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The aim was to compare the values of allergy biomarkers, total IgE (uIgE), specific IgE (sIgE) and specific IgE index (IsIgE) against the cocksfoot (Dactilis glomerata, Dac g) grass allergen and eosinophilic granulocytes in and beyond the pollination season. Children with confirmed hypersensitivity to cocksfoot allergens (N=80) were selected and divided into two groups. Group 1 included children examined during the pollination season (n=64) and group 2 children examined out of the pollination season (n=16). The concentration of selected parameters was determined by standardized laboratory procedures. The values of all allergy biomarkers tested, especially sIgE and IsIgE, were statistically significantly higher in the group of children tested during the cocksfoot flowering season as compared with the group tested out of the season (p<0.05). Consequently, correlation of the biomarkers was higher during the season of exposure to the causative allergen. In conclusion, the results obtained indicate that biomarkers of allergies, sIgE and IsIgE in particular, should be determined at the time of exposure to the Dac g allergen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common ragweed (Ambrosia atremisiifolia) is one of the most frequent causes of pollen-induced allergic reactions both in humans and dogs. It has not been defined yet, what is the major allergen(s) to which most dogs allergic to ragweed show a positive result on intradermal skin test (IDST). In the present study sensitization to Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis was examined with both in vivo and in vitro tests, including IDST and serum allergen specific IgE test. Detection of specific-IgE antibodies against ragweed allergens by immunoblotting in the sera of allergic dogs was optimized, as well. Dogs that were positive, as judged by IDST reactions to ragweed pollen allergens, also had alergen specific IgE antibodies in their sera. Results indicate that major allergens of A. artemisifolia pollen in dogs are Amb a 1 and Amb a 2. Further characterization of ragweed allergens is needed before they could potentially be used in intradermal testing or allergen immunotherapy in affected dogs. Also, we evaluated new Favrots diagnostic criteria for canine atopic dermatitis in dogs allergic to Ambrosia atremisiifolia pollen. It might be concluded that proposed criteria are of great assistance for seting up suspected diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis, after ruling out other pruritic dermatoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common ragweed (Ambrosia atremisiifolia) is one of the most frequent causes of pollen-induced allergic reactions both in humans and dogs. It has not been defined yet, what is the major allergen(s) to which most dogs allergic to ragweed show a positive result on intradermal skin test (IDST). In the present study sensitization to Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis was examined with both in vivo and in vitro tests, including IDST and serum allergen specific IgE test. Detection of specific-IgE antibodies against ragweed allergens by immunoblotting in the sera of allergic dogs was optimized, as well. Dogs that were positive, as judged by IDST reactions to ragweed pollen allergens, also had alergen specific IgE antibodies in their sera. Results indicate that major allergens of A. artemisifolia pollen in dogs are Amb a 1 and Amb a 2. Further characterization of ragweed allergens is needed before they could potentially be used in intradermal testing or allergen immunotherapy in affected dogs. Also, we evaluated new Favrots diagnostic criteria for canine atopic dermatitis in dogs allergic to Ambrosia atremisiifolia pollen. It might be concluded that proposed criteria are of great assistance for seting up suspected diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis, after ruling out other pruritic dermatoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The aim of this work was to find out which of the aeroallergens most often cause positive skin prick tests in the population with allergic diseases. Depending on the type of allergens, exposure to them can aggravate asthma symptoms and cause allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. Material and methods. A group of 100 people between 18 and 78 years of age were included in the study. The average age was 45.8 years. There were 34 men and 66 women in the group. All patients were allergy clinic patients. The results of point skin tests for the basic aeroallergen panel were analyzed in this study and summarized using descriptive statistics. Results. Sixty subjects had positive tests for dust mites. Most subjects were allergic to two allergens. Monovalent allergy was found in 10 subjects. Multivalent allergy was predominant, but tended to involve relatively few allergens. Conclusions. The results obtained may be due to year-round exposure to the house dust mite allergen. Prolonged allergen exposure translates into more frequent immune responses and greater clinical response of patients, which is manifested by allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma or allergic conjunctivitis. Due to the small patient population studied, this subject requires further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are