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Highlights: [•] AuNPs on paper were functionalized to develop SERS biodiagnostic platform. [•] Reproducible SERS spectra of antibody–antigen were achieved. [•] Modification of antibody structure upon antigen binding resulted in Raman shifts. [•] SERS intensity increased as a function of antigen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the synthesis of an aminopropyl glycoside of hexasaccharide structurally related to the branched fragment of Candida utilis glucomannan, consisting of tetra-α-(1→2)-d-mannoside, the non-reducing end of which is glycosylated with α-glucopyranose and α-mannopyranose residues attached through the (1→2) and (1→3) linkages, respectively. The target structure was assembled by block synthesis with controlled α-stereoselectivity of formation of each glycosidic bond. The resulting hexasaccharide was further converted to a biotinylated conjugate, which, together with previously synthesized similar oligosaccharides, will be used to study the antigenic properties of mannans of Candida fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection and imaging of viruses in a complex solution is particularly significant for virology and requires a comprehensive understanding of biosensors. While lab-on-a-chip systems are used in virus detection as biosensors, analysis and optimization of these systems are especially challenging due to the size of the system to be used in the certain application. The system of interest for virus detection is required to be cost efficient and is also needed to be able to easily operable with a simple setup. Moreover, the detailed analysis of these microfluidic systems should be made with precision in order to predict the capabilities and the efficiency of the system accurately. This paper reports on the use of a common commercial computational fluid dynamics (cfd) software for the analysis of a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip virus detection cartridge. This study evaluates the problems commonly encountered during microfluidic applications of cfd softwares particularly in the area of reaction modeling of the antigen-antibody interaction. cfd analysis is later validated and combined with experiments to optimize the amount of dilute solution used in the tests. Thereafter, the geometry of the microchannel is also optimized and optimal test conditions are set for a cost efficient and effective virus detection kit using light microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The detection of animal viruses remains a formidable scientific challenge, while concurrently presenting a profoundly consequential practical concern of considerable magnitude, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, specific, on-site, cost-effective, and user-friendly diagnostic assays. In response to this demand, electrochemical biosensors have garnered significant attention from researchers. In our review, we comprehensively assess the recent research progress pertaining to electrochemical biosensors for animal viral detection, with a particular focus on the application of screen-printed electrodes. Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis of animal virus infections is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases and reduce economic losses. To address the need for rapid diagnosis, electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising tools. Electrochemical methods present numerous benefits, including heightened sensitivity and selectivity, affordability, ease of use, portability, and rapid analysis, making them suitable for real-time virus detection. This paper focuses on the construction of electrochemical biosensors, as well as promising biosensor models, and expounds its advantages in virus detection, which is a promising research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of COVID-19 is considered a significant step in the management of the disease that is causing a major worldwide public health challenge from the time of its emergence in December 2019. Since it has been established that SARS-CoV-2 spreads rapidly, timely detection of the positive cases and isolation of such individuals and their contacts helps in containing viral transmission. In this paper, we review the in vitro technology platforms for testing and diagnosing COVID-19 patients: molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serology tests. As part of our review of each category of tests, we discuss the commercialized testing platforms, their analyzing systems, specimen collection protocols, and testing methodologies. Moreover, the efficacy and limitations of each technique are also discussed. The key structural components of the virus are presented to provide an understanding of the scientific principles behind the testing tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the assessment of the role of surface antigens in Yersinia pestis adhesion to murine macrophages J774. The ability of Ail and Psa antigens to adhere to eukaryotic cells has been confirmed using optical trapping and/or passive adhesion methods. The YapF autotransporter was shown for the first time to be an adhesin of Y. pestis. It has been suggested that these antigens do not have complementary receptors on the macrophage surface and their adhesive properties are nonspecific. The results of studying passive adhesion of polystyrene microspheres sensitized with the F1 capsular antigen to J774 macrophages suggest that its inhibiting effect on the adhesion to macrophages is determined not only by spatial shielding of underlying adhesins by the capsule but also by physical and chemical properties of the antigen itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are capable of infecting a considerable proportion of the world's population