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This study aimed to investigate the concentration and risk of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic causes due to skin and drinking exposure with water in 27 points of potable water in Shiraz. The total samples were 162 the studied variables included fluoride and heavy metals (HMs). The results showed that the concentration of all parameters in winter was higher than in summer (p value < 0.05). However, the concentration in this study was lower than the standards of Iran, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United state environmental protection agency (USEPA). The average fluoride (F−) concentration in summer and winter was 462 and 588 µg/L, respectively. The lead concentration in winter (8.91 µg/L) was higher than in summer (5.86 µg/L). So, in 40% of the samples, it was higher than the WHO standard. Zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations were lower than allowed, and only 70% and 15% of winter samples were above the WHO standard. The chronic daily intake (CDI) for variable was F− > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > As > Cd but HQ < 1 for all HMs. The risk of cancer and non-cancer caused by HMs in children due to dermal and drinking exposure has been higher than in other groups. Chromium (Cr) cancer risk (1.84 × 10−4) in children has been 30 times higher than the allowable limit. The highest risk of non-carcinogenic risk was caused by arsenic in the children group. Overall, the best chemical quality of water was in the centre to the west of the city. So that most of the parameters were in optimal condition. However, cancer and non-cancer risk through drinking have been significant, especially in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Contamination of vegetables with heavy metals through contaminated water can lead to accumulation in the body of consumers. This study aimed to determine the heavy metal concentration in vegetables grown in Babol city, Iran. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 32 samples of vegetables (parsley, spinach, basil, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, onions, and beans) by random sampling in the harvest season of 2021. Heavy metal content was assessed by atomic absorption. Results: The highest mean concentration of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in tested samples was 12.86, 68.67, 1.93, and 0.48 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively, which found in parsley and spinach samples. There was a significant difference between the mean concentrations of copper, zinc and lead among different vegetables (P <0.001), but no significant difference was observed in the case of cadmium. The highest risk of non-cancerous diseases (HQ) for Zn in parsley and spinach were higher than threshold value of 1, and the main exposure pathway of heavy metals is ingestion. Conclusion: This study showed that the main part of heavy metal accumulation occurs in leafy vegetables. Therefore, consuming leafy vegetables should be paid more attention to the vegetables grown around industrial areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute exposure to trace metals (TMs) in water is hazardous to human health. The average concentrations (C avg.) and carcinogenic (CAR) and non-carcinogenic (non-CAR) risks of eight TMs to World Health Organization's (WHO) guidelines and national standard limits (NSLs)were determined. The C avg. and (the range) of As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn were measured as 4.29 ± 0.57 μg L−1 (1.12–10.27 μg L−1), 0.22 ± 0.10 μg L−1 (ND-1.05 μg L−1), 0.31 ± 0.18 μg L−1 (ND-1.80 μg L−1), 4.66 ± 0.32 μg L−1 (0.10–14.22 μg L−1), 24.61 ± 4.65 μg L−1 (3.11–67.25 μg L−1), 16.86 ± 5.54 μg L−1 (5.12–34.61 μg L−1), 14.07 ± 4.37 μg L−1 (3.79–31.39 μg L−1), and 268.42 ± 75.82 (87.29–561.22 μg L−1), respectively. The C avg. of Co and Hg exceeded the WHO and NSLs. The non-CAR risk assessment was used to order the TMs according to the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) As > Pb > Cr > Co > Zn > Hg > Ni > Cd. None of the investigated age groups are at risk As there is a low C avg of all trace metals (i.e., the THQ is > 1). The age groups were ranked based on THQ and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) As < 1 year, >1–10 years, > 11–19 years, and > + 20 years. The ILCR of As for all the age groups was >10−4, whereas for Pb it was <10−6. Cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR) for As and Pb was at a safe threshold risk (>10−4) for all the age groups. • Exposure to trace metals can endanger the health of populations. • Concentrations of trace metals in Kermanshah city, Iran tap water were determined. • The concentration of different trace metals exceeded the standard limits. • The ILCR was ranked as based on age as < 1 yr> 1–10 yrs > + 20 yrs > 11–19 yrs. • Trace metals threshold risk can correlate concentration limit in drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]