over 8 million dogs in Poland. Allergy to pets accounts for 2.5% of total allergy cases, while allergy to dogs constitutes 8% of the total pet allergies. About 6% of children with allergic rhinitis and 35% of the asthmatic children have positive SPTs to dog allergens. Avoiding of dog allergens is not feasible, since dog antigen is found at concentrations capable of producing allergic symptoms in all public places. There are 29 allergic proteins in dog hair, dander, urine, serum and saliva. Five major dog allergens have been identified: Can f1, Can f2, Can f3, Can f4. Can f5. Allergens Can f1 and Can f2 are found in dander, saliva and in skin. Can f3 is found in serum, Can f4 in hair, dander and skin. Can f5 is found in urine. Can f 1 and Can f5 are capable of binding 50-70% of IgE, while Can f2 and Can f3 bind 20-40% of IgE. Considerable differences have been observed in the quantity of dog allergens between various breeds, but it does not seem reasonable to regard any of the breed as hypoallergenic. Effect of influence of dog allergens and of being an owner of a dog on the development of allergy and asthma has not been yet clarified. Some authors stress the significance of constant contact with the animal and of breeding more than one dog at home. Up to now, it has not been possible to determine the effect of having a dog at home on development of allergy in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a special type of anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions develop only when food is consumed with a cofactor. Cofactor of the reaction are exercise, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol and infection. The frequency of FDEIA is different in the geographical area of the word. The pathogenesis of food- dependent anaphylaxis induced by exercise or other cofactors is not fully understood. In this case, the cause may be increased permeability of the gastrointestinal epithelium and greater bioavailability of allergens, or an increase in plasma osmolality during physical activity. In practice, every allergic reaction can be amplified by cofactors. There are allergens, such as ω-5-gliadin, lipid transport proteins, and tropomyosin, for which their role seems to be particularly important. In many cases of FDEIA, the allergen causing the reaction is not identified. The gold standard for diagnosing food allergy is the oral challenge test. In the case of FDEIA, conducting them is a challenge due to the need to introduce a cofactor into the test. It is necessary to explain to the patient the nature of FDEIA and the allergens that sensitize him. The most important thing is to completely avoid eating foods that trigger reactions 4 hours before and 2 hours after exercise. Biological drugs may become a new treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaphylaxis is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction involving multiple organs, one or more airways, breathing, or circulation problems. Anaphylaxis is potentially life-threatening and must be recognized, managed, and prevented by all healthcare professionals. Management of anaphylactic reactions needs to be done quickly and precisely to reduce the risk of mortality in patients. Intramuscular administration of epinephrine is the first-line therapy for anaphylactic reactions. Patients must recognize and avoid the allergens that precipitate anaphylactic reactions to prevent anaphylactic recurrence in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact dermatitis (eczema), recognized as an entity even in ancient times of mankind's history reflects an inflammatory process which occurs in tegument by direct contact with noxious agents from the environment. Action subject to a variety of multiple pathogen factors, skin exercises different the role of barrier in the context of growing predisposing conditions. Contact dermatitis represents 4 to 7 per cent of the dermatological disorders, while skin diseases are responsibles for over half of the occupational conditions (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2011 marks exactly 100 years since two articles by Noon, Freeman and Cantab, fundamental for allergen immunotherapy, were published in The Lancet. It is difficult to decide which of them was more important, because they complemented each other. Most authors writing about the beginnings of the allergen immunotherapy cite only Freeman and Noon, though. It is worth mentioning there had also been earlier attempts of desensitization, undertaken by Wiliam Philipps Dunbar, Charles Blackley, H. Holbrook Curtis, Aleksandr Besredka and others, and the method invented in 1911 has been improved ever since. Its anniversary was celebrated at this year's congress of the American Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, in San Francisco, and during the Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology in Istanbul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cat is one of the most common animals that people keep in their homes. Cat allergens are among the strongest and most common respiratory allergens. They can be found even in public places where cats have never been. Many people, with clinical signs of cat allergies, do not want to get rid of the cat from home, anyway. A hypoallergenic cat that would be a safe alternative to allergy sufferers is