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Planning-based interventions are often used to help individuals form habits. Existing literature suggests a one-size-fits all approach to habit formation, but planning interventions may be optimized if tailored to individual differences and/or behavioral complexity. We test the hypothesis that planning to do a relatively complex behaviour (exercise) at a time that matches an individuals' diurnal preference will facilitate behavioral engagement; whereas for a simpler behaviour (calcium supplementation), the optimal time-of-day for a new behavior will occur in the morning. Young, women volunteers (N = 317) were randomly assigned to take calcium supplements or to exercise for 4 weeks and to control (no planning) or to one of three planning interventions (morning plan; evening plan; unassigned-time plan). Participants reported diurnal preference at baseline and habit strength and behavioral frequency weekly. Fitbit Zips and Medication Event Monitoring System Caps (MEMS) were used to objectively assess behavioral engagement. Multilevel modelling found that calcium-supplementation was greatest for morning-types in the morning-cue condition, whereas exercise was greatest for morning-types with morning cues and evening-types with evening cues. Habit-formation strategies may depend on diurnal preference and behavioral complexity. Future research can evaluate the role of other individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the optimal consumption and investment for an agent, considering statistical arbitrary opportunities caused by mispriced stocks. The agent exhibits consumption habit formation and has access to a risk-free asset, a market index, and a pair of mispriced stocks. The optimization problem is to find the optimal consumption and investment strategies to maximize the expected utility from consumption and terminal wealth. The utility of consumption stems from the difference between the consumption and habit levels. Based on the dynamic programming method, a verification theorem is provided, and the analytical solution of the optimization problem is obtained. The numerical results show the behaviors of our formulas and are used to make practical recommendations. By studying the sensitivity of consumption and investment strategies to habit formation, mispricing, and a delta-neutral arbitrage strategy, we uncover and analyze the behaviors of the agent. Meanwhile, we define and discuss the wealth-equivalent utility loss in three cases, including ignoring habit formation, ignoring mispricing, and adopting the delta-neutral arbitrage strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply a machine learning technique to characterize habit formation in two large panel data sets with objective measures of 1) gym attendance (over 12 million observations) and 2) hospital handwashing (over 40 million observations). Our Predicting Context Sensitivity (PCS) approach identifies context variables that best predict behavior for each individual. This approach also creates a time series of overall predictability for each individual. These time series predictability values are used to trace a habit formation curve for each individual, operationalizing the time of habit formation as the asymptotic limit of when behavior becomes highly predictable. Contrary to the popular belief in a "magic number" of days to develop a habit, we find that it typically takes months to form the habit of going to the gym but weeks to develop the habit of handwashing in the hospital. Furthermore, we find that gymgoers who are more predictable are less responsive to an intervention designed to promote more gym attendance, consistent with past experiments showing that habit formation generates insensitivity to reward devaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavior performed in the presence of consistent cues is a core element for successful habit development, with the repeated presence of consistent cues facilitating the activation of automatic responses in future. Yet, little is known about the effects of different cue types on habit. Using a two-wave prospective PLS-SEM model with a sample of 68 undergraduate students, we assessed the mediating effects of habit on the past-behavior-to-physical-activity relationship, and how the mediating effects of habit were moderated by the consistent presence of different forms of cues. Habit mediated the effects of past behavior on physical activity, with a significantly stronger mediating effect of habit in those reporting undertaking physical activity at the same time of day, doing the same activity, and in the same mood. Consistent place, people, and part of routine did not moderate the effects of habit. The results provide formative evidence for a key assertion of the habit theory that consistent contextual and internal cues are a cornerstone of habitual development and action, but they also indicate the importance of examining different forms of cues and their impact on the formation and enaction of habits as some cues may be more relevant than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the decision-making dynamics for pro-environmental behavior among Thai university students, focusing on reducing the consumption of single-use plastics (SUP). By adopting a dynamic approach to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research examined the influence of psychosocial factors, including attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, on SUP reduction intention at different phases of behavior change. Using structural equation modelling, we analyzed quantitative data (n = 317) from the selected universities. The results revealed that attitudes predicted behavioral intentions only among individuals in the contemplation phase of reducing SUP. Attitudes had a small but limited influence on the behavioral intentions of students who had not yet acted. Perceived behavioral control, on the other hand, significantly impacted behavioral intentions across all phases of behavior change, highlighting its importance in SUP reduction. The study also confirmed subjective norms' positive influence on students' behavioral intentions in the pre-contemplation phase. Practical implications suggested segmenting residents based on their behavior change phase so that public policymakers can allocate resources more efficiently and effectively by tailoring campaigns to specific behavior change phases, ultimately promoting sustainable behavior among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between daily breakfast habits during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment remains unknown. We evaluated the association between breakfast habits during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment. Data of 72,260 women with singleton deliveries at and after 37 weeks of gestation enrolled during 2011–2014 in the Japan Environment and Children's Study were analysed. Offspring neurodevelopmental delays at 3 years of age were evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3). Participants were stratified by tertiles of maternal daily energy intake (DEI) (Groups 1, 2, and 3:< 1400, 1400–1799, and ≥ 1800 kcal, respectively) during pregnancy and by offspring sex. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for abnormality in communication among participants with daily breakfast consumption habit was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.96). A stratified analysis based on total DEI showed no significant differences in the neurodevelopment of Group 1 offspring. The aOR for abnormality in communication was 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.68–0.94) in Group 2. The aOR for abnormality in personal–social characteristics was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.99) in Group 3. Maternal daily breakfast habits are associated with offspring neurodevelopment at 3 years of age, with the association influenced by maternal DEI and offspring sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habit formation is a process in which an action becomes involuntary. While goal-directed behavior is driven by its consequences, habits are elicited by a situation rather than its consequences. Existing theories have proposed that actions are controlled by corresponding two distinct systems. Although canonical theories based on such distinctions are starting to be challenged, there are a few theoretical frameworks that implement goal-directed behavior and habits within a single system. Here, we propose a novel theoretical framework by hypothesizing that behavior is a network composed of several responses. With this framework, we have shown that the transition of goal-directed actions to habits is caused by a change in a single network structure. Furthermore, we confirmed that the proposed network model behaves in a manner consistent with the existing experimental results reported in animal behavioral studies. Our results revealed that habit could be formed under the control of a single system rather than two distinct systems. By capturing the behavior as a single network change, this framework provides a new perspective on studying the structure of the behavior for experimental and theoretical research. Habit formation can be explained in terms of changes in the network structure of behavior without assuming explicitly distinct systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Habit Reversal Training (HRT) is a behavioral procedure for treating the so-called nervous habits, such as nail biting, hair pulling and thumb sucking. In