavin, 0.5–3.9 for Pantothenic acid and 20–118 for Pyridoxine. A relatively large coefficient of variation was observed for iron (25%), manganese (28%), copper (32%), calcium (13%) and phosphorus (11%). Manipur rice landraces have significantly higher total dietary fiber and lower phytate contents than modern varieties. Milling led to steep losses of nutrients, and limiting to 5% milling substantially improves nutrient retention in milled rice. Research limitations/implications: Future nutrition interventions should use rice with superior nutrient quality to improve nutrient intakes. Manipur rice landraces conserved over generations can broaden the genetic base of breeding stocks especially in the face of climate change. Originality/value: The paper presents comprehensive nutritional data of 33 rice landraces from the state of Manipur, India. The results indicate large nutrient variability even within these 33 rice landraces with important traits such as high total dietary fiber and low phytate contents. The study highlights the importance of conserving the existing rich genetic material of Manipur rice landraces to develop varieties that combine higher yields with stress tolerance and superior grain nutritional value to improve the food and nutrient security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice hulling is the process of separating rice husks from the grain. Impact hulling is the norm for paddy grain processing because it produces higher quality hulled brown rice. However, high breakage fractions and low one-time hulling percentages can directly affect the quality of subsequent rice processing and restrict the development of paddy grain processing. Understanding the mechanism of paddy grain impact hulling is key to improving the performance of centrifugal rice hullers. In this paper, a single-seed impact test and the discrete element method (DEM) were used to simulate the paddy grain impact hulling. The effects of impact speed and angle on hulling percentage, breakage percentage and hulling pattern were investigated. The results showed that the effectiveness of paddy grain hulling after impact was due to the relative motion between rice husk and its kernel. The combined effect of impact and friction produces a relative motion between the husk and the kernel and increasing the relative motion improves hulling. Optimal impact parameters were obtained using a weighting method. The results of the study could improve the hulling performance of centrifugal rice hulling providing the basis improving the design. • Impact hulling relies on the relative motion between rice husk and brown rice. • The effect of impact velocity and angle on hulling performance was investigated. • The combined effect of impact and friction is key to the relative motion. • The combined weighted scoring method was used to evaluate the hulling performance. • Impact velocity of 35–40 m s−1, impact angle of 60°, are the optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of integrated pest management, biological control through the use of living organisms plays important roles in suppressing pest populations. In this paper, the complex interaction between plants and pest insects is examined under the intervention of natural enemies releases coupled with sterile insects technique. A set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is developed in terms of optimal control model considering characteristics of populations involved. Optimal control measures are sought in such a way they minimize the pest density simultaneously with the control efforts. Three different strategies relating to the release rate of sterile insects and predators as natural enemies, namely, constant, proportional, and saturating proportional release rates, are examined for the attainability of control objective. The necessary optimality conditions of the control problem are derived by using Pontryagin maximum principle, and the forward–backward sweep method is then implemented to numerically calculate the optimal solution. It is shown that, in an environment consisting of rice plants and brown planthoppers as pests, the releases of sterile planthoppers and ladybeetles as natural enemies can deteriorate the pest density and thus increase the plant biomass. The release of sterile insects with proportional rate and the release of natural enemies with constant rate are found to be the most cost-effective strategy in controlling pest insects. This strategy successfully decreases the pest population about 35 percent, and thus increases the plant density by 13 percent during control implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are successfully used for solving image classification tasks. Manually designing efficient neural network architecture requires expertise in CNN and domain knowledge. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for automatically evolving CNN architecture using big bang–big crunch (BB–BC) algorithm. The proposed approach can be used to automatically evolve CNN architecture and obtain tuned hyper-parameters for CNN. The CNN architecture is validated using the 5932 on-field rice leaf images infected with bacterial leaf blight, rice blast, brown leaf spot and tungro diseases. The proposed approach performed better than CNN evolved using genetic algorithm, SVM, KNN, decision tree, random forest with the test accuracy of 98.7%. The experimental results illustrate that the BB–BC CNN uses fewer trainable parameters compared to popular pre-trained CNN models like ResNet50, MobileNetV2, VGG16, VGG19, InceptionV3, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective]This paper aimed to explore the law of germanium migration and transformation in soil-rice system and its influencing factors under actual production conditions in the field. [Method] 60 samples of rice root soil, 60 samples of grain and 10 samples of root, stem and leaf were collected systematically In Xianfeng county, Enshi prefecture, Hubei province. Nutrient elements such as germanium and selenium, organic matter content, pH value in rice root soil and content of germanium and some nutritive elements in root, stem and leaf of rice were tested, the correlation analysis of germanium content in soil and rice seeds was conducted, and the factors affecting the bioabsorption coeffi. cient of germanium in rice and the regularity of germanium transfer and transformation in soil-rice system were studied. [ Result] The average germanium content in the rice root soil of Xianfeng county was 1. 