sought. Many myths and hypotheses have arisen around the problem of hypoallergenic cats, which have often not been confirmed by any reliable research. The paper attempts to present various theories about cats with low allergenic potential. It has been noted that strategies to reduce the allergenicity of cats focus on attempts to lower the Feld 1 concentration in the saliva of the cat, on its fur and in the animal's environment. Feld 1, the main cat allergen, is widely regarded as a marker molecule for allergy to this animal. This secretory glycoprotein is primarily produced in the sebaceous, salivary and anal glands. Then it is spread on the cat's fur by licking. Along with the fur and exfoliated epidermis, it easily spreads in the environment. Feld 1 is commonly present in house dust and air, both in the presence and absence of an animal in a given place. Among the methods to reduce the concentration of Fel d 1 in cat's saliva, on his fur or in his surroundings, such as cat breed, bathing the animal, proper diet or sensitizing the cat's own Fel d 1 has been described. The most attractive, effective and supported by research appear to be those in which the secretion of active Fel d 1 into the environment is blocked by specific antibodies. This effect can be achieved irreversibly by immunizing the animal with the Fel d 1 antigen, or reversibly by supplementing the cat's diet with avian anti-Fel d 1 antibodies. Both methods seem to be similarly effective, but given the animal's welfare, actions seem to be better whose effects are reversible. It is also worth noting that a cat that secretes less Fel d 1 can be hypoallergenic only for people who are allergic to this allergen, not for people who are allergic to other cat allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although described and named by Charles Richet and Paul Portier some 120 years ago anaphylaxis still represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for patients, their care-givers and healthcare professionals. Multisystemic manifestations of anaphylaxis without any specific pathognomonic symptom make a decision in a critical situation, often requiring immediate treatment, quite difficult. If not recognized and adequately treated in time, especially without immediate adrenaline administration, anaphylaxis may lead to fatal outcome. Clear identification of the causative allergen and its strict elimination significantly reduces the burden of patients and their caregivers. Equipping each patient with rescue kit, repeated (lifelong) education, detailed information about variability of situations that require immediate administration of rescue medication and the proper procedure of adrenaline administration including practical training are essential parts of patient care. We present a case report of a girl who developed anaphylactic reaction shortly after eating ice cream. This reaction was not adequately managed although her mother was equipped with anaphylaxis rescue kit. Due to complex diagnostic approach the causative allergen was identified and no further allergic "accidents" have been reported so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serum specific immunoglobulin E (ssIgE) sensitization to common inhalant allergens has not been studied in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate specific IgE production of common inhalant allergens in patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in adult patients with respiratory allergy from September to December 2016 at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Patients were included if they showed at least one positive skin prick test (SPT) to environmental allergens. Serum specific IgE was assayed by using multiple allergosorbent methods. Inhalant allergens tested were dust mites, pollen, cockroach, animal dander, and mould. Serum IgE level more than 0.35 kU/L was considered positive. Results: One hundred subjects were enrolled (76% women). Dust mites made up 75% of sensitization, followed by cat/dog (31%), cockroach (27%), pollen (24%), and mould (6%). Almost all patients sensitized to cockroach, pollen, cat/dog epithelia and mould were also co-sensitized with dust mites. Twenty two percent of patients were negative to all tested allergens. Conclusion: IgE-sensitization to inhalant allergens varies widely in respiratory allergic patients. House dust and storage mites are the most common allergens. About one-fifth of the subjects did not show specific-IgE sensitization. Thus, this test should always be combined with SPT to diagnose allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact sensitivity is a latent state that lasts a lifetime with a clinically manifesting response in the form of allergic contact dermatitis that often has an unfavorable prognosis. In contact urticaria syndrome, can cause anaphylactic reactions. Exposure to irritants or sensitizing factors represents a major risk. Age and gender are not risk factors for contact sensitivity in themselves. A recent meta-analysis has shown that the prevalence of contact sensitivity in the general population is 20.1% and that 4 allergens from cosmetic products are among the top 6 allergens that cause contact sensitivity in the general population. Cosmetics products are responsible for more than half of all allergic contact dermatitis which mainly affects