addition to being an established clinical procedure, HRT is also a strategy for behavioral change that can serve the entire community. For this reason, this review aims to explore the studies proposing the use of HRT for the reduction of hand-to-face habits in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Touching one's nose, mouth and eyes, indeed, is one of the means of virus transmission that many awareness campaigns seek to highlight. After an overview of how HRT works and of the current epidemiological situation, studies supporting Habit Reversal Training for the reduction of risky hand-to-face habits are presented. The possible strategies are then exposed and critically discussed to identify their limitations and propose a new version according to the Relational Frame Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphologies and size distributions of groundmass crystals record conditions of magma ascent through volcanic conduits. However, morphological information (such as crystal shapes) has not been incorporated into crystal size distributions (CSDs). Here, we focused on the crystal habit, especially the shape variation due to the combination of (hk0) faces (hereafter "tracht") of pyroxene microlites and nano-crystals, and measured CSDs for each crystal habit (tracht) to more comprehensively characterize the crystallization kinetics. We refer to the CSDs measured for each tracht as "tracht-specific CSDs." Pyroclasts from the 2011 eruption of Shinmoedake (Kirishima volcano group, Japan) were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction analysis, synchrotron radiation X-ray computed nanotomography, and transmission electron microscopy. The samples contain groundmass pyroxenes of two main trachts: octagonal prisms consisting of {100}, {010}, and {110} faces and hexagonal prism lacking {100} faces. The pumice clasts formed by different eruption styles showed different trends of tracht-specific CSDs. Sub-Plinian pumice clasts were characterized by octagonal microlites (1–10 μm wide) and numerous hexagonal nano-crystals (0.2–2 μm wide), and a Vulcanian pumice clast with the same glass composition showed the same characteristics. In contrast, Vulcanian pumice clasts with more evolved glass compositions contained mostly octagonal pyroxenes. The tracht-specific CSDs and growth zonations indicate a change from octagon-dominant to hexagon-dominant growth conditions during syneruptive ascent. We infer that the hexagonal tracht resulted from a large degree of effective undercooling due to rapid decompression in the shallow conduit. Moreover, the texture of the less-evolved Vulcanian pumice indicates that a portion of the magma erupted on the Vulcanian eruption followed almost the same ascent paths just prior to the fragmentation as those during the sub-Plinian eruptions, and thus the Vulcanian eruption may have involved the rapid ascent of deeper magma. We propose that tracht analyses of groundmass pyroxenes provide detailed information about time-evolution of magma conditions during syneruptive ascent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have identified several factors that could improve the reading habit of students in Osun central senatorial district of Osun State. Observably, there is dearth of studies on the relationship that exists between peer influence and reading habit of secondary school students in public schools in the State. This research investigated the prevalence of peer influence and the extent to which peer influence predicts reading habit students. The study iss a descriptive survey of the correlational type of which a multistage sampling procedure was adopted. Twelve public secondary schools were used for the study in Osun Central senatorial district in Osun State from which 476 S.S.S. II students were proportionately selected. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's product moment correlation. The hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The respondents were Males 205 (43%) and females 271 (57%) with a mean age of 16 years ±1.36. Reading together with friend(s)" (...=3.21) was the major peer influence. A high level of peer influence was obtained among the students (56.7%). A weak positive significant relationship was found between peer influence and reading habit. The high level of peer influence that subsists among the students should be harnessed towards boosting reading habit among the students and assist them to record success with reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) - an important, self-pollinated food legume, however due to limited genomic and genetic resources the genetic improvement could not be achieved as compare to other major legumes. Our work aims at finding novel microsatellite markers and their use for the construction of a linkage map from 157 individuals of F9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of horsegram. The determinate growth habit and plant height are important traits for its suitability for different cropping systems. The genotypic data were generated by screening 2 395 molecular markers, of which 600 (25.05 %) polymorphic markers were selected. Two-hundred eighty-seven markers were mapped on ten linkage groups (LGs) at a log of odds (LOD) of 3.5 straddling 796.76 cM with 2.78 cM of marker density. For the identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs), the phenotypic data recorded on the RILs for the plant height and growth habit were analysed using the statistical tools JoinMap® and Windows QTL cartographer, based on the composite interval mapping (CIM) technique. Across the ten linkage groups, we detected four QTLs (LOD ≥ 2.5) for four traits. All the traits were major QTLs as indicated by the percentage of phenotypic variance (PVE) (≥ 10%) that ranged from 13.5% to 40.3%, therefore, this is very important information which can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The present genomic information generated in this orphan crop, thus, provides the base for genetic improvements by devising molecular breeding strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vine growth habit (VGH) is a notable property of wild soybean plants that also holds a high degree of importance in domestication as it can preclude using these wild cultivars for breeding and improving domesticated soybeans. Here, a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) approach was employed to study the genetic etiology of the VGH in soybean plants by integrating linkage mapping and population sequencing approaches. To develop a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, the cultivated Zhongdou41 (ZD41) soybean cultivar was bred with ZYD02787, a wild soybean accession. The VGH status of each line in the resultant population was assessed, ultimately leading to the identification of six and nine QTLs from the BSA sequencing of the F4 population and F6-F8 population sequence mapping, respectively. One QTL shared across these analyzed generations was detected on chromosome 19. Three other QTLs detected by BSA-seq were validated and localized to the 90.93 kb, 2.9 Mb, and 602.08 kb regions of chromosomes 6 and 13, harboring 14, 53, and 4 genes, respectively. Three consistent VGH-related QTLs located on chromosomes 2 and 19 were detected in a minimum of three environments, while an additional six loci on chromosomes 2, 10, 13, and 18 were detected in at least two environments via ICIM mapping. Of all the detected loci, five had been reported previously whereas seven represent novel QTLs. Together, these data offer new insights into the genetic basis of the VGH in soybean plants, providing a rational basis to inform the use of wild accessions in future breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To generate reliable climate predictions, global models need accurate estimates of all the energy fluxes contributing to the Earth's radiation budget (ERB). Clouds in general, and more specifically ice clouds, play a key role in the determination of the ERB as they may exert either a feedback or a forcing action, depending on their optical and microphysical properties and physical state (solid/liquid). To date, accurate statistics and climatologies of cloud parameters are not available. Specifically, the ice cloud composition in terms of ice crystal shape (or habit) is one of the parameters with the largest uncertainty. The Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) experiment, foreseen to be the ninth Earth Explorer mission of the European Space Agency, will measure, for the first time spectrally resolved from space, the entire upwelling spectrum emitted by the Earth from 100 to 1600 cm -1. The far-infrared portion of the Earth spectrum, especially from 200 to 600 cm -1 , is very sensitive to cloud ice crystal shapes; thus, FORUM measurements could also represent an opportunity to study the ice cloud composition in terms of ice crystal habit mixtures. To investigate this possibility, we developed an accurate and advanced scheme allowing us to model ice cloud optical properties – also in cases of clouds composed of mixed ice crystal habits. This feature is in fact necessary because in situ measurements acquired over the years also point out that the shape of ice cloud crystals varies depending on the crystal size range. In our model, the resulting cloud optical properties are also determined by the input habit fractions. Thus, the retrieval of these fractions from spectral radiance measurements can be attempted. Using 375 different cloudy scenarios, we assess the performance of our retrieval scheme in the