58 mykg, slightly lower than the background value of germanium content in soil in China ( 1. 70 mwkg). The average content of germanium in rice seeds was only 0. 031 mwkg,but the content of germanium in rice seeds in Pingbaying town in the south of Xianfeng county was much higher than that in Nanchuan district of Chongqing city and Changshan county of Zhejiang province, which had been reported. The average content of selenium in rice seeds in the whole region was also 0. 072 my kg, which showed great potential for the development of rice rich in germanium and selenium. The bioabsorption coefficient of germanium in rice was generally low, only 0. 29% - 6. 04%, and the accumulation rule of germanium in rice was only 30 %, which completely conformed to the rule and result of previous experiments : stem and leaf > root > brown rice, most of them still conformed to the general element migration law: root > stem and leaf > brown rice. [ Conclusion ] Correlation analysis showed that the germanium absorption capacity of rice was very significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter content, Ge and S content in root soil, and significantly positively correlated with pH value. However, there was an insignificant negative correlation with the nutrient elements Na2O, SiO2,Al2O3 and K2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to evaluate the validity of pesticides application strategy in rice, and analyse the risk of dietary exposure and ecological impact. [Methods] This study implemented long-term investigation on usage and residual details of pesticides using for pest control in single-season and double-season rice of Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces. Investigation of pesticides residues in rice and soil had been conducted in the period of tillering, heading and harvesting stage, and the results had been compared between the pesticide reduction strategies adopted area and the regular integrated pest management (IPM) adopted area. Acute and chronic dietary exposed risk and ecological impact risks had been evaluated by using the dietary exposure risk assessment model and the ecology relative risk model (EcoRR). [Results] The results revealed that.4 of total 51 pesticides used in rice for pest control, had been found in the harvest brown rice. Pymetrozine and hexaconazole were the most frequently found pesticides in all rice samples with the frequency up to 93.00% and 28.75%, followed by 14.29% and 7.14% for chlorpyrifos and pentazolidol, respectively. However, the risk assessment of acute and chronic toxicity that may be caused by these 4 pesticides through dietary exposure, was finalized to be negligible for all populations divided by age. Adopting pesticide reduction strategies could further low the risk of dietary exposure. As for the soil sampled from the period of tillering, heading, and harvesting stages of rice, 13 different kinds of pesticides were found, tricy clazole, hexaconazole and propiconazole with 100% detection rates in particular. It could be explained by the long half-life periods of these pesticides and the remains of previous residue. The ecological risk assessment showed that the reduction use of pesticides could decrease the ecological risks significantly, even down to low level from medium level risk. It was found that the most effective effort of reducing the ecological impact was to decrease the use of pymetrozine, as this pesticide played a key role to the contribution of ecological risks in the period of tillering, heading, and harvesting ( 54.16% -83.68%, 19.07%-84.39%, and 0.00%-82.32% respec tively). Secondly, the use of pretilachlor at tillering stage, difenoconazole at the heading stage and propiconazole at the harvest stage was considered to be alternative key elements for the cause of ecological risk, with contributions of the risk ratios of 0.00%-71.50%. 0.00%-68.95% and 1.12%-62.24%,respectively. [Conclusions] Reducing the use of specific pesticides in the particular growth period of rice could reduce ecological impact and dietary exposure significantly. Pymetrozine plays a key role for ecological impact, followed by difenoconazole, propiconazole and pretilachlor, which should be used appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major food crops in the world and accounting for around 20% of the dietary energy intake of the global population. Rice bran (RB), the outer brown layer of rice, is one of the main by‐products during milling. It is a rice source of rice‐bran oil (RBO) with good fatty acid profile and phytonutrients like oryzanols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and importantly dietary fibers. These bioactive compounds possess cardioprotective, anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antitumor properties. RBO has become an increasingly popular vegetable oil because of its very high burning point, neutral taste, and delicate flavor. RBO has gained many food, industrial, technological, and pharmaceutical applications due to its distinctive properties and nutritional value. This review paper deals with comprehensive information on extraction methods, oil stabilization, existing applications, and health benefits of RBO. Practical applications: RBO is one of the healthiest edible oils due to balanced fatty acids profile, γ‐oryzanols, and tocopherols which may assist in lowering oxidative stress, cholesterol, hypertension, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. For extraction of RBO, innovative and green extraction techniques are a suitable alternative of conventional techniques for the edible oil industry due to their efficiency in the extraction process. The constituents of RBO has also gained its application in numerous food applications including as emulsifier, in cooking, bakery products, milk and milk products, and meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the effects of three rice genes(OsGS3,OsGW2 and OsGN1 a) knockout on the field agronomic characters and quality of Jijing 809. 【Method】A randomized block test was used to compare the agronomic traits, quality and yield of the three gene knockout mutants with the wild type. 