adults of middle and older age, who generally do not have atopy and whose occupations have low academic requirements. It is possible for a cosmetic allergy to develop even after years of using a cosmetic product without previous problems. Beauty products to watch for. Just because a label says that something is “dermatologist tested”, that is no guarantee that the product will be kind to your skin. There are no rules about these terms and criteria how to use them on a label. Ingredients that may cause allergy. Preservatives and fragrances are the most frequently detected allergens in those with an allergy to a cosmetic product. The future of allergen labeling. Allergens identified by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety need to be present on a label. Every cosmetic product placed on the European Union market must have a compliant product information and an International Fragrance Association certificate if contains fragrances. Conclusion. Because so-called “hypoallergenic” products are not necessarily less sensitizing, allergy departments should distribute lists of cosmetic products not containing the respective allergen(s) that consumers can use as safe alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes contain protein as a potential allergen. Heating process was expected to eliminate the protein allergen. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in molecular weight and allergenicty of soybean grobogan variety and bambara groundnut proteins due to heat processing, i.e. boiling, steaming, oven, and roasting protein isolate was prepared by pH adjusting. SDS-PAGE method was used to determine the profile of protein molecular weight and the alergenicity was determined by ELISA method. Protein molecular weight profile of grobogan soybean and bambara groundnut that have been boiled, steamed, ovened, and roasted for 30 minutes showed variations when compared to the unheated soybean and bambara groundnut protein isolate. The amount of protein detected was reduced compared with unheated soybean and bambara groundnut. The protein allergens in grobogan soybean had molecular weight 110.0, 98.3, 84.5, 67.4, and 60.2. The heat treatment for 30 minutes removed allergenicity as indicated by no detectable protein band in immunoblotting results and the smaller Optical Density value compared with unheated soybean. Thus, the allergenicity of soybean protein due to heat processing was minimized. Bambara groundnut had protein allergens with molecular weight 113.1, 59.8, and 25.2 kDa. Protein allergen with molecular weight 25.2 and 59.8 kDa were detected in bambara groundnut processed through boiling and steaming for 30 minutes, respectively, but ELISA result showed there were still protein allergen of bambara groundnut after the heat treatment for 30 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Component-resolved diagnosis is a new in vitro diagnostic method in allergology that determines level of specific IgE antibodies to a particular allergen component (allergen epitope). Up to now, for determination of specific IgE we used allergenic extracts. Allergenic extracts are mixtures of allergens and other proteins, polysaccharides and lipids made by extraction from natural sources. The need for better standardization of allergen extracts has led to the development of purified allergenic extracts or allergenic components. They can be obtained by isolation from natural sources (natural purified allergens) or by production of recombinant DNA technology (recombinant allergens). Detection of sIgE on allergenic components can be performed individually (one sample - one analysis, singleplex analysis), or multiple (multiplex analysis) on microarray. So far, in clinical practice, we found component- resolved diagnosis to be particularly useful in distinguishing between primary sensitization to nutritional allergen and cross reactivity among inhalational and nutritional allergens and in risk assessment and prediction of severity of allergic reaction. In addition to nutritional allergy, the use of component - resolved diagnosis is now recommended in the diagnosis of allergy to venom hypersensitivity, for multiple sensitizations on inhalational allergens prior to specific immunotherapy, as well as in diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis. The aim of this paper is to present the principles of component - resolved diagnostics and the possibility of using it in allergic diseases diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is defined as the repeated administration of a specific allergen to allergic subjects with IgE mediated conditions, in order to provide long term relief of allergic symptoms and decreased inflammatory reactions during subsequent natural allergen exposure. Immunological changes during immunotherapy are complex and associated with the development of immunologic tolerance, change toward a Th1 lymphocyte cytoldne profile, increase in allergen --specific IgG4 level, and decrease in specific IgE antibodies. Numerous well-designed placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated that SIT is effective in children with allergic rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis, allergic asthma and in treatment of stinging insect hypersensitivity. SIT has also shown long term benefit following discontinuation, and to