determination of crystal habit mixtures starting from FORUM-simulated measurements. The most relevant error components affecting the retrieved cloud parameters are not very large and are of random nature; thus, FORUM measurements will allow us to set up an accurate climatology of cloud parameters. To provide an example of the benefit that one could get from the habit mixture retrievals, we also show the improved accuracy of the thermal outgoing fluxes calculations compared to using assumed mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zoophytophagous stink bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis , is a promising natural enemy of micro-pests such as whiteflies and thrips. This bug possesses both phytophagous and entomophagous food habits, enabling it to obtain nutrition from both plants and insects. This trait allows us to maintain its population density in agricultural fields by introducing insectary plants, even when the pest prey density is extremely low. However, if the bugs' population becomes too dense, they can sometimes damage crop plants. This dual character seems to arise from the food preferences and chemosensation of this predator. To understand the genomic landscape of N. tenuis , we examined the whole genome sequence of a commercially available Japanese strain. We used long-read sequencing and Hi-C analysis to assemble the genome at the chromosomal level. We then conducted a comparative analysis of the genome with previously reported genomes of phytophagous and hematophagous stink bugs to focus on the genetic factors contributing to this species' herbivorous and carnivorous tendencies. Our findings suggest that the gustatory gene set plays a pivotal role in adapting to food habits, making it a promising target for selective breeding. Furthermore, we identified the whole genomes of microorganisms symbiotic with this species through genomic analysis. We believe that our results shed light on the food habit adaptations of N. tenuis and will accelerate breeding efforts based on new breeding techniques for natural enemy insects, including genomics and genome editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temperament has long been described as the biological dimension of personality. Due to advancing brain-imaging technology, our understanding of temperament has deepened and transformed over the last 25 years. Temperament combines genetic, neurobiological and trait research. Temperament has been included peripherally in some eating disorder (ED) treatment approaches but has been ignored by most. Temperament fills a fundamental treatment gap by clarifying who is more vulnerable to develop ED and why some individuals are susceptible to specific ED symptoms while others are not. In addition, temperament targets possible treatment solutions. Main text: There is a need for a novel model that incorporates and explores the role of temperament in ED treatment intervention. This paper is a metaphoric temperament model to inform treatment intervention. It describes how temperament traits influences new decisions which impact new behavioural responses. In turn, it neurobiologically tracks how and why the brain efficiently transforms new decisions into new habits. This model integrates both temperament and habit research to explore (a) what temperament is; (b) how new decisions develop into habits neurobiologically; (c) that the brain wires destructive symptoms into habits in the same way that it wires healthy/productive behaviours into habits; (d) traits that trigger ED symptoms are the same traits that influence productive behaviours; and in regard to treatment implications (e) when treatment structure and intervention target client temperaments, the potential for new healthy "trait-syntonic" habits could develop. Conclusions: This paper introduces a metaphoric model that synthesizes and integrates temperament neurobiological and trait findings with ED symptoms, habits, and client trait-based solutions. The model synthesizes and integrates different research domains to establish a brain-based foundation to inform treatment intervention. The model targets clients' temperament traits as central collections of innate self-expressions that could be utilized as tools to redirect client trait-syntonic ED responses into trait-syntonic productive outcomes. The brain bases of temperament and habit formation serve as a biological foundation for ED treatment intervention. Plain English summary: Temperament is the biological, or brain-basis of our personality. It defines who we are and who we are not. Temperament influences how each person thinks, feels, and responds differently. Traits are one's natural personality expressions. For example a person may have natural tendencies, or traits, to be extroverted and determined. A person could express the same traits differently ranging from healthy/productive through unhealthy/destructive responses. Research has found that some traits, when expressed in destructive ways, influence the development of eating disorder symptoms. Some of those traits include perfectionism, impulsivity, and anxiety. However, these very same traits could be expressed in productive ways. In essence, traits are the biological triggers beneath one's responses and set the stage for productive to destructive habitual behaviours. Persons cannot eliminate their traits, but they can express them differently. Treatment could capitalize on client traits to help clients explore productive responses instead of turning to destructive habitual symptoms. Productive habits that are aligned with one's traits could more naturally persist and form long-term habits. Working with a client's temperament, verses overlooking it, holds hope for habitual productive change to replace ED symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores two routes along which a pragmatic philosophical approach can contribute to reflections on agnosticism. The first of these approaches is developed in dialogue with William James, and it is oriented towards the needs and obligations of individuals and the extent to which agnosticism affects our abilities to lead strenuous lives. The second is developed in dialogue with Richard Rorty. It is oriented towards how agnosticisms can be adopted within particular vocabularies vis-a-vis other vocabularies as a pragmatically helpful strategy or skill. I discuss the extent to which these can contribute to philosophical reflection on agnosticism and propose that they show that the agnosticism debate would benefit from a broadened focus where epistemic and pragmatic considerations are better integrated than presently. This would enable us to discuss different types of agnosticism that come to the fore in various contexts and whether they prevent us or allow us to better handle concrete problems in our interactions with the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traits of shoot growth habit differ between sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and its wild ancestor (Ipomoea trifida). In general, sweetpotatoes have thick stems without twining, while I. trifida have slender twining stems. Anatomical observation in this study showed that this difference is caused by the difference in the size and number of cells between the stems of sweetpotato and those of I. trifida. To reveal the genetic basis of the difference in shoot phenotype, F1 progeny were produced by crossing sweetpotato (Konaishin) and I. trifida (K123-11), and the G-statistic method of bulked-segregant analysis was used to investigate stem-twining ability as a representative trait of shoot growth habit. As a result, a major quantitative trait locus (qSgh) related to shoot growth was successfully detected at 12.37–14.12 Mb in Chr13 of the reference genome. Genotyping F1 individuals using a PCR-based SNP marker designed for qSgh supported the results of bulked-segregant analysis and further suggested that qSgh had a dosage effect on stem diameter. Based on these results, we propose that the G-statistic method is an effective approach for bulked-segregant analysis in polyploid species, including sweetpotato. Additionally, some candidate genes in qSgh were found by comparative analysis of the genome and transcriptome between sweetpotato and I. trifida. At least two of these, Iba_chr13aCG7290 and Iba_chr13cCG9960, are likely involved in radial growth of the stem in sweetpotato. The results of this study provide new insight into the transition of shoot phenotype from I. trifida to sweetpotato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Monte‐Carlo ice microphysics model McSnow is extended by an explicit habit prediction scheme, combined with the hydrodynamic theory of Böhm. Böhm's original cylindrical shape assumption for prolates is compared against recent lab results, showing that interpolation between cylinder and prolate yields the best agreement. For constant temperature and supersaturation, the predicted mass, size, and density of the ice crystals agree well with the laboratory results, and a comparison with real clouds using the polarizability ratio shows regimes capable of improvement. An updated form of the inherent growth function to describe the primary habit growth tendencies is proposed and combined with a habit‐dependent ventilation coefficient. The modifications contrast the results from general mass size relations and significantly impact the main ice microphysical processes. Depending on the thermodynamic regime, ice habits significantly alter depositional growth and affect aggregation and riming. The influence of primary ice behavior