【Result】Compared with wild type, the tiller number and seed setting rate of mutants were significantly decreased, but the plant height, grain length, grain width and 1000 grain weight were significantly increased, and the yield was increased by more than 12 %. In addition, the change of brown rice rate was not significant, milled rice rate and head milled rice rate were significantly reduced, chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree were significantly increased, which affected the appearance and quality of milled rice. But amylose content, protein content and taste value did not change significantly. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that three rice genes(OsGS3,OsGW2 and OsGN1 a) knockout could improve some characters and yield of rice, which provided practical evidence for the application of genome directed editing in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of partial substitution of wheat flour with germinated brown rice flour (GBRF) (0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%) on the volatiles, sensory properties, and characteristics analysis of steamed bread. A total of 14 volatiles were detected in all samples. The obtained results showed differences in the volatile composition of the different substitutions of steamed bread. Compared to control (0% GBRF), add GBRF to improve the flavor and odor of China steamed bread, particularly, ethanol, 2‐pentylfuran, and benzaldehyde characteristic rice volatile compounds increased significantly. When the proportion of GBRF without more than 50%, the steamed bread revealed a reduction of the overall acceptability, but it was still acceptable (total score > 85). It was noteworthy that the taste of CSB was positively correlated with their levels of benzaldehyde; the sensory total score was negatively correlated with styrene, 2‐octanone. Increased addition of GBRF increased the hardness, while decreasing the specific volume. GBRF can be used in CSB up to 50% with wheat flour to improve the flavor and shape of CSB without compromising eating quality. Practical applications: Addition of GBRF diversifies wheat flour products with certain modification on nutritional qualities and steamed bread flavor, therefore, could expand GBRF in overall food applications. These findings could provide some insights for industrial research and development using GBR for novel staple foods. It may stimulate further interest in using GBR for novel product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown rice planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) is one of the main pests of rice. The rapid and accurate detection of brown rice planthoppers (BRPH) can help treat rice in time. Due to the small size, large number and complex background of BRPHs, image detection of them is challenging. In this paper, a two-layer detection algorithm based on deep learning technology is proposed to detect them. The algorithm for both layers is the Faster RCNN (regions with CNN features). To effectively utilize the computing resources, different feature extraction networks have been selected for each layer. In addition, the second layer detection network was optimized to improve the final detection performance. The detection results of the two-layer detection algorithm were compared with the detection results of the single-layer detection algorithm. The detection results of the two-layer detection algorithm for detecting different populations and numbers of BRPHs were tested, and the test results were compared with YOLO v3, a deep learning target detection network. The test results show that the detection results of the two-layer detection algorithm were significantly better than those of the single-layer detection algorithm. In the tests for different numbers of BRPHs, the average recall rate of this algorithm was 81.92%, and the average accuracy was 94.64%; meanwhile, the average recall rate of YOLO v3 was 57.12%, and the average accuracy rate was 97.36%. In the experiment with different ages of BRPHs, the average recall rate of the algorithm was 87.67%, and the average accuracy rate was 92.92%. In comparison, for the YOLO v3, the average recall rate was 49.60%, and the average accuracy rate was 96.48%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on pasting properties, volatile flavor components, and water distribution of cooked black rice (BR) was investigated. BR samples were subjected to HHP treatments at 200, 300, 400, and 500 MPa for 15 min, and then cooked for further evaluation. Results showed that HHP‐treated samples exhibited lower viscosity compared to the control group, with the lowest value at 500 MPa. Among 126 flavor compounds identified in cooked BR stored for 7 days, the total contents of three key flavor components (alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes) were greatly enhanced, indicating that HHP contributed to the aroma quality of cooked BR. Water characteristics were determined by low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR), and three water fractions were detected and identified as T21, T22, and T23. The value of T21 gradually decreased with the increase of pressure, suggesting that HHP reduced the retrogradation degree of cooked BR. Practical applications: This paper provides information on the potential benefits of HHP processing on pasting properties, volatile flavor components, and water distribution of cooked BR. Our results demonstrated that HHP‐treated BR samples exhibited lower viscosity in terms of PV, TV, BD, FV, and SB. Considering the aroma quality of cooked BR, HHP, as an effective food processing technology, has the potential to retain flavor compounds in food. Therefore, this study would provide technical support for the commercial application of HHP‐treated cooked BR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers how gluten-free flours, in particular, those made from coconuts and brown rice, can be used in the technology of gluten-free chocolate muffins in order to expand the range of special purpose products. Studies by domestic and foreign authors dedicated to using different flour types in today’s gluten-free technologies have been analysed. It has been proved that wheat flour can be fully replaced with gluten-free flour mixtures in the recipe of chocolate muffins. Analysis of the chemical composition of coconut flour has shown its higher fat content, compared with wheat flour, and twice as much protein and dietary fibre (18%). Coconut flour exceeds wheat flour not only in the main macronutrients, but