each year, leading to severe epidemics with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The methods now used to diagnose influenza virus A include the Western blot test (WB), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). But because of their labor-intensiveness, lengthy procedures, need for costly equipment, and inexperienced staff, these approaches are considered inappropriate. The present review elucidates the recent advancements in the field of avian influenza detection through the utilization of nanomaterials-based immunosensors between 2014 and 2024. The classification of detection techniques has been taken into account to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature. The review encompasses a detailed illustration of the commonly employed detection mechanisms in immunosensors, namely, colorimetry, fluorescence assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical detection, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) piezoelectric, and field-effect transistor (FET). Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects for the immunosensors have been deliberated upon. The present review aims to enhance the understanding of immunosensors-based sensing platforms for virus detection and to stimulate the development of novel immunosensors by providing novel ideas and inspirations. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an updated information about biosensors, as a recent detection technique of influenza with its details regarding the various types of biosensors, which can be used for this review. [Display omitted] • Simultaneous and early detection of AIV crucial for disease management. • AIV immunosensors have high selectivity, sensitivity, speed, and cheap point-of-care. • Recent advances in optical and electrochemical immunosensor design for AIV detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clenbuterol is a β-adrenergic receptor agonist that can be used as a bronchodilator for the treatment of respiratory diseases or as an additive feed in livestock to improve conversion rate of lean meat. However, the residue of clenbuterol in food can be a threat to human health. Therefore, it is important to monitor clenbuterol in foods. In this paper, a fluorescence inner filtration immunoassay (FIFI) method for the detection of clenbuterol was developed based on the principle of immunoreactive competitive method and the theory of fluorescence quenching, which was constructed from a fluorescence-quenching detection system and a separation system of magnetic immunization. In the magnetic immunization separation system, the detection antigen competes with the biotin-labeled antigen for binding to colloidal gold-labeled clenbuterol antibody and the immunocomplex is enriched by streptavidin- and biotin-specific reactions on the surface of magnetic beads. The remaining complex as a fluorescence quencher in the detection system after centrifugation, and rhodamine 6G acts as a fluorescence agent. The quantitative detection of clenbuterol was accomplished by achieving fluorescence quenching under excitation light irradiation. The standard solutions of clenbuterol in the range of 0.03–5.0 ng/mL exhibited good correlation (r = 0.9996) with the fluorescence intensity, with limit of detection 0.01 ng/mL and recoveries ranging from 98.1 to 101.2%. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the results obtained after testing valid samples by FIFI and ELISA. Therefore, our developed method is sensitive and efficient, simple to operate, and has great potential for on-site detection of clenbuterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polysaccharide mannan is the main surface antigen of the cell wall of Candida fungi, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by these mycopathogens. Mannan has a complex, comb-like structure and includes a variety of structural units, with their combination varying depending on the Candida species and strain. Glucomannan, a polysaccharide from Candida utilis, contains terminal α-d-glucose residues attached to oligomannoside side chains. This paper describes the first synthesis of a pentasaccharide structurally related to C. utilis glucomannan fragment, which is an α-(1→2)-linked tetramannoside terminated at the non-reducing end by an α-d-glucopyranosyl residue. The pentasaccharide was obtained as a 3-aminopropyl glycoside, which made it possible to synthesize also its biotinylated derivative, suitable for various glycobiological studies. The most complicated step in the pentasaccharide synthesis was stereoselective 1,2-cis-glycosylation to attach the α-d-glucopyranosyl residue. This was accomplished using a glucosyl donor specially developed in our laboratory, the protecting groups of which provide the necessary α-stereoselectivity. The target biotinylated pentasaccharide thus obtained will be used in the future as a model antigen for the detection of immunodeterminant epitopes of Candida mannans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histoplasmosis is an important cause of mortality in people with advanced HIV, especially in countries with limited access to diagnostic assays. Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed using culture, histopathology, and antibody, antigen, and molecular assays. Several factors may affect the analytical performance of these laboratory assays, including sample type, clinical stage of the disease, and previous use of antifungal treatment, among others. Here we describe the results of a systematic literature review, followed by ameta-analysis of the analytical performances of the diagnostic laboratory assays employed. Our initial search identified 1631 references, of which 1559 references were excluded after title and abstract screening, leaving 72 references identified as studies relevant to the validation of histoplasmosis diagnostic assays. After evaluating the full text, 30 studies were selected for final review, including one paper not identified in the initial search. The meta-analysis for assay analytical performance shows the following results for the overall sensitivity (Sen) and specificity (Spe) of the various methods evaluated: Culture, Sen 77%(no data for specificity calculation); antibody detection assays, Sen 58%/Spe 100%; antigen detection assays, Sen 95%/Spe 97%; and DNA detection assays (molecular), Sen 95%/Spe 99%. Of the 30 studies reviewed, nearly half (n = 13) evaluated Histoplasma antigen assays, which were determined to be the most accurate methodology for diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in advanced HIV (inverse of the negative likelihood ratio was 13.2). Molecular assays appear promising for accurate diagnosis of histoplasmosis, but consensus on exact techniques is needed. Cultures showed variable sensitivity related to sample type and laboratory handling. Finally, antibody assays presented high specificity but low sensitivity. This poor sensitivity is most likely due the highly immunosuppressed state of this patient population. Diagnostic assays are crucial for accurate diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) with advanced HIV disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria are a type of bloom-forming phytoplankton that cause environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB) often produce cyanotoxins that affect public health by contaminating surface waters and drinking water reservoirs. Conventional drinking water treatment plants are ineffective in treating cyanotoxins, even though some treatment methods are available. Therefore, innovative and advanced treatment methods are required to control cyanoHABs and their cyanotoxins. The goal of this review paper is to provide insight into the use of cyanophages as an effective form of biological control method for the removal of cyanoHABs in aquatic systems. Moreover, the review contains information on cyanobacterial blooms, cyanophage-cyanobacteria interactions, including infection mechanisms, as well as examples of different types of cyanobacteria and cyanophages. Moreover, the real-life application of cyanophages in marine and freshwater environments and the mode of action of cyanophages were compiled. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. Recommended measures to prevent transmission of the FMD from endemic areas is a vaccination of livestock in endangered territories and creation of a buffer zone in which susceptible animals are vaccinated. Because FMD vaccines do not provide long protective immunity control for possible infection in vaccinated animals is important in areas with vaccination. It is possible by using DIVA (Discrimination of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) assays which detect antibodies to non-structural proteins (NSPs) of the FMD virus. The paper describes development of an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) which uses recombinantly expressed NSPs 2C, 3A, 3B and 3D as antigens to capture specific antibodies. The recombinant FMD antigens were produced using expression in E. coli and purified by metal affinity column chromatography. Sensitivity and specificity of the ICA were found to be 92-97% and 91-96%, respectively in samples of sera from animals with varying risk of the FMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious plant diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasma and nematodes. Worldwide, plant pathogen infections are among main factors limiting crop productivity and increasing economic losses. Plant pathogen detection is important as first step to manage a plant disease in greenhouses, field conditions and at the country boarders. Current immunological techniques used to detect pathogens in plant include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and direct tissue blot immunoassays (DTBIA). DNA-based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real time PCR (RT-PCR) and dot blot hybridization have also been proposed for pathogen identification and detection. However these methodologies are time-consuming and require complex instruments, being not suitable for in-situ analysis. Consequently, there is strong interest for developing new biosensing systems for early detection of plant diseases with high sensitivity and specificity at the point-of-care. In this context, we revise here the recent advancement in the development of advantageous biosensing systems for plant pathogen detection based on both antibody and DNA receptors. The use of different nanomaterials such as nanochannels and metallic nanoparticles for the development of innovative and sensitive biosensing systems for the detection of pathogens (i.e. bacteria and viruses) at the point-of-care is also shown. Plastic and paper-based platforms have been used for this purpose, offering cheap and easy-to-use really integrated sensing systems for rapid on-site detection. Beside devices developed at research and development level a brief revision of commercially available kits is also included in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper was to analyze the age structure of patients in whom early diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma was performed. Diagnostic values of total PSA and agespecific PSA were compared. One hundred patients (mean age 67 years) with the negative digital rectal examination and serum PSA levels 4 ng/ml-10 ng/ml were analyzed. In all patients transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy (12 biopsy cores) was performed. Serum PSA was measured in the control group as well. Control group consisted of 100 age-matched males (mean age 66), with the good overall