on precipitation formation needs to be considered in future development of microphysical parameterizations, but the consideration of secondary habits and the geometry of aggregates should be further improved in future work. Plain Language Summary: The McSnow model was extended to predict the shape of ice crystals. A comparison of the falling behavior of modeled and 3D‐printed ice crystals shows a discrepancy that can be improved by interpolation. At constant temperature and supersaturation, simulated crystal properties agree well with laboratory results, and by comparison to real clouds, we have updated the function to describe growth tendencies. Ice shape is shown to have a significant influence on the main microphysical processes. Key Points: McSnow is extended by an explicit habit prediction including the revision of corresponding parameterizationsA new inherent growth ratio overcoming existing deficiencies is proposedThe impact of the modifications on the depositional growth, aggregation, and riming is shown for two distinct case studies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interventions aimed at promoting physical activity (PA) behavior through habit formation pathways are gaining popularity, as they differ from conventional interventions that rely on intention pathways. Past research has established a positive correlation between PA habits and behavior. However, the efficacy of current interventions designed to form PA habits and improve PA automaticity is not yet fully ascertained. Additionally, the intervention components that significantly impact the effectiveness of these interventions are yet to be determined. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We conducted a search of three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) from January 2000 to December 2022, with a focus on interventions for developing PA habits. Two independent authors conducted paper selection, quality assessment, data extraction, and coding of behavior change techniques (BCTs). The effect size of interventions was calculated using standardized mean difference. Subgroup analyses were carried out based on follow-up duration, delivery method, sample characteristics, and theory. Furthermore, we employed meta-regression to investigate the association between BCTs and PA habits. Results: Ten eligible studies with relatively high quality were included in the final data set. Characteristics of studies varied in intervention sample and delivery way. The habit formation interventions significantly increased PA habit (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI 0.14—0.48, P <.001) compared to the control groups. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the duration of follow-up ≤ 12 weeks have a higher effect size on PA habit than the duration > 12 weeks. Meta-regression revealed that problem solving has a significant positive association with effectiveness improvement (β = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17–0.55), while social reward is linked with a reduction in effectiveness (β = -0.40, 95% CI -0.74–0.06). Conclusions: Our findings reveal that habit formation interventions are effective in fostering PA habit. Future studies could leverage the insights form this study to optimize the intervention design and achieve better effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High levels of sugar intake are associated with multiple maladaptive health outcomes in adult and younger populations. Identifying the psychological determinants of sugar intake in adolescents, and the processes involved, may help identify potentially modifiable targets and inform intervention development. We tested the predictions of an extended theoretical model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which specified social cognition constructs, habit, and self‐control as correlates of sugar intake in an adolescent sample. Methods: Adolescents aged 12 to 14 years (N = 88) recruited via a survey panel company and consenting to participate in the study completed online self‐report measures of constructs from the TPB alongside measures of habit and self‐control. One month later, participants completed a follow‐up measure of free‐sugar intake. Hypothesized effects of our proposed extended model were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results: We found statistically significant effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on sugar intake intentions. We also found significant effects of habit and self‐control on sugar intake measured at follow‐up, but no effect for intention. Perceived behavioral control moderated the intention–behavior relationship such that intention effects on behavior were larger when perceived behavioral control was high. However, self‐control did not moderate the intention–behavior relationship. Conclusion: Results indicate that sugar intake in this sample was a function of habits and self‐control, and the effect of sugar intake intentions was conditional on perceived behavioral control. Results contribute to an evidence base of determinants and associated processes that relate to sugar intake in adolescents and may signal potentially modifiable targets for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The division of glycolysis into two separate pathways, aerobic and anaerobic, depending on the presence or absence of oxygen, respectively, was formulated over eight decades ago. The former ends with pyruvate, while the latter ends with lactate. Today, this division is confusing and misleading as research over the past 35 years clearly has demonstrated that glycolysis ends with lactate not only in cancerous cells but also in healthy tissues and cells. The present essay offers a review of the history of said division and the more recent knowledge that has been gained about glycolysis and its end-product, lactate. Then, it presents arguments in an attempt to explain why separating glycolysis into aerobic and anaerobic pathways persists among scientists, clinicians and teachers alike, despite convincing evidence that such division is not only wrong scientifically but also hinders progress in the field of energy metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Substrate preferences are often treated as species traits and are used to distinguish different habits, i.e. an epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial habit. Such a categorization, however, ignores substantial intraspecific variation. An approach that takes biological variability within a species into account is needed. Methods We focused on four large genera of ferns and lycophytes and found relevant information in >500 sources, such as online databases, checklists, floras and species descriptions. Translating textual information into a quantitative index, we quantified the propensity to grow on either substrate as a continuous trait for 1475 species. Key Results Only a minority of species exhibited strict substrate fidelity, but a majority of them showed clear habitat preferences. The relative frequencies of intermediates between strict lithophytes, epiphytes and terrestrials does not support the frequent notion of ecological similarity of the lithophytic and epiphytic habitat. Conclusions The compiled data are useful immediately for ecological and evolutionary studies with the focal taxa. More importantly, we propose the replacement of the concept of distinct habits with one of gradual differences. This should have a profound impact on any such study with plants in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertically pointing Ka-band radar measurements are used to derive fall velocity--reflectivity factor (Vt = aZbe) relations for frozen hydrometeor populations of different habits during snowfall events observed at Oliktok Point, Alaska, and at the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC). Case study events range from snowfall with highly rimed particles observed during periods with large amounts of supercooled liquid water path (LWP > 320 g m-2) to unrimed snowflakes including instances when pristine planar crystals were the dominant frozen hydrometeor habit. The prefactor a and the exponent b in the observed Vt-Ze relations scaled to the sea level vary in the approximate ranges 0.5-1.4 and 0.03-0.13, respectively (reflectivities are in mm6 m-3 and velocities are in m s-1). The coefficient a values are the smallest for planar crystals (a ~ 0.5) and the largest (a > 1.2) for particles under severe riming conditions with high LWP. There is no clear distinction between b values for high and low LWP conditions. The range of the observed Vt-Ze relation coefficients is in general agreement with results of modeling using fall velocity--size (νt = aDβ) relations for individual particles found in literature for hydrometeors of different habits, though there is significant variability in aand bcoefficients from different studies even for a same particle habit. Correspondences among coefficients in the Vt-Ze relations for particle populations and in the individual particle νt = D relations are analyzed. These correspondences and the observed Vt-Ze relations can be used for evaluating different frozen hydrometeor fall velocity parameterizations in models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human growth and maturation are continuous processes, and transition from childhood into adulthood is not abrupt, the period of adolescence encompasses rapid changes in physical changes and maturation, and in psychological development. Objective: To study the dietary habit, mean calorie intake and