also in the content of the main minerals. Brown rice flour, too, contains more fats and vitamins of the B-group than wheat flour does, and is a source of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, silicon, and sulphur. It contains up to 80% of starch and, like coconut flour, is gluten-free. Replacing wheat flour in the classical muffin recipe with mixtures of coconut and brown rice flours in the ratios 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 reduces the moisture content and density of the dough. The moisture content in the finished muffins, too, is lower by 0.7, 1.2, and 1.5% respectively. It has been confirmed that if the gluten-free flour mixture contains over 50% of coconut flour, it reduces the specific volume of resulting muffins and worsens their quality parameters. The Harrington method was used to estimate the comprehensive quality index of the chocolate muffins. This has shown that full substitution of wheat flour for a mixture of gluten-free flours in the ratio 40:60 (coconut flour:brown rice flour) allows achieving the best-balanced sensory characteristics. Gluten-free muffins have a pleasant brown colour of the crust, their crumb is quite soft, homogeneous, and porous, with a balanced taste and an aroma of cocoa combined with light coconut notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective (The present paper analyzed the effects of different planting densities and nitrogen application amounts on the yield，ap- pearance，quality and other economic characters of processed rice of Guiyu 8，in order to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific formula¬ tion of high yield，high efficiency and excellent cultivation techniques.【Method】 Four planting densities (2.4x105，2.7x105，3.0x105 and 3. 3 x 105clump/hm2，A1 - A4 treatments) and four nitrogen rates (120. 0，165.0，210.0 and 255.0 kg/hm2，B1 - B4 treatments) were designed，and field experiments were carried out with split plot design. Economical traits such as the yield of Guiyu 8 treated with dif¬ferent planting densities and different nitrogen application rates ， and the appearance and processing quality of rice were determined ， and the optimal planting density and nitrogen application amount of Guiyu 8 were screened.【Result】 Planting density had very significant effect on below). With the increase of planting density，there was no obvious change in the number of grains per ear，1000 grain weight and ear length of Guiyu 8，and the chalkiness and chalk¬iness rate increased gradually ， but there was no regular change in grain lengtli，grain wi(dth，lengtli wi(dth ratio and transparen¬cy. Witli the increase of nitrogen application，the highest seed¬ling number，1000 grain weight and yield increased first and then decreased，the number of effective panicles increased grad but tlie change rule of rice quality index was not obvious. The application of nitrogen fertilizer or the increase of planting density could significantly increase the yiel(J of rice, but when the fertilization was excessive or the density was high, the yiel(J decreased, and the grain length, length width ratio and transparency of rice quality index decreased. Both the planting density and the amount of nitrogen applied can affect the peak leaf area index. The peak leaf area index was closely related to yield. Being too high or too lowwould lead to a decline in yield. The results of interaction between planting density and nitrogen application showed that the yield of A3B2 was the highest,reaching 8. 33 x 103kg/hm2 ,followed by A3B3 intercropping! 8. 13 X 10* kg/hm2 ". However, the grain length, length-width ratio and transparency of A3B2 interaction were the lowest among all treatments,and the whole milled rice rate ranked the third,with poor comprehensive characters. Although the yield of A3 B3 was the second, the brown rice rate was the highest, the whole milled rice rate was the second, the grain width was the smallest,the length-width ratio was the highest,the transparency level was the highest,and the comprehensive characters were the best. 'Conclusion] Under the optimum planting density of 3.0 X 105 hole/hm2 !2 seedlings per hole) and nitrogen application rate of 210.0 kg hm2 (A3B3 combination) ,Guiyu 8 can obtain higher yiel(d of unhusked rice,ideal appearance and processing quality of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, brown rice has been promoted as a healthy food in rice-consuming Asia following the global trend of consuming a diet rich in whole grains. Building on recent scholarly works that examine the nexus between the global food system and dietary health, this paper uses brown rice as an empirical case to illustrate how the global food system interacts with the international nutrition community in different historical moments. I identified four moments from the 1870s to the present that characterize the disappearance of brown rice as the main staple and three major attempts aiming to bring back brown rice in the Philippines. I argue that the historical formation of the globalized, industrialized food system, as well as the associated countermovements, and the knowledge production and paradigm shift within the international nutrition community are the two main driving forces behind the transformation of the status of brown rice in the Philippines. Overall, the promotion of brown rice consumption in the Philippines is not merely the result of the current global trend but a confluence of the long-term interactions between agricultural development in the country, the issue of malnutrition, and the role of nutrition science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the optimum condition for inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus on brown rice using Tyvek® sachet containing Michelia alba essential oil (EO) by using response surface methodology. Brown rice (100 g, moisture content [MC] 14%, 16%, and 18%) was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and packed in a plastic bag (250 ml) containing M. alba oil (0-300 µl), then stored at 25°C and 40°C for 60 days. The effect of temperature (25°C and 40°C) and relative humidity (RH, 75% and 100%) on releasing of antifungal volatiles were investigated in the headspace using SPME-GC-MS. Results indicated that the addition of the sachet containing M. alba EO (300 µl) in brown rice (14% MC) and storage at 25°C was the optimal condition for inhibiting