prevent the onset of new allergen sensitivities, as well as the development of asthma in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. A limitation of the subcutaneous injection route of immunotherapy is the risk of potential severe side reactions, which include anaphylaxis. Therefore, SIT should only be administered by trained staff, in an allergy clinic facility, with an appropriate observation area, with immediate access to adrenaline and other resuscitative measures. All patients should be observed in the clinic for at least 30 minutes after administration of the injections. There is a low risk of severe systemic reactions in selected patients with appropriately administered SIT. In asthmatics SIT should not be initiated unless the patient's asthma is stable and well controlled. In order to improve safety and convenience, alternative routes of immunotherapy and allergen extract modifications have been tried. High-dose sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been found to be effective in many studies in patients with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Local side effects of itching and swelling in the mouth are trivial, and require no treatment or discontinuation of therapy. No serious side effects have been reported during SLIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollens from Ambrosia species have a strong allergenic potential and they represent a complex mixture of at least 52 different antigens. This weed is widespread in Serbia and has a long pollination period (appr. 100 days). Pollens are present in very high concentrations during the pollination season (up to 300 pg/m³ of air). Fifty dogs with a clinical diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) and positive intradermal skin test (IDST) reactions to other environmental allergens were included in this study along with 30 dogs without clinical signs of CAD. Both groups were tested intradermally with Ambrosia artemisiifolia extract in concentration of 1000 PNU/mL (provided by ''Institute of virology, vaccines and sera - Torlak''). We have found that Ambrosia extract was second most common allergen to yield positive intradermal test reactions just after house dust mites. The positive reaction of IDST was observed in 66% of the atopic dogs and in 10% of clinically healthy dogs. Dogs that had a positive reaction on intradermal skin test to Ambrosia pollens, mostly showed secondary skin lesions on the pads and perioral skin. In 88% of cases, Malassezia pachydermatis have been isolated from the skin in an increased number and 64% of dogs had otitis externa. These results indicate, that allergens from Ambrosia artemisifolia are of great importance in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in dogs originating from the Belgrade region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der p 1 is the main allergen of house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, which has routinely been detected in residential dust. However, the procedure for extracting Der p 1 from reservoir dust has not been well defined. The aim of this study was to compare Der p 1 mass fractions in dust extracts prepared using the following extraction buffers: phosphate (pH 7.4), borate (pH 8.0), and ammonium bicarbonate (pH 8.0), all with 0.05 % Tween 20. Twenty-eight dust samples were divided into three aliquots and each portion was extracted with one of the three buffers at room temperature. Der p 1 mass fractions were measured in a total of 84 dust extracts using the enzyme immunoassay (range: 0.1 µg g-1 to 7.53 µg g-1). Statistical methods including intraclass correlation showed a high agreement between Der p 1 mass fractions irrespective of the extracting medium. Our results suggest that all three buffers are suitable for the extraction of mite allergens and routine Der p 1 analysis in dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between the upper and lower airways is well known. Allergic rhinitis is considered a risk factor in asthma development, and is also co-morbidity in asthma. Family history of asthma is known as a risk factor in asthma developing. The aim of the study was aimed to evaluate the risk of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis using exhaled nitric oxide (FENO). Methods: 34 pts with allergic rhinitis were evaluated with Nioxmino for measuring FENO. The medical history of each patient and also the five nasal symptoms score were evaluated. Skin pick test were performed for inhaled allergens (house dust mites, pollens, cat dander, dog dander, moulds). Results: 15 pts (44.11%) were women (sex ratio f:m = 1:1.26). Mean age of the pts is 28.77 ± 10.38 years. All patients were allergic, 52.9% polysensitized more than one allergen. It was found a significant statistical correlation between family history of asthma an increased values of FENO (p = 0.001). But between polysensitized patients and monosensitized patient there was no correlation with FENO (p = 0.19), and also no correlation of FENO and rhinitis symptoms score (p = 0.08). Conclusion: Increased values of FENO could be evaluated as a risk factor for developing asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis. In allergic rhinitis severities of symptoms score was not a predictive factor in developing asthma. There was no correlation between FENO and polysensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux is a frequent symptom of digestive tract diseases. The disease can be divided into primary reflux, which is due to antireflux mechanisms abnormalities, and secondary, in the course of other diseases (including allergy). The aim of study was to estimate the occurrence and clinical picture of food allergy in children and adolescents with acid gastroesophageal reflux. Material and methods: The study comprised 100 patients aged from 5 to 18 years with acid gastroesophageal reflux confirmed in 24-hour pH-metry. All patients underwent skin prick and atopy patch tests with food allergens (flour, cocoa, milk, egg white and yolk, apple, orange, celery, tomato). All patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the results of skin tests: group I - with allergy (n=30), group II - without allergy (n=70). Results: Food allergy was identified in 30 (30%) analyzed patients with acid gastroesophageal reflux. The most frequent sensilizing food was: celery - 12 (40%), orange - 9 (30%), cocoa - 9 (30%), milk - 8 (26.7%), egg white - 7 (23.3%) and egg yolk - 6 (20%). 10 patients (33.3%) were sensitized to one allergen, 9 patients (30%) - 2 allergens and 11 patients (36.7%) - on 3 or more allergens. Among children with allergy the most common was positive atopy patch test (24 analyzed - 80%), 13 patients (43.3%) had positive skin prick tests. 7 patients (23.3%) had positive atopy patch tests and skin prick tests. Patients from group I had more frequentlt skin changes, diarrhoea and vomiting and more rarely fetor ex ore than patients from group II; these differences were statistically significant. Familial allergy was statistically significantly more common in patients from group I than group II. Conclusions: Frequent occurrence and varied clinical manifestation of food allergy in children and adolescents with acid gastroesophageal reflux justify allergological diagnostics, in particular in familial allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease, with more present allergic component who cause disease. Pacient and Metods: In this study was included 35 patients who had been bronchial asthma whom was made total IgE determined by nefelometric metod and skin test by Prick metod. Subjects which had increased values of IgE, had been tested for fecal parasites . Subjects wich was positiv for scin allergens was tested for specific IgE on Hytec 288 instrument with ELISA metod. Results: Folowing resaults was obtained: 57.14% (20) of subjects had increased values of total IgE, while 42.86% (15) had normal total IgE. All patients with increased values of total IgE were tested negative for fecal parazites. Percent conform Prick tests and specific IgE was for house dust 54.55%, ragweed 53.85%, grass pollen 45.45%, Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus 43.75%, Pollen trees 25.00%. Conclusion and Discussion: Allergic bronchial asthma capture big percent in patients with bronchial asthma. The most frequent allergen was house dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P-phenylodiamine is a dye called "black henna". During the last few years the increase of allergy to this allergen is observed. The higher frequency of contact dermatitis diagnosis to corticosteroids topical drugs is also an alarming phenomenon. The authors present the case of a 9-year-old boy with tree pollen allergy diagnosis. Allergy to p-phenylodiamine complicated by allergy to topical corticosteroids was diagnosed only after a few-years treatment at specialist centers and after 4 hospitalizations. The patient is currently treated by allergen specific immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergy to soy is still a big diagnostic and therapeutic problem. It seems that this problem will not lose its significance in the coming years, because soy proteins, mainly due to their prevalence and unique amino acid composition, are still extremely popular in food production, processing and breeding. Allergy to soy is most often manifested clinically as gastrointestinal symptoms, but other ailments are not uncommon. Despite the availability of many diagnostic methods, the diagnosis of soy allergy is not easy. A double-blind placebo-controlled oral provocation test remains the gold standard. However, the future certainly belongs to the molecular methods that allow to assess the sensitivity to specific allergen components, which opens up new possibilities both in predicting the course of natural disease and its treatment, and also in identifying patients at the highest risk of severe anaphylactic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonness of citrus fruits as food products and additives for cosmetics and cleaning products contribute to the increase of the number of people suffering from citrus allergy. Citrus allergens can cause gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin symptoms. Citrus allergens are cross-reactive with many allergens from different sources. This makes diagnostics of citrus allergy problematical and determination of the allergen responsible for allergy symptoms is difficult. The purpose of this article is systematization of information available in literature on citrus allergens, clinical symptoms of citrus allergy, its diagnostics and diagnostics-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]