mean protein intake of last 24 hours in the study population. Materials and Methods: The present cross- sectional study was conducted in the field practice areas of Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan and Urban Health Training Centre, Aligarh, of the Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University. Results: Majority of students (91.6%) used to take meals three times a day and only 8.4% used to had meal twice a day, out of them most of them were from rural area. mean calorie and mean protein intake being less in whole age group of 10-19 years than the reference values given by ICMR 2010. Total mean calorie of 10-19 years age group was 1995.09 in urban and 2056.07 in rural area. Total mean protein intake of 10-19 years age group was 44.56 gm/day in urban and 41.44 gm/day in rural area. Conclusion: Overall 98.77% rural and 94.92% urban students were found to be deficit in calorie intake in 24 hours recall method and protein intake was deficit in 84.37% urban and 93.44% rural students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores some of the body modifications that occurred in the Mariana Islands during the initial decades of the Jesuit mission. It focuses on Jesuit vestments and the use of Indigenous CHamoru palm-weaving in a cultural background where the CHamoru dress code clashed with Jesuit mindsets. The article also analyzes the imposition of clothing on the CHamorus by the Jesuits and the imposition of nakedness on the Jesuits by the CHamorus as punitive measures within a colonial environment where the Jesuits sought to dismantle traditional lifeways while the CHamorus endeavored to preserve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habit strength for taking medication is associated with medication adherence. However, habit strength is typically measured via self-reports, which have limitations. Objective sensors may provide advantages to self-reports. To evaluate whether habit-strength metrics derived from objective sensor data (MEMS® Caps; AARDEX Group) are associated with self-reported habit strength and adherence (objective and self-reported) and whether objective and self-reported habit strength are independently associated with adherence. Patients (N = 79) on oral medications for type 2 diabetes completed self-reports of habit strength and medication adherence and used MEMS® Caps to take their prescribed medication for one month. MEMS® Caps data were used to create five objective metrics of habit strength (e.g., individual-level variance in pill timing) and quantify medication adherence (% days correct dosing). Consistency in behavior from week to week (versus across each day) had the greatest association with self-reported habit strength (r(78) = 0.29, p = 0.01), self-reported adherence (r(78) = 0.32, p = 0.005), and objective adherence (r(78) = 0.61, p < 0.001). Objective and self-reported habit strength were independently associated with adherence. Weekly pill-timing consistency may be more useful than daily pill-timing consistency for predicting adherence and understanding patients' medication-taking habits. Self-reports and objective metrics of habit strength may be measuring different constructs, warranting further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in understanding how habit forms can help people change their behaviour in ways that make them happier and healthier. Making behaviour habitual, such that people automatically act in associated contexts due to learned context-response associations, offers a mechanism for maintaining new, desirable behaviours even when conscious motivation wanes. This has prompted interest in understanding how habit forms in the real world. To reliably inform intervention design, habit formation studies must be conceptually and methodologically sound. This paper proposes methodological criteria for studies tracking real-world habit formation, or potential moderators of the effect of repetition on formation. A narrative review of habit theory was undertaken to extract essential and desirable criteria for modelling how habit forms in naturalistic settings, and factors that influence the relationship between repetition and formation. Next, a methodological review identified exemplary real-world habit formation studies according to these criteria. Fourteen methodological criteria, capturing study design (four criteria), measurement (six criteria), and analysis and interpretation (four criteria), were derived from the narrative review. Five extant studies were found to meet our criteria. Adherence to these criteria should increase the likelihood that studies will offer revealing conclusions about how habits develop in real-world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intertwinement of ontology and history that happened after the idealist turn of Kantian transcendentalism, particularly in classic German idealism and later in American pragmatism. The paper focuses on the less remarked-upon consequence of this intertwinement, namely the possibility of a new reading of history based on changes in concepts and habitual mentality. The paper proposes a new take on historiography that vindicates Hegel's insight but changes his approach to a pragmatist one, more apt to face historical changes in a technical way and less easily twistable into ideological frameworks. The paper argues that the notion of habit, as phenomenologically and semiotically described by Peirce, is the fundamental cellule of the pragmatist take on the entanglement of history and ontology. The paper elaborates on the notion of habit, singling out a special form of it called "gesture" that can be a useful tool for reading the history of the human spirit without incorporating Hegel's dialectic and Absolute. The paper compares the notion of gesture as it originated in the pragmatist tradition with the parallel use of the term in the early studies of Michel Foucault and argues that the notion of gesture is better equipped to tackle a theoretical reading of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the primary source of natural textile fiber in the U.S. and a major crop in the Southeastern U.S. Despite constant efforts to increase the cotton fiber yield, the yield gain has stagnated. Therefore, we undertook a novel approach to improve the cotton fiber yield by altering its growth habit from perennial to annual. In this effort, we identified genotypes with high-expression alleles of five floral induction and meristem identity genes (FT, SOC1, FUL, LFY, and AP1) from an Upland cotton mini-core collection and crossed them in various combinations to develop cotton lines with annual growth habit, optimal flowering time, and enhanced productivity. To facilitate the characterization of genotypes with the desired combinations of stacked alleles, we identified molecular markers associated with the gene expression traits via genome-wide association analysis using a 63 K SNP Array. Over 14,500 SNPs showed polymorphism and were used for association analysis. A total of 396 markers showed associations with expression traits. Of these 396 markers, 159 were mapped to genes, 50 to untranslated regions, and 187 to random genomic regions. Biased genomic distribution of associated markers was observed where more trait-associated markers mapped to the cotton D sub-genome. Many quantitative trait loci coincided at specific genomic regions. This observation has implications as these traits could be bred together. The analysis also allowed the identification of candidate regulators of the expression patterns of these floral induction and meristem identity genes whose functions will be validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intention to repurchase is a key component in relationship marketing. However, minimal attention has been paid to how customers' habitual behavior moderates the relationship between customers' evaluation of benefits received from a service provider and the intention to revisit, specifically in a personal service business where customer-service provider interactions likely constitute the core of a sustainable relationship. To address this gap, the current study proposes and tests a comprehensive model to advance the theory of relationship marketing (RM) and additionally contributes to social exchange theory (SET), as well as the theory of repurchase decision making (TRD), in the business service context. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the relationships of the research model. Based on data collected from 482 customers on their perceptions of hairstylists, the empirical findings revealed that relational benefits significantly affect post-experience behavior, satisfaction, trust, and relationship commitment, and subsequently boost the intention to revisit. Furthermore, habit as an unconscious factor moderates the paths between revisiting intention and its determinants. Although several limitations exist, the findings practically and theoretically contribute to the literature on relationship marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article characterizes Peirce's concept of habit as a major contribution to a Peircean concept of preconceptuality, first, in relation to its function in the sign process, and second, in relation to other concepts of preconceptuality in cultural studies. Hans-Georg Gadamer's notion of prejudice, Michel Foucault's notions of the preconceptual and the dispositif, and Hans Blumenberg's conception of metaphor all share certain key characteristics with Peirce's notion of habit. The same comparison also highlights the fact that certain elements are missing from the current discourse on Peirce's notion of habit: although any rendition of the concept of habit itself implicitly relies on a theory of historicity and of rule-association, these aspects only emerge explicitly in comparison with theories that more explicitly focus on such aspects. Another question raised in the context of such a comparison is the relevance of habit for theories of conceptuality. Peirce claims that descriptions of concepts are best realized through the description of the habits involved in them. A major part of a concept's coordinative power lies with the habits associated with the concept. However, no systematic inquiry into the possibility of rendering actual habits more definitive in comprehension has been undertaken. An attempt is therefore made to remedy that situation by elaborating on those aspects of Peirce's theory of habit relevant to a theory of "reading" habit, and to sketch an outline of such a theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic in India is a part of a worldwide pandemic, on 24 March 2020, the Government of India has announced a nationwide lockdown. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the day-to-day activities particularly has created the largest disruption of education systems in India. This study has examined the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the reading habit of Law Students in Tamil Nadu. A descriptive survey method was adopted and an online web-based questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The total response collected for the study is 464 and 65.52% of respondents are female. It was found that there was a significant development in the reading habit of Law Students in Tamilnadu during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. It was revealed that most Law Students in Tamandu used a mobile phone (96.8%) to read during the lockdown. It was shown the challenges in reading during the lockdown, which include Heavy use of social media, Laziness, Work/home burden, lack of motivation, and non-availability of resources. It was concluded that COVID-19 lockdown has a positive influence on the reading habits of most Law Students in Tamailnadu and the findings of this study will provide understanding into the reading habits of these law students and necessary recommendations will be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This study was carried out to ascertain parents' attitude about reading related activities of children, to discover parents' efforts for instilling the reading habit in their children, to understand the challenges faced by parents in inculcating reading habit in their children, and to suggest possible solutions to the parents' difficulties related to their children's reading habits. Design/Methodology - The research was conducted using the Survey method, with Focus Group Discussion used as the data collection tool. The research sample was 24 parents of pupils who were studying in the primary and secondary Marathi medium schools in Nashik district. An anonymous data was collected Qualitative descriptive analysis was carried out of the collected data. Findings - It was observed that parents knew that pleasure reading was important for the overall behavioral development of their children. However, less than half of them performed any substantial activities to instill the reading habit in their children. Children's excessive usage of the internet, time constraints, children's disinterest in reading, and parents' incognizance about the effective reading material were the main challenges faced. Originality/Value - This study is one of the first one of its kind in the Indian scenario. Uniquely collecting parents' real experiences through focus group interviews, this paper provides concrete solutions to the difficulties of parents in inculcating reading habits among their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss the formation of habits with the help of self-tracking technologies. Although devices like Fitbit smart bands come with promises of empowerment through the means of increased control over users’ habits, existing literature does not provide conclusive findings about the validity of such claims. I contribute to the ongoing debate by relying on John Dewey’s pragmatist philosophy and its notion of intelligent habit. I demonstrate that from a pragmatist standpoint, habits that are the most likely to accomplish users’ goals contribute to their flourishing need to be reflective (accompanied by adequate deliberation) and flexible (adaptable to the changing circumstances). On this basis I highlight some ethical-epistemic issues surrounding self-tracking technologies that inhibit the formation of habits desirable from a Deweyan standpoint. These include a lack of reflection on the part of the developers, difficulties for users to deliberate and consciously shape the habits developed by their devices, and dependence upon self-tracking tools that makes it difficult to adapt habits to individual needs and circumstances. I conclude the paper by discussing self-tracking’s general impact on flourishing, as well as placing my arguments in the context of the diversity of self-tracking practices and identifying how users attempt to alleviate the shortcomings of the technology and make it more suitable to their goals and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: eating habits are one of the main predictors of health within a person lifestyle. The assessment of these habits will be essential to confirm health-related habits and orientate behaviors of risk for health. Objectives: to assess the eating habits within the health-related lifestyle among Spanish adults from 22 to 72 years of age. Methods: the Health-Related Lifestyle Assessment Scale (E-VEVSA) was applied to a sample of 788 subjects between the ages of 22 and 72. This scale is made up of 52 items and structured in seven dimensions, among which the healthy eating habit was evaluated, which explained a variance of 8.67 % of the total scale (66.87 %) and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.794 for a total alpha of 0.894. Results: sixteen percent of the adults surveyed have healthy eating habits, 68.3 % tend towards health and 15.7 % are unhealthy. Pearson's χ2 tests show a positive and significant association of women with healthy eating habits and a significant improvement with age. The inferential data (Student's t-tests and one-factor ANOVA) confirm these differences according to gender and age. Conclusions: it is necessary to promote preventive programs to improve eating habits in the adult population, especially in the 15.7 % that have an unhealthy level of nutrition in their lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that it is a mistake to define habit as behaviour or action; as a regular conjunction of actions; as a stock; as a form of automaticity (although habit is acquired and activated automatically); as a tendency, propensity or disposition (even though habit acts tendentially); as a mechanism; and as a process (even though habit is acquired and activated via several processes). A taxonomic definition is provided wherein habit is a cognitive representation of a cue-action response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior evidence suggests that sensorimotor regions play a crucial role in habit formation. Yet, whether and how their global functional network properties might contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of habit formation still remains unclear. Capitalizing on advances in Elastic Net regression and predictive modeling, we examined whether learning‐related functional connectivity alterations distributed across the whole brain could predict individual habit strength. Using the leave‐one‐subject‐out cross‐validation strategy, we found that the habit strength score of the novel unseen subjects could be successfully predicted. We further characterized the contribution of both, individual large‐scale networks and individual brain regions by calculating their predictive weights. This highlighted the pivotal role of functional connectivity changes involving the sensorimotor network and the cingulo–opercular network in subject‐specific habit strength prediction. These results contribute to the understanding the neural basis of human habit formation by demonstrating the importance of global functional network properties especially also for predicting the observable behavioral expression of habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem growth habit dictates plant architecture and influences flowering and podding (seed setting), making it an essential morphological and breeding agronomic trait of soybean (Glycine max). Stem growth habit in soybean is affected by photoperiod and environment and is determined by genetic variation at major genes. Classical genetic analysis identified two critical loci, designated Determinacy 1 (Dt1) and Determinacy 2 (Dt2). Dt1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) and specifies an indeterminate stem growth habit, whereas Dt2 specifies a semi-determinate growth habit. MADS-box proteins, including Dt2, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (GmSOC1) and MADS-box genes downregulated by E1 (GmMDE), repress Dt1 expression. Photoreceptors encoded by the E3 and E4 loci regulate the expression of soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T (GmFT) orthologs via circadian clock genes and E1, and GmFTs compete with Dt1 to regulate stem growth habit. Study of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of stem growth habit in soybean has focused on the repression of Dt1 expression. Here we provide an overview of progress made in elucidating the genetic and molecular bases of stem growth habit in soybean, with emphasis on the molecular components responsible for integrating photoperiodic flowering and stem growth habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript investigates how conscious intention and unconscious exercise habits influence physical activity behavior. While prior research has predominantly focused on conscious decision-making, this study applied a dual-process model to explore the impact of intention and habit on physical activity engagement. Out of the 300 questionnaires distributed to students from one university, 282 questionnaires were utilized for data analysis after excluding insincere responses. Intention was measured using a 7-point scale, while exercise habits were assessed using the Self-Report Behavioral Automaticity Index. In addition, physical activity was measured using the Weekly Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. The validity and reliability of measurement tools were confirmed. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS, including correlation analysis, multiple regression, and moderation analysis. Intention, exercise preparation habit, and exercise performance habit were all found to influence physical activity levels significantly. Intention demonstrated the strongest impact, followed by exercise preparation habit and exercise performance habit. This suggests that the research efforts regarding intention conducted before the emergence of the dual process model, which proposes the importance of unconscious thinking patterns, were not in vain. The analysis revealed a statistically significant moderating effect of exercise preparation habit, but not exercise performance habit, in the relationship between intention and physical activity. Exercise preparation habit was identified as a significant moderator, enhancing the relationship between intention and physical activity. This study underscores the importance of considering both conscious intention and unconscious exercise habits in promoting physical activity. The findings challenge the prevailing emphasis on conscious decision-making and highlight the need for a more comprehensive understanding of unconscious behavior in health behavior interventions. This study is expected to arouse academic interest in the often-neglected area of unconscious behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular mechanisms tuning cholinergic interneuron (CIN) activity, although crucial for striatal function and behavior, remain largely unexplored. Previous studies report that the Etv1/Er81 transcription factor is vital for regulating neuronal maturation and activity. While Er81 is known to be expressed in the striatum during development, its specific role in defining CIN properties and the resulting consequences on striatal function is unknown. We report here that Er81 is expressed in CINs and its specific ablation leads to prominent changes in their molecular, morphologic, and electrophysiological features. In particular, the lack of Er81 amplifies intrinsic delayed-rectifier and hyperpolarization-activated currents, which subsequently alters the tonic and phasic activity of CINs. We further reveal that Er81 expression is required for normal CIN pause and time-locked responses to sensorimotor inputs in awake mice. Overall, this study uncovers a new cell type-specific control of CIN function in the striatum which drives habit formation in adult male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the conducted experiments was to determine the impact of the differentiated composition of spectral radiation on the development of spring barley. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions using artificial sources of radiation. The habit of the barley was dependent on the spectral composition of the radiation in the growth chambers in which the red to far-red values were in the range of 0.92-10.0. Barley grown with an increased share of far red light produced decidedly longer internodes and taller shoots than the plants radiated with a smaller amount. The leaves of the barley grown in a high red to far-red ratio were positioned less vertically and the plants formed a more dense canopy than in the chambers with a lower red to far-red ratio. The plants grown in the chamber with a low red to far-red ratio produced a greater mass of stems with ears and a lower mass of infertile stems in comparison with the plants grown in radiation with a lower share of far-red. In summary, in these condition it was found that an increase in the number and mass of grains, in the grain weight to stem weight ratio, in the total mass of straw and plants as well as in an increase in the 1000 grain weight. A low red to far-red ratio is an indicator of the existence of competition but observed differences in barley development and yield showed that in these conditions the plants demonstrated adaptive responses to shading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derris rubricosta Boonprajan & Sirich., sp. nov., a new species of the genus Derris Lour. (Fabaceae) was discovered in Peninsular Thailand. The overall morphology demonstrates that the species most resembles D. pubipetala. Nevertheless, the species has several autapomorphies differentiating it from other Derris species, e.g., the presence of reddish midribs of the mature leaflets, sparsely hairy stamen filaments, prominent hairs at the base of the anthers, and presence of glandular trichomes along the leaflet midrib. Additionally, HPLC fingerprints of this species showed a distinction from D. pubipetala by the absence of phytochemical compound peaks after 13 min. Retention Time (RT). Results from molecular phylogenetic analyses also strongly supported the taxonomic status as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Deterrence variables had the same effect on low, mid and high range speeding. • Habit was a predictor of all types of speeding behavior. • Habit was most influential for low-range speeding. • Perceived legitimacy only influenced high-range speeding. Introduction : Speeding is a global road safety concern contributing to an excessive number of fatal crashes and serious debilitating injuries. Research identifying amendable factors associated with speeding to inform interventions is critical. Method: This study examined the association of habit, perceived legitimacy of enforcement, and deterrence elements with three levels of speeding behavior; low- (<10 km/hr over the posted speed limit), mid- (10–20 km/hr), and high-range (>20 km/hr) speeding. An online survey of 870 participants aged over 17 years (M = 37 years) was administered. Results: Approximately 80% of participants reported low-range speeding, 40% mid-range speeding, and 20% high-range speeding. Differences were found between speeding on urban and open roads with the proportion of participants greater for mid- and high-range speeding on open roads. Multiple linear regressions were run finding habit and deterrence variables to be significant predictors of all three levels of speeding. Perceived legitimacy of enforcement was a significant predictor of high-range speeding only. Practical Applications: These findings suggest countermeasures that encourage good speed-related habits would be promising. It is also concluded that additional deterrence measures that reduce punishment avoidance experiences (e.g., better detection of speeding behaviors) are needed to further curb speeding behaviors. Nevertheless, the current punishment for all levels of speeding is perceived to be an effective deterrent. These recommendations inform policy, training and education, and campaigns that target engagement in speeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Japanese government removed mask-wearing requirements in 2023, relatively high rates of mask wearing have continued in Japan. We aimed to assess psychological reasons and the strength of habitual mask wearing in Japan. An Internet-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with non-random participant recruitment. We explored the frequency of mask usage, investigating psychological reasons for wearing masks. A regression analysis examined the association between psychological reasons and the frequency of mask wearing. The habitual use of masks was assessed in the participant's most frequently visited indoor space and public transport using the self-report habit index. The principal component analysis with varimax rotation revealed distinct habitual characteristics. Among the 2640 participants surveyed from 6 to 9 February 2023, only 4.9% reported not wearing masks at all. Conformity to social norms was the most important reason for masks. Participants exhibited a slightly higher degree of habituation towards mask wearing on public transport compared to indoor spaces. The mask-wearing rate was higher in females than in males, and no significant difference was identified by age group. Daily mask wearing in indoor spaces was characterized by two traits (automaticity and behavioral frequency). A high mask-wearing frequency has been maintained in Japan during the social reopening transition period. Mask wearing has become a part of daily habit, especially on public transport, largely driven by automatic and frequent practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance of artificial pelleted diets contributes to increasing the cultured areas and output of carnivorous