A. flavus on brown rice with the highest antifungal activity. Furthermore, linalool and caryophyllene were found to be increased with temperature and RH increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave puffing of prepacked preconditioned brown rice can provide a hygienic, fresh, and nutritious puffed rice as compared to conventional puffed rice. Pre-puffing conditioning (salt infusion) makes brown rice more hygroscopic; therefore, long storage of preconditioned brown rice reduces the puffing quality. This study was conducted to estimate the shelf life of prepacked conditioned brown rice in a wrapped paper envelope with low-density polythene for its microwave puffing. Preconditioning of brown rice was carried out at optimized conditions, i.e., parboiling pressure (303 kPa) and time (14 min), preconditioning temperature (76.7 °C), salt content (3.5% (w/w)), and pre-puffing moisture content (11.6 % (wb)). These packets were stored at 38±2 °C temperature and 90% relative humidity. Moisture sorption characteristics can be well described by Henderson's model. The shelf life of preconditioned brown rice was estimated 36 days by its puffing quality characteristic and found that moisture content of preconditioned brown rice reaches 15.27% (wb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology that can be applied to processing of wide range of food products. The aim of this paper was to assess the printability of brown rice and evaluate the effects of the three variables: nozzle size (0.84 mm, 1.20 mm, 1.56 mm), perimeters (3, 5, 7), and infill densities (15%, 45%, 75%) on the quality attributes of 3D printed samples. The dimensional properties, height and diameter, were used to evaluate the printing precision, and the texture properties were assessed as hardness and gumminess. Results indicated that the printed samples matched the designed one reasonably well with some deviations in dimension induced by the three variables. The nozzle size and perimeters both have effects on the dimensional properties of 3D printed samples, and the infill density has no effect on that. With the decrease of nozzle size from 1.56 to 0.84 mm, both height and diameter of printed samples are more closely to the designed ones, which means smaller size of nozzle has a good performance on the dimensional properties of 3D printed samples. The texture properties (hardness and gumminess) were strongly related to infill density, followed by perimeters and nozzle size, while the nozzle size was thought to not only change the void rate, but also change the number of layers deposited which indirectly affected the texture characteristics. Besides, the printing time can be reduced a lot due to the decrease of void rate, which suggests a good way to improve the efficiency of printing and reduce the hardness through creating internal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatiles of Brown rice plant hopper (BRPH) itself is an important evidence for BRPH electronic nose detection. However, during infestation, BRPH always sucks the juice from the rice stem, therefore, a study on the similarity between BRPH’s volatiles and undamaged rice stem volatiles might help determine whether the volatile contents of BRPH would be influenced by the sucking of the rice stem juice. If so, recognizing BRPH from rice stem should be a crucial step to reduce the misjudgment of BRPH occurrence prediction by using electronic nose, which has not been reported until now. This paper used an electronic nose (PEN3) sample of the volatile of U3IN (under the 3th-instar nymphs), O3IN (over the 3th-instar nymphs) and healthy rice stem. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Loading analysis (Loadings), principal component analysis (PCA), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and support vector machine (SVM) were used for data analysis. HCA, Loadings, and PCA results proved that certain similarities exist between volatiles of rice stem and BRPH, Loadings and PCA results also indicated the volatile similarity between O3IN and rice stem is stronger than the volatile similarity between U3IN and rice stem. To reduce the redundant information and improve computation efficiency, according to Loadings and PCA results, sensor R5 of electronic nose has been be removed, then, the fist four principle components has been kept as the feature values. KNN, PNN and SVM all can recognize rice stem, O3IN, and U3IN effectively, however, KNN and PNN are more fit to solve the problem of rice stem and BRHP recognition than SVM. This experiment results proved that certain similarities exist between volatiles of rice stem and BRPH, also figured out the feasible way to recognize rice stem and BRPH, which could provide a reference for further research of BRPH prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the possibility of utilizing brown rice for preparation of gluten-free pasta using twin screw extruder. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the effect of feed moisture (28-34%), barrel temperature (70-110C) and screw speed(120-220 rpm) on quality responses (degree of gelatinization, minimum cooking time, water absorption, volume expansion, and gruel solid loss) and regression analysis was carried out to fit mathematical models to the experimental data. The selected pasta samples were examined further for pasting properties, color, texture, in vitro starch, and protein digestibility. Higher feed moisture exhibited dominant effect on cooking quality of pasta. The degree of gelatinization showed a positive correlation with feed moisture and barrel temperature. Luminosity enhanced with increasing screw speed and feed moisture. Firmness of cooked pasta elevated with an increase in the barrel temperature. Extrusion cooking significantly increased in vitro protein and starch digestibility, however, higher feed moisture favored protein and starch digestibility. Practical Applications Pasta products are normally produced using cold extrusion process 40-50C temperature. Generally single screw extruder is used for pasta manufacture. In the present scenario of convenience and newer products, we explored the possibility of using brown rice along with twin screw extruder for preparation of gluten-free pasta. Effect of feed moisture, barrel temperature, and screw speed on the quality parameters of pasta were studied. Pasta produced at higher feed moisture and screw speed showed higher in vitro starch and protein digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds of brown rice exhibit many beneficial health effects, ranging from antioxidant to cytotoxic activities. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pretreatment can significantly enhance their extraction, through the induction of the electro-permeabilization of the cell membranes. This paper aims to demonstrate that PEF-assisted extraction of brown rice enables not only enhanced yields of antioxidant compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, polyphenols and phenolic acids, and of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but also increased cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Initially, the PEF-assisted extraction conditions have been defined by the assessment of the cell permeabilization index via impedance measurements and the DPPH antioxidant activity. Subsequently, the biological effects of PEF have been evaluated on the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties against human colon cancer cell line HT29. The results show that PEF-assisted extraction, enhancing the yield of bioactive compounds, with respect to untreated extracts, significantly promotes their antioxidant activity, which is correlated with an increased HT29 cells cytotoxicity. In addition, PEF extracts of brown rice substantially inhibit also gene expression and interleukin production in colon cancer cells, suggesting their exploitation as natural anti-inflammatory agents. The integration of PEF pretreatment in the solvent extraction process of bioactives from brown rice appears, therefore, as a promising practice to significantly enhance their biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certified reference materials (CRMs) for food analysis were developed in an inter-laboratory experiment for validation of measurement of radiocesium in foodstuffs. Since 2012, five series of CRMs were developed, including for brown rice grain, soybean powder, beef flake, shiitake mushroom powder and marine fish (meat and bone parts). This paper discusses the strategy of development, including choice of CRMs developed and the preparation and certification procedures applied for CRM development. In particular, some detailed data are presented for the most popular CRMs developed: brown rice grain, soybean powder and beef flake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to improve the antifungal activity of the volatile Litsea cubeba essential oil and its main components (citral and limonene) on brown rice snack bars by applying He–Ne laser treatment. Different volumes (50–200 μL) of L . cubeba , citral or limonene were absorbed into a filter paper and placed inside an oven (18 L). Ten brown rice snack bars (2 cm wide × 4 cm long × 0.5 cm deep) were put in an oven and heated at 180 ° C for 20 min. The shelf-life of the treated snack bars at 30 ° C was assessed and sensory testing was carried out to investigate their consumer acceptability. A count of total phenolic content (TPC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on the properties of essential oil, citral, and limonene before and after the laser treatment was studied for possible modes of action. It was found that the laser treatment improved the antifungal activity of the examined volatile L . cubeba and citral with Aspergillus flavus inhibition by 80% in comparison with those of the control not treated with the laser. L . cubeba vapor at 100 μL with the laser treatment was found to completely inhibit the growth of natural molds on the snack bars for at least 25 days; however, without essential oil vapor and laser treatment, naturally contaminating mold was observed in 3 days. Results from the sensory tests showed that the panelists were unable to detect flavor and aroma differences between essential oil treatment and the control. Laser treatment caused an increase in TPC of citral oil whereas the TPC in limonene showed a decrease after the laser treatment. These situations could result from the changing peak of the aliphatic hydrocarbons that was revealed by the FTIR spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a further study of Se-containing proteins (Se-Pro) derived from Se-enriched brown rice (Se-BR), this paper aimed to purify and identify Se-containing antioxidative peptides (Se-antioxi-Peps) from Se-Pro hydrolysates. The total Se content in Se-BR was 6.26 μg/g DW, and selenocystine, Se-methylselenocysteine, and selenomethionine were identified as the main organic Se species by high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Se-Pro was extracted and hydrolyzed by four types of proteases, and Alcalase was chosen as the optimum enzyme according to the degree of hydrolysis (DH). The hydrolysate with 17.08% DH possessing the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was separated into five fractions (F 1 to F 5 ). Fractions F 3 to F 5 , which had high antioxidative activities, were further separated. Sub-fractions F 3-3 , F 4-2 , and F 5-1 were chosen to evaluate antioxidative activities and analyze Se species. The Se-antioxi-Pep with the sequence SeMet-Pro-Ser was identified by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a rapid method using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for analyzing the antioxidant activity of brown rice as total phenol content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Brown rice (n=121) collected from five producing areas was analyzed for TPC and DPPH by reference methods. The NIR reflectance spectra were measured with compact powders of samples and no treatment was used. Full-spectrum partial least squares (FS-PLS) and interval PLS (iPLS) were used as the regression methods to relate the antioxidant activity values to the NIR data. The spectral range of 4800–5600 cm−1 plus 6000–6400 cm−1 has the best correlation with TPC, while the range of 4400–5200 cm−1 plus 6000–6400 cm−1 is the most suitable for predicting DPPH. With standard normal variate (SNV) transformation and the selected wavelength ranges, the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) is 0.062 mg GAE g−1 for TPC and 0.141 mg GAE g−1 for DPPH radical, respectively. The multiple correlation coefficients of predictions for TPC and DPPH are 0.962 and 0.974, respectively. The developed NIR method might have a potential application to quality control of brown rice