health state-human blood donors, with the negative digital rectal examination and PSA levels below 4 ng/ml. Age-specific PSA was analyzed in both groups. PSA was significantly different in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to the patients with prostatic carcinoma. There was no difference between the PSA and age-specific PSA. Sensitivity and specifity of the age-specific PSA referral range was 92.3% and 16.4%, respectively. Principles of early detection of the prostatic carcinoma were not necessary in 38% of patients. They were not the target population for the early diagnosis of the prostatic carcinoma. Unnecessary prostate biopsies could be reduced up to 16%, using the agespecific PSA. Prostatic carcinoma would be missed in 7.6% of patients. False positive biopsy rate in patients within the referral range of the age specific PSA was 83.8%, so the question remains how the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies could be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The dominant feature in neurodegenerative diseases is protein aggregations that lead to neuronal loss. Immunotherapies using antibodies or antibody fragments to target the aggregations are a highly perused approach. The molecular mechanisms underlying the amyloid-based immunotherapy are complex. Deciphering the properties of amyloidogenic proteins responsible for these diseases is essential to obtain insights into antibody recognition of the amyloid antigens. Scope of review We systematically explore all available crystal structures of antibody-amyloid complexes related to neurodegenerative diseases, including antibodies that recognize the Aβ peptide, tau protein, prion protein, alpha-synuclein, huntingtin protein (mHTT), and polyglutamine. Major conclusions We found that antibodies mostly use the conformational selection mechanism to recognize the highly flexible amyloid antigens. In particular, solanezumab bound to Aβ12–28 tripeptide motif conformation (F19F20A21), which is shared with the Aβ42 fibril. This motif, which is trapped by the antibody, may provide the missing link in amyloid formation. Water molecules often bridge between the antibody and amyloid, contributing to the recognition. General significance This paper provides the structural basis for antibody recognition of amyloidogenic proteins. The analysis and discussion of known structures are expected to help in the design and optimization of antibodies in neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “System Genetics” Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of kernel-based machine algorithms have recently been used to study protein-protein interaction in the field of bioinformatics. In this paper we develop a kernel-based machine algorithm called multiple criteria quadratic programming (MCQP) to predict the distance range between antibody interface residues and the antigen surface in antigen-antibody complex. Antibodies bind their antigen using residues, which are part of the hypervariable loops. In this paper we explore the interaction between antibody interface residues and antigen in the study of antibody functions. The distance between the antibody's interface residue and the antigen surface is one of the antigen-antibody binding characteristics used to observe the details of the antibody-antigen interaction surface. The results predicted by MCQP are compared with those predicted by the support vector machine (SVM). The MCQP algorithm classifies observations into distinct groups based on a number of criteria via a hyperplane. MCQP shows strong advantages for distances of 8 Å and 10 Å. However, SVM gives better results for a distance of 12 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Type VIII collagen is involved in angiogenesis and remodeling of arteries. We hypothesized that type VIII collagen was upregulated in diseases associated with vascular remodeling, e.g. pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. In this paper we present the development and validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting type VIII collagen in serum and plasma. Design and methods A monoclonal antibody was raised against the C-terminal of type VIII collagen (C8-C) and a competitive ELISA was developed. The assay was evaluated in relation to epitope specificity, technical performance, and in relevant disease cohorts. The developed ELISA was applied for the assessment of type VIII collagen in serum from patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and various cancers. Results The C8-C ELISA was technically stable and applicable for measurements in serum and plasma samples. Concentrations of C8-C was increased in serum from patients diagnosed with COPD (n = 68) ( p < 0.0001), SCC lung- (n = 10) ( p < 0.0001), breast- (n = 13) ( p < 0.0001), colon- (n = 7) ( p = 0.002), melanoma- (n = 7) ( p = 0.001), non-small cell lung- (n = 12) ( p < 0.0001), ovary- (n = 10) ( p = 0.0001), pancreas- (n = 5) ( p = 0.017), prostate- (n = 14) ( p = 0.001) and small cell lung cancer (n = 8) ( p = 0.0002) when compared to controls (n = 43). Concentrations of C8-C were not significantly increased in serum from patients diagnosed with IPF. Conclusions The C8-C assay was technically robust and specific for type VIII collagen. Concentrations of C8-C were significantly elevated in serum from patients diagnosed with COPD and within 9 different cancer types, but not IPF. Further research is required to test C8-C as an efficacy marker for angiostatic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed a label-free immunosensor based on cerium oxide nanowire for Vibrio cholerae O1 detection application. The CeO 2 nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. The immobilization of Anti- V . cholerae O1 onto CeO 2 nanowire-deposited sensor was performed via an