fish. However, the mechanism of acceptance of artificial pelleted diets remains largely unknown. In this study, the easy acceptance of artificial pelleted diets (EAD) group and the not easy acceptance of artificial pelleted diets (NAD) group of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were divided based on the ratios of stomach weight/body weight (SB) after 0.5 h feeding, which was bigger than 18% in the EAD group and ranged from 8 to 12% in the NAD group. Through transcriptome and proteome sequencing, a total of 2463 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 230 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, respectively. Integrated analyses of transcriptome and proteome data revealed that 152 DEPs were matched with the corresponding DEGs (named co-DEGs-DEPs), and 54 co-DEGs-DEPs were enriched in 16 KEGG pathways, including the metabolic pathways, steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, etc. Furthermore, 3 terpenoid backbone biosynthesis-related genes (Hmgcr, Hmgcs, and Fdps) in metabolic pathways, 10 steroid biosynthesis-related genes (Fdft1, Sqle, Lss, Cyp51a1, Tm7sf2, Nsdhl, Hsd17b7, Dhcr24, Sc5d, and Dhcr7), and 3 fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (Acaca, Fasn, and Ascl) were all up-regulated in the EAD group, suggesting that the lipid metabolism pathway and steroid biosynthesis pathway play important roles in early food habit domestication in Largemouth bass. In addition, the detection results of randomly selected 15 DEGs and 15 DEPs indicated that both transcriptome and proteome results in the study were reliable. Our study provides useful information for further research on the mechanisms of food habit domestication in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we would like to argue that the notion of faith, as seen in the anthropology that Kierkegaard presents in works such as The Sickness unto Death or Postscript, among others, shows striking similarities with the Aristotelian ethics of virtue. In a more specific manner, we wish to propose that faith can be interpreted as a virtue in the Aristotelian sense since one can find the following three aspects in it: (1) faith is a state based on habit; (2) faith makes human beings good; and (3) faith makes the human being perform her characteristic activity well. In our view, these features correspond to Aristotle's definition of virtue: "If this is so in all cases, the virtue of a human being too will be the state that makes a human being good and makes him perform his characteristic activity well". (Nicomachean Ethics, 1106a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the test situation of pulmonary nodules among health examination population in a certain area and analyze its relationship with lifestyle and dietary habits. Methods A study was conducted on 10 580 individuals who underwent health examinations at the health management center of The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from June 2022 to June 2023, regardless of occupation. All health examines underwent low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) lung examination to screen for pulmonary nodule patients, the detection rate and imaging characteristics of pulmonary nodules were analyzed, and a questionnaire survey on their lifestyle and dietary habits was conducted, the relationship between the detection rate of pulmonary nodules and lifestyle and dietary habits were analyzed. Results A total of 2 054 positive cases of pulmonary nodules were detected among 10 580 healthy individuals, with a detection rate of 19.41%. Among them, 320 cases were of type 1 nodules (3.02%), 1 425 cases were of type 2 nodules (13.47%), 218 cases were of type 3 nodules (2.06%), and 91 cases were of type 4 nodules (0.86%). There was a statistically significant difference in the classification of Lung RANDS for positive pulmonary nodules of different densities and sizes (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of pulmonary nodules among healthy individuals of different ages, genders, occupational environments, smoking habits, participation in physical exercise, and dietary habits (whether you have the habit of eating breakfast, whether you eat a high-oil diet, whether you eat fried products and the combination of meat and vegetables) . Multivariate logistic regression results showed that males (OR = 2.143, 95% CI: 1.151-3. 9880), smokers (OR = 2.234, 95% CI: 1.435-3.480), aged over 40 years old (OR = 1.451, 95% CI: 1.031-2.040), not participating in physical exercise (OR = 1.582, 95% CI: 1.157-2.165), and no habit of eating breakfast (OR = 1.404, 95% CI: 1.036-1.902), high oil diet (OR = 1.409, 95% CI: 1.073-1.850) and eat fried products (OR = 1.795, 95% CI: 1.269-2.539) were independent risk factors for pulmonary nodules in healthy individuals in this region (P < 0.05) . Conclusion The detection rate of pulmonary nodules in the health examination population in Luzhou region is relatively high, and related lifestyle and dietary habits may affect the occurrence of pulmonary nodules. It is recommended to actively carry out LDCT for people over 40 years old in this area, focusing on high-risk groups who smoke, do not participate in physical exercise, have habits of not eating breakfast, high oil diet and eating fried products. Early detection and management of high-risk pulmonary nodules can reduce the risk of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implementation of virtual devices can facilitate the role of therapists (e.g., patient motivation, intensity of practice) to improve the effectiveness of treatment for children with cerebral palsy. Among existing therapeutic devices, none has been specifically designed to promote the application of principles underlying evidence-based motor skill learning interventions. Consequently, evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of virtual-based sessions in motor function rehabilitation with respect to promoting the transfer of motor improvements into daily life activities. We tested the effectiveness of implementing a recently developed virtual device (REAtouch®), specifically designed to enable the application of therapeutic motor skill learning principles, during a Hand Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremities (HABIT-ILE) intervention. Methods: Forty children with unilateral cerebral palsy (5–18 years; MACS I-III; GMFCS I-II) were randomly assigned to a control group or a "REAtouch®" experimental group for a 90-h HABIT-ILE day-camp intervention (two weeks). Children in the REAtouch® group spent nearly half of their one-on-one therapeutic time using the REAtouch®. Participants underwent three testing sessions: the week before (T1), after intervention (T2), and at three months follow-up (T3). The primary outcome was the Assisting Hand Assessment (T3–T1; blinded). Secondary outcomes measured uni-bimanual hand function, stereognosis, gait endurance, daily life abilities, and functional goals. Accelerometers and a manual report of daily activities served to document therapeutic dosage and treatment characteristics. We used one-way RMANOVA to compare the efficacies of the two interventions, and non-inferiority analyses to contrast changes in the "REAtouch®" group versus the "HABIT-ILE" control group. Results: We found significant improvements in both groups for most of the outcome measures (p < 0.05). There was significant non-inferiority of changes in the REAtouch® group for upper extremities motor function, functional goals attainment, and abilities in daily life activities (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Use of the REAtouch® device during HABIT-ILE showed non-inferior efficacy compared to the conventional evidence-based HABIT-ILE intervention in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using this virtual device in a high dosage camp model, and establishes the possibility of applying the therapeutic principles of motor skill learning during specifically designed virtual-based sessions. Trial registration: Trial registration number: NCT03930836-Registration date on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP): June 21th, 2018; Registration date on NIH Clinical Trials Registry: April 29th, 2019. First patient enrollment: July 3rd, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Compare the effectiveness of nicotine gum versus the use of electronic cigarettes and show whether they are more effective in reducing smoking. . Methodology: Articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese, available from SciELO, Google Academic, EBSCO, Cochrane Library and LILACS, were included through equations built with MeSH and DeCS and Boolean operators AND Dec's OR (("Electronic cigarettes" OR "E-Cigs" OR "Electronic Cigars") OR ("Chewing gum" OR "Nicotine chewing gum") AND ("Smoking cessation")). The articles were critically read, and classified by level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Ethical considerations were adopted in accordance with Resolution 8430 of 1993. Results: The initial search yielded 1,468 articles, which were reduced to 28 units that contributed to the stated objective. Five themes were built, which include a comparison of methods, evaluation forms, age ranges, addiction rates, associated pathologies and mortality rate, components and physiological effects of the conventional and electronic cigarette. Conclusions: It is evident that the amounts of nicotine of e-cigarettes produce irreversible adverse health effects and can lead to increased dependency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]