in the domestic market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper was carried out in the Physics- Chemistry and Industrial Testing Trials Laboratory, which belongs to The Post-Harvest Technology Department in The Grain Research Institute from Havana, Cuba. The industrial yield and cooking quality were evaluated in ten red rice lines, and two witnesses: commercial types of white rice IACuba- 31 and Jucarito-104. Samples were obtained from yielding local studies in the Grains Territorial Research Station at Sur de Jíbaro, province of Sancti Spíritus. It was found that in the industrial quality of different types of red rice, compared to the brown rice, the percent of the whole and broken grains regarding the red ones, was very high, and to the commercial white ones: Oryza sativa L . The 50% of the already studied lines of red rice were showing a good cooking quality. A great part of them used to show crystalinity values over 80% and good uniformity in the grain outer fisic appearance. Best integral results were obtained on lines: 18, 26 and 28. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that brown rice generates lower glycemic responses than white rice, a trait that may be beneficial in the dietary management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The objective of this study was to investigate influence of rice digestion on the physical properties of the gastric digesta that may further impact intestinal absorption. A dynamic stomach model, human gastric simulator, was used to simulate the gastric digestion of white and brown rice. The pH, solids content, and rheological properties of the gastric digesta, as well as the size distribution of particles were studied. Static soaking was conducted to reveal the changes in moisture absorption and texture in rice kernels during simulated gastric digestion, as affected by shaking and the acid in gastric juice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to image the diffusion of gastric juice into the rice kernels. The results indicate that the bran layer on brown rice had a profound effect in digestion, as it inhibited the absorption of moisture and acid leading to decreased texture degradation, thus delaying the rice disintegration as well as dissolution and slowing emptying of solids. MRI is effective in exhibiting the diffusion of gastric juice as affected by gastric acid and the influence of bran. This study provided quantitative evidence regarding the manner in which structural differences between white and brown rice affect their gastric digestion. Practical Application: The study presented in this paper focuses on how the structural differences in white and brown rice affect their gastric digestion. This information may help consumers to better understand the health benefits associated with eating brown rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Data quality is one of the major concerns in development of food composition database and to editors of many peer-reviewed journals in accepting a scientific paper for publication. Regular use of a reference material and participation in a proficiency testing programme could improve the reliability of the analytical data. The objectives of this project were to prepare rice test material with assigned values and to use it to assess the analytical performance of laboratories which are involved in research and analysis of rice. The international guidelines, ISO Guide 35, ISO 13528 and ISO Guide 43, were followed as much as possible throughout the preparation of the reference material and the laboratory performance study. Brown rice (Jasmine variety) was ground to particle size which passed completely through a sieve with pore size 250μm and packed in laminated aluminum foil bags under vacuum. Based on the analyses of representative nutrients – moisture, protein, iron, zinc and vitamin B1 – the samples were demonstrated homogeneous. Ten expert laboratories from various countries, 36 laboratories from Thailand, and 16 laboratories from ASEAN and Asia registered for the laboratory performance study. The samples were sent for analysis of selected proximate composition (moisture, protein, dietary fibre and ash), two minerals (iron, zinc), and one labile nutrient (vitamin B1) using routine analytical methods. The assigned values of the nutrients in the test materials, as robust mean±robust SD or predicted SD, were established with their uncertainties. For proximate composition, 67–87% of participating laboratories showed good analytical performance. However, many of them showed questionable and unsatisfactory performance on the analyses of dietary fibre (55%) and vitamin B1 (47%). The evaluation of the results of moisture, protein and iron with their uncertainties against the assigned values of the test material using En score was also demonstrated. Finally, the consensus values of nutrients in the rice sample as mean±SD were developed from the analytical results of laboratories with good performance for both within- and between-laboratories. This test material can be used as a reference material for internal and external quality control systems to improve the quality of the analytical data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, a growth-promoting culture solution was developed to enhance the accumulation of peptides during brown rice germination. Among 11 variables investigated with Plackett–Burman design, gibberellic acid, NaCl, CuSO4 and MnSO4 were selected based on their statistically significant ( P < 0.05) and positive effects on peptides content in germinated brown rice. Subsequently, uniform design was used for further optimization of these selected variables to improve the peptides content. By backward regression analysis, a second-order polynomial model was established to identify the relationship between those selected components in culture solution and peptides content, as well as protease activity. The three most effective components are GA3, NaCl and MnSO4 and the optimum concentrations were obtained as follows: 55 μmol/L, 6.0 mmol/L and 1.8 mmol/L respectively. An overall 1.90-fold increase in peptides accumulation was achieved in the optimized culture solution (10.53 mg/g) as compared with control (5.53 mg/g), and 2.52-fold increase as compared with ungerminated brown rice (4.18 mg/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the selenium (Se) accumulation of different genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa Japonica) seedlings at early growth stage and its correlation with the Se content in grains in 151 rice varieties. A field trial showed the Se content in brown rice to range from 29 µg/kg to 103 µg/kg. The results from hydroponic culture with representative varieties of high-, moderate- and low-Se content showed that total Se values for the high-Se genotypes were markedly higher than those of the low-Se varieties. This was true of Se content of the whole plant, Se content of shoots, biomass of shoots, and rate of Se accumulation in shoots. There were, however, no significant differences in values for total Se in roots, rate of accumulation in roots, and biomass of roots between high- and low-Se groups. Selenium content in brown rice was positively correlated with the total Se of the whole plant, shoot, and biomass of shoots. We concluded that the total Se transported from roots to shoots was more important than other factors in Se accumulation and content in brown rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a new and simple method to collect sections of a whole brown rice kernel for investigation of histological properties. A single kernel of rice was dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, transferred to xylene, and embedded in paraffin. During sectioning of the blocks using a rotary microtome, we used a special adhesive tape to collect and place the sections on slides so they remained flat. The use of the adhesive tape technique combined with autofluorescence characteristics allowed us to visualize cell walls throughout an entire longitudinal or transverse section of a whole rice kernel. We obtained scanning electron microscopy images of the sections to determine section quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BSTRACT: Lipid distribution was successfully observed in a brown rice kernel ( Oryza sativa L.) 3-dimension-ally (3D) by means of a virtual 3D visualizing model. Sections of an untreated rice kernel were collected on an adhesive tape with preservation of its shape. The actual distribution of lipid was visualized by staining. A virtual 3D visualizing model of the lipid distribution was produced from the stained sequential sections of the rice kernel. Lipid is not only located at the outer layer of the rice kernel but also in lower tissues beneath the seed coat and around the embryo. Lipid distribution at dorsal and ventral sides could also be visualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single kernel near-infrared spectroscopy (SKNIRS) could aid in the quality screening of early-generation seeds, to improve the efficiency of seed breeding. However, the application of SKNIRS is limited due to the irregular physical characteristics, the heterogeneous constituent distributions of individual seeds, and the insufficient detection accuracy of the reference method. The reported near-infrared detection results of single seeds are often less accurate than those of dehusked seeds and seed flour. In this paper, a calibration transfer-optimized single kernel near-infrared spectroscopic method is proposed. This method aims to accurately detect the chemical composition of single seeds by using the calibration model of the corresponding dehusked seeds or seed flour. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of the protein content of a single rice kernel. The near-infrared transmission spectra of three forms of rice (single rice kernel (SRK), single brown rice kernel (SBK) and rice flour (RF)) of 201 individual rice seeds and the corresponding protein content values were obtained. By comparing different pretreatment methods and spectral ranges, the spectral range 950–1250 nm, the standard normal variate transformation (SNV) pretreatment, and 9 PLS factors were selected to construct the optimal partial least squares (PLS) regression models. Then, the protein content of single rice kernels were determined through two different methods: (i) the direct method, in which single rice kernels were analyzed using the single rice kernel model directly; and (ii) the proposed method, in which the spectra of single rice kernels were transferred into the spectra of single brown rice kernels and rice flours with a calibration transfer algorithm, spectral space transformation (SST), and were analyzed by the respective calibration models. The external validation coefficient correlation (R) value of the direct method was 0.971, and the R values of the proposed method were 0.962 (SBK) and 0.975 (RF). The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) value of the direct method was 0.423, and the RMSEP of the proposed method were 0.480 (SBK) and 0.401 (RF). In addition, the transfer results among the spectra of three forms of rice were compared. By comparison, the results of the proposed method are fairly close to the results of the direct method. The results indicate that the spectra generated from one individual rice seed can be transferred freely among the three forms by means of calibration transfer. The proposed method is a promising way to overcome the challenges associated with analyzing individual seeds and to improve SKNIRS. Unlabelled Image • A calibration transfer optimized NIR method was used to analyze individual seeds. • The protein contents of single rice kernels were evaluated via two NIR methods. • Spectra of individual seeds in different forms can be transferred among each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of brown rice is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, which might be attributed to the presence of unique phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate phytochemicals profile, cellular antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities in glutinous and non-glutinous brown rice varieties of indica and japonica subspecies. In general, bound fractions of brown rice depicted significant variation levels of phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. Anti-proliferative activity of bound fraction, total antioxidant capacity and cellular antioxidant activity of non-glutinous type were significantly higher than glutinous type ( p  < 0.05). Present investigation could be significant to introduce brown rice as functional foods and to increase awareness about health benefits of whole grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]