amino ester, which was created by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, and sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide. The electrochemical responses of the immunosensor were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with [Fe (CN) 6 ] 3 −/4 − as redox probe. A linear response in electron transfer resistance for cell of V . cholerae O1 concentration was found in the range of 1.0 × 10 2 CFU/mL to 1.0 × 10 4 CFU/mL. The detection limit of the immunosensor was 1.0 × 10 2 CFU/mL. The immunosensor sensitivity was 56.82 Ω/CFU·mL − 1 . Furthermore, the parameters affecting immunosensor response were also investigated, as follows: pH value, immunoreaction time, incubation temperature, and anti- V . cholerae O1 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries remains a public health problem worldwide despite measures such as water fluoridation, and increased prevention plans. Since the 60's when the paper of microbial pathophysiology was consolidated, studies began to develop a vaccine for prevention purposes. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), the main microorganism associated to dental decay have three relevant antigens in biofilm formation that are glucosyltransferases (GTFs), cell adhesion protein (PAc), and glucan binding proteins (GBP). These protein antigens involved in colonization of the microorganism to the surface of the tooth in different ways: PAc is responsible for the initial adhesion, irreversible binding GTF and GBP binding to other bacteria or coaggregation. Each of these proteins has been studied in their conformation and their mechanism of action aiming to induce optimal protein, as a vaccine, a protective immune response against caries. The aim of this review is to provide an account of the most relevant aspects of these antigens and the current status of the process of developing a vaccine to each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Understanding the influences of particle properties of antigen–adjuvant complexes on immunity is crucial in designing highly active adjuvants for new-generation of vaccines. This paper briefly revisits the current opinions on the size-dependent immunity of various adjuvant particles and then comprehensively discusses a few immunity-determining processes that are affected by the antigen–adjuvant particle properties. These include particle size, surface charge, surface hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, and antigen–adjuvant binding strength. Based on current understandings, we hypothesize that a maximum immune response occurs at a certain antigen–adjuvant particle size. This hypothesis clearly explains the paradoxical opinions on the size-dependent immunity and has also been supported by the data reported by several research groups. Finally, we further hypothesize that there is a similar relationship between any immune response and any measureable antigen–adjuvant particle property, and that there is a maximum immune response when all measureable antigen–adjuvant particle properties are optimized. We believe more attention should be paid to this issue when designing and developing effective adjuvants in future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the western world. The mechanism the mechanism of the disease development still remains unrevealed. In recent years new unique molecular and clinical features of CLL have emerged leading to a unified hypothesis of CLL origin. Major progress in understanding CLL biology was made after identification of mutational status of immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) genes, which also improved prediction of patients’ clinical outcome. Preferential usage of IGHV genes has led to recognition of CLL-specific B cell receptors (BCRs), called stereotyped BCRs. Taken together, these data point to antigen stimulation of CLL progenitor cells. Studies on CLL antibody reactivity have shown affinity to molecular motifs on apoptotic cells and bacterial cell structures, supporting the current hypothesis of the CLL pathomechanism. In this paper we have summarized information available to date regarding current theory of cellular origin and pathology of CLL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a worldwide spread virus that most commonly infects cattle and can cause considerable economic losses. To determine the prevalence of BVDV in Belgium, a cross-sectional study was performed between November 2009 and March 2010. Young stock aged between 6 and 12months from 773 randomly selected Belgian cattle herds were tested for BVDV-specific antibodies and antigen. With a target and maximum of 10 animals per sampled herd, a total of 5246 animals were selected. Additionally a questionnaire including different herd management topics and questions about participation in animal health programmes, including BVDV, was sent to 1100 Belgian cattle herds, including the 773 herds for BVDV testing. This paper focuses on results regarding these 773 herds. The true prevalence of BVDV-specific antibodies and antigen at herd level was respectively 47.4% and 4.4%, while at animal level this was respectively 32.9% and 0.3%. In 44.4% of the herds where BVDV-specific antibodies were detected at least 60% of the sampled young stock was BVDV seropositive. Interestingly, 83.4% of these farmers stated not to have suffered from problems related to BVDV. Moreover, only 8.4% of all farmers who completed the questionnaire (n =895) reported problems possibly related to BVDV the past 3years. This demonstrates that farmers are often unaware of the presence of BVDV in their herd. Risk factors for a herd to be BVDV seropositive were identified by means of a multivariable logistic regression model. Large herds were significantly more likely to be BVDV seropositive (OR=1.004, p <0.01). The interaction between “Antigen positive animal detected in this study” and “BVDV vaccination in 2009” was significant (p <0.01). In non-vaccinating herds, the detection of antigen positive animals was significantly associated with BVDV seropositive herds (OR=13.8, p <0.01). In herds with no antigen positive animals detected, vaccination resulted in a significant risk factor to be BVDV seropositive compared to non-vaccinating herds (OR=3.4, p <0.01). Herds reporting BVDV-related problems the past 3years were more likely to be BVDV seropositive (OR=1.9, p <0.05). This relation became non-significant (OR=1.8, p =0.08) when only a subset of herds with no vaccination of animals <12months was taken into account. The results of the current study suggest an active circulation of BVDV in a considerable number of Belgian cattle herds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although it is widely acknowledged that most B-cell epitopes are discontinuous, the degree of discontinuity is poorly understood. For example, given that an antigen having a single epitope that has been chopped into peptides of a specific length, what is the likelihood that one of the peptides will span all the residues belonging to that epitope? Or, alternatively, what is the largest proportion of the epitope''s residues that any peptide is likely to contain? These and similar questions are of direct relevance both to computational methods that aim to predict the location of epitopes from sequence (linear B-cell epitope prediction methods) and window-based experimental methods that aim to locate epitopes by assessing the strength of antibody binding to synthetic peptides on a chip. In this paper we present an analysis of the degree of B-cell epitope discontinuity, both in terms of the structural epitopes defined by a set of antigen–antibody complexes in the Protein Data Bank, and with respect to the distribution of key residues that form functional epitopes. We show that, taking a strict definition of discontinuity, all the epitopes in our data set are discontinuous. More significantly, we provide explicit guidance about the choice of peptide length when using window-based B-cell epitope prediction and mapping techniques based on a detailed analysis of the likely effectiveness of different lengths. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Context: The clinical management of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains difficult, and the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools is still required. Objective: To review the current knowledge on the RCC-associated antigen carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and provide evidence for how this antigen may aid in the clinical management of RCC. Evidence acquisition: Clinical papers describing diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic applications of CAIX in RCC were selected from the Pubmed database. The search was manually augmented by reviewing the reference lists of articles. Evidence synthesis: Expression of CAIX is regulated by the Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein (pVHL). Because of the invariable VHL mutational loss in clear-cell RCC (ccRCC) patients, CAIX expression is ubiquitous in ccRCC. Determination of CAIX expression in nephrectomy specimens of RCC patients improves prognostic accuracy; high CAIX expression appears to correlate with a favourable prognosis and a greater likelihood of response to systemic treatment for metastatic disease. Therefore, CAIX expression might be used to stratify metastatic ccRCC (mRCC) patients for systemic treatment. When incorporated into the RCC nomogram, CAIX expression seems to improve diagnostic accuracy for primary RCC as well as mRCC patients, but further evidence is required. Clinical studies with the CAIX-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) cG250 have provided unequivocal evidence that ccRCC lesions can be imaged with radiolabeled cG250. Results are awaited of a large, randomised trial that aims to establish the value of cG250 imaging for primary RCC. The outcome of another large, placebo-controlled study is awaited to establish the usefulness of CAIX-targeted therapy in the adjuvant setting. Therapeutic trials with high-dose radiolabeled cG250 and CAIX-loaded dendritic cells in mRCC patients are still in phase 1 or 2. Conclusions: CAIX improves diagnostic accuracy and is an attractive target for imaging of and therapy for ccRCC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have previously shown that long-term infection of BALB/c mice with gastric Helicobacter species results in the development of histopathological lesions that resemble those seen in patients diagnosed with gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. This paper describes analysis of this disease at the molecular level through the use of microarray technology and immunohistochemical staining. We were able to monitor the genetic changes in the gastric mucosa characterized by distinct transcriptional signatures and correlate these with histological changes as the infection progressed from a chronic inflammatory infiltrate through to MALT lymphoma. This model system also enabled us to further dissect the role of antigen presentation and prophylactic immunization in the disease process. Antimicrobial therapy to eradicate the antigen correlated with significant reduction in pathology and major changes in the gene expression profile. Subsequent reintroduction of the antigen resulted in rapid tumor development which correlated with an increase in aggressively proliferating cells and changes in the cellular composition of the tumor. The response in vaccinated animals showed that the protected animals exhibited a strikingly different transcriptional profile compared to those of non-protected or control mice, indicating that the vaccination targeted the appropriate site leaving a long-lasting signature. The genes which were most significantly up-regulated included a number of adipocyte-specific factors, such as fat-cell specific cytokines and adipocyte surface markers. This study allowed for us to highlight the significance of antigen presentation in this disease and to hypothesis mechanisms associated with protective immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we describe the development of a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave immunosensor for medical diagnostics. There exists a strong interest in the rapid detection of antigen–antibody reactions at small concentrations in the g/ml region in plasma, serum, or whole blood. Sensors whose operating principle is based on shear horizontal acoustic surface waves are well suited for this. We have used a spin-on glass film for the guidance of the surface wave as well as for the protection of the aluminum structures of the surface wave transducers from aggressive analyte liquids. This film has proven to considerably enhance the sensitivity of the device, and to simultaneously provide a durable protection of the transducers. Furthermore, polymers based on polyvinylamines have been used for the first time for immobilization of the capture protein. This technique effectively prevents the undesired binding of foreign substances like cells, non-specific antibodies, or other proteins at the sensor surface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to detect HAV antigen in raw cow’s milk supplied in Mashhad, Iran using ELISA technique. To ascertain the best recovery method for detecting HAV antigen in raw milk, different dilutions of HAV antigen (0.00, 1.0, 10−3, 10−6 and 10−9 ml/l) were added to UHT milk. Results obtained from the recovery of HAV antigen from treated milk showed that milk with acidic coagulation followed by filtration with paper filters and membrane filters, had the most optical density and considered to be the best recovery method. Then, the detection of HAV in raw milk in two seasons spring and summer was investigated. HAV antigen was detected in 13.3% and 34.48% of milk samples of spring and summer, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cattle tick control remains a serious problem in cattle farms worldwide, due to the limited success achieved with chemicals. Although the use of vaccines for tick control may open possibilities for an integrated approach, the search for other protective antigens is still necessary to improve control. Boophilus microplus is a rich source of BmTIs, serine proteinase inhibitors that are present throughout the tick’s lifecycle. The present paper reports a pen trial conducted to evaluate the performance of a synthetic BmTI N-terminal fragment as antigen against the tick in bovines. The trial was conducted with two groups of eight crossbred cattle under controlled infestation: one group was vaccinated with BmTI peptide using saponin as adjuvant and the other was kept as control. Challenge was performed with 15,000 larvae. The specific IgG response was measured by ELISA, with successful outcomes for vaccinated animals. Vaccination resulted in an 18.4% level of efficacy when compared with the control group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes a novel membrane chromatographic immunoassay technique suitable for rapid screening of antibodies in serum samples. This technique could potentially be utilized for antibody screening in situations where screening for exposure to one of several possible antigens is required. A synthetic microporous membrane is first selectively loaded with antibodies from the test serum sample by hydrophobic interaction. The in situ affinity membrane thus formed is sequentially pulsed with the antigens corresponding to the antibodies being screened. From the antigen chromatogram peak profile thus obtained, inferences about the antibodies present in the serum sample can then easily be made. This technique in addition to being rapid and direct is conceptually simple, and does not use any expensive media or reagents. It would potentially be useful for rapid diagnosis of infections as well as for rapid assessment of conditions such as envenomation or exposure to toxic substances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Human blood samples collected from local malaria clinics, hospitals, and by cross‐sectional surveys in malaria endemic areas were tested by enzyme immunoassay for circulating malarial antigen, antimalarial antibody, and antigen‐specific circulating immune complexes. The assays were done in serum and finger‐prick blood absorbed on filter paper. The results obtained from the present study suggest their roles as effective immunometric indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exhaustive characterization of all components of our vaccine (VA-MENGOC-BC®), is a very important information to the new strategies of production and the best quality of it. Recently some regulatory authorities have recommended to remove thiomersal from vaccines altogether. In this paper we propose a disadsorption method for later chromatographic analysis of vaccine samples with or without thiomersal to know the possible antigenic variation. Three vaccine batches, stored between 2-8 °C, were studied at 0 time using different variants of disadsorption. We have demonstrated that solubilisation of the aluminium hydroxide by HCl to release the native vaccine complex is not possible and that the most efficient disadsorption method for the chromatographic analysis of VA-MENGOC-BC® is the following: the precipitate obtained from 3 mL of vaccine is diluted in 2 mL of phosphate buffer 5mM, pH 7,2-7,3, and allowed stand exactly 2 hours at 4°C. Afterwards, the samples were centrifuged and the supernatant collected. With this method we have obtained a 20% disadsorption of the sample. The result is very useful for showing the advantages of new formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marchuk's model of a general immune reaction is presented in the paper. The results of investigation of the model are summarized. The qualitative behaviour of solutions to the model and its simplification is described. Many illustrations of recovery process, oscillations or lethal outcomes of a disease are shown. The model with time-dependent immune reactivity is also considered. Periodic dynamics caused by different reasons are compared. In the last section adaptation of the model to tumour-immune interactions is proposed. The role of interleukins in immune processes is taken into account to adapt Marchuk's model to tumour growth dynamics. Possible immunotherapy is also considered in the proposed model. Some preliminary analysis of the model is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article are presented the results of studied animals of the Aberdeen-Angus breed by blood groups. The highest frequency of antigens B2, G3, Y2, G ', Q', G" (EAB locus), antigens C1, C2, E, W and X2 (EAC locus) was detected. There is a high incidence of allele B1G1 (0.0913), which is accessible to us from literary sources, is met only at Holstein cattle of the Yaroslavl breed and the red Estonian breed. The concentration of the main alleles in the herd PF "Juliana Gore" was 59.3%, rare - 30.4%, respectively. The homozygosity of the analyzed population of Aberdeen-Angus cattle is the lowest in comparison with the data available in the literature and is 0.31. This indicates a very high genetic diversity of this herd, the confirmation which serves the genophond of various breeds - German and Romanian, more detailed research will follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes two new MoAbs, GHI/75 and VMP55, which were raised against a glycoprotein enriched lysate of hairy cell leukaemia. These antibodies recognized a new antigen or 72 kD (unreduced) and 83 kD (reduced) molecular weight. GHI/75 and VMP55 gave very strong staining of plasma cells, moderate labelling of circulating B cells but only weak staining of monocytes., some tissue macrophages and lymphoid cells. Neither antibody reacted with neutrophils or any non-haematopoietic cells. Both antibodies, however, strongly labelled the tumour cells in hairy cell leukaemia, multiple mycloma, plasmacytoma and lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas. No staining was seen of the neoplaslic cells in Hodgkin's disease, myctoid leukaemia or T cell lymphomas. The two antibodies. GHI/75 and VMP55. may be of value in the differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukaemias and plasma cell neoplasms. In addition, the ease with which their antigen can be purified provides the possibility for a detailed study of this molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are presented the results of the evaluation of animals of Holsteins of Dutch selection in herd SLL „DokSanCom” for the 2 study periods: Ist (2012, n = 202) and the IInd (2016, n = 144). During the analyzed periods of research in the population of the assessed animals is observed a high frequency of occurrence of antigens B2, G2, I2, O2, Y2, E'2, G", which is typical for the Holstein breed and other breeds of black motley roots, and also to the Moldovan type of black - motley cattle. In the AEC-system is observed an increase in the frequency of occurrence of antigens R1 (0.0247-0.0833), E (0.5742-0.5903), X2 (0.5891-0.6806), L' (0.0742-0.2083). During the analyzed period of studies were found 21 identical alleles of AEB-locus. The main relative densities in the structure of the allelophond of herd alleles occupy B2O1, B2O1Y2Dʹ, G2Y2Eʹ1Qʹ, I2, D'G'O', Oʹ, Q' and G". Low homozygosity ratio (Cα - 5.0-5.2%) shows the high genetic diversity of the population of studied cattle. In the antigenic spectrum and in the allelophond of AEB locus at cattle of SLL „DokSanCom” predominate marker antigens and alleles characteristic to Holstein cattle, to other breeds of black motley roots, and also to Moldovan type of black motley cattle. Further selection and selection of animals in the herd SLL „DokSanCom” expedient to maintain in view of the genetic blood group systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate the proportion level of insect antigens and its effect on goat immuno-response by detecting the immunoglobulin serum level. Twenty-four young goats were used in this experimentmaintained in traditional farms without health control. The animals were divided in threegroups,respectively control group (0μ Ag- G/L) and the others were treated with 0.5 ml of antigen-G by subcutaneous injection which had a concentration of 100μ Ag-G/L). The parameter observed was the serum immunoglobulin level. The mean value of serum immunoglobulin level between treated and control groups were compared by t-test. There was a significance different of parameter between groups observed (P<0.05) which showed that corpus crude extract antigen-general of Bombyx mori was able to enhance the immune-response of goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is presented the antigenic spectrum and alelofond AEB-locus of reproductive bulls from 5 lines of the Moldavian type of Black-motley cattle. It was found a high frequency of antigenes A2, B2, G2, G3, I2, O2, Y2, D', E'2, G', O', Q', G", C1, C2, E, X2, F, H'. The highest genetical similitude was found in line Rokmen and Astronavt (r=0,8650). The alelofond of the studied lines in AEB-locus includes 95 aleles. The individual homozygote (Cα) of lines of the Moldavian type of Black-motley cattle constitutes 6,8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]