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The tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) is a standard candle that can be used to help refine the determination of the Hubble constant. Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) provides synthetic photometry constructed from low-resolution BP/RP spectra for Milky Way field stars that can be used to directly calibrate the luminosity of the TRGB in the Johnson–Cousins I band, where the TRGB is least sensitive to metallicity. We calibrate the TRGB luminosity using a two-dimensional maximum likelihood algorithm with field stars and Gaia synthetic photometry and parallaxes. For a high-contrast and low-contrast break (characterized by the values of the contrast parameter R or the magnitude of the break β), we find M TRGB I = −4.02 and −3.92 mag respectively, or a midpoint of −3.970 − 0.024 + 0.042 (sys) ± 0.062 (stat) mag. This measurement improves upon the TRGB measurement from Li et al., as the higher precision photometry based on Gaia DR3 allows us to constrain two additional free parameters of the luminosity function. We also investigate the possibility of using Gaia DR3 synthetic photometry to calibrate the TRGB luminosity with ω Centauri, but find evidence of blending within the inner region for cluster member photometry that precludes accurate calibration with Gaia DR3 photometry. We instead provide an updated TRGB measurement of m TRGB I = 9.82 ± 0.04 mag in ω Centauri using ground-based photometry from the most recent version of the database described in Stetson et al., which gives M TRGB I = −3.97 ± 0.04 (stat) ± 0.10 (sys) mag when tied to the Gaia EDR3 parallax distance from the consensus of Vasiliev & Baumgardt, Soltis et al., and Maíz Apellániz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict, with a particular focus on its relationship to political stability in the Middle East. According to the author, the conflict between Israel and Palestine is a hyperconflict, one influenced by regional and global rather than merely local factors. It is suggested that an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement might be the final step in a larger process of stabilizing the region. Details on Russian strategy in the Middle East, including the promotion of anti-Western ideology and Russian energy exports, are presented. Other topics include the Palestinian government organization Hamas, public opinion regarding Israel, and the 2014 Israeli intervention in the Gaza Strip.

We use a newly developed observing mode on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Wide Field Camera 3, spatial scanning, to increase source sampling a thousand-fold and measure changes in source positions to a precision of 20-40 μas, more than an order of magnitude better than attainable in pointed observations. This observing mode can usefully measure the parallaxes of bright stars at distances of up to 5 kpc, a factor of 10 farther than achieved thus far with HST. The technique should also provide a unique crosscheck of future parallax measurements from Gaia. Long-period classical Cepheid variable stars in the Milky Way, nearly all of which reside beyond 1 kpc, are especially compelling targets for parallax measurements from scanning, as they may be used to anchor a determination of the Hubble constant to ∼1%. We illustrate the method by measuring to high precision the parallax of a classical Cepheid, SY Aurigae, at a distance of more than 2 kpc, using five epochs of spatial-scan data obtained at intervals of six months. Rapid spatial scans also enable photometric measurements of bright Milky Way Cepheids—which would otherwise saturate even in the shortest possible pointed observations—on the same flux scale as extragalactic Cepheids, which is a necessity for reducing a leading source of systematic error in the Hubble constant. We demonstrate this capability with photometric measurements of SY Aur on the same system used for Cepheids in Type Ia supernova host galaxies. While the technique and results presented here are preliminary, an ongoing program with HST is collecting such parallax measurements for another 18 Cepheids to produce a better anchor for the distance scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2019, the nearby single, isolated DQ-type white dwarf LAWD 37 (WD 1142-645) aligned closely with a distant background source and caused an astrometric microlensing event. Leveraging astrometry from Gaia and followup data from the Hubble Space Telescope , we measure the astrometric deflection of the background source and obtain a gravitational mass for LAWD 37. The main challenge of this analysis is in extracting the lensing signal of the faint background source whilst it is buried in the wings of LAWD 37's point spread function. Removal of LAWD 37's point spread function induces a significant amount of correlated noise which we find can mimic the astrometric lensing signal. We find a deflection model, including correlated noise caused by the removal of LAWD 37's point spread function best explains the data and yields a mass for LAWD 37 of |$0.56\pm 0.08\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$|⁠. This mass is in agreement with the theoretical mass–radius relationship and cooling tracks expected for CO core white dwarfs. Furthermore, the mass is consistent with no or trace amounts of hydrogen that is expected for objects with helium-rich atmospheres like LAWD 37. We conclude that further astrometric followup data on the source is likely to improve the inference on LAWD 37's mass at the ≈3 per cent level and definitively rule out purely correlated noise explanations of the data. This work provides the first semi-empirical test of the white dwarf mass–radius relationship using a single, isolated white dwarf and supports current model atmospheres of DQ white dwarfs and white dwarf evolutionary theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at political and economic conditions in Italy as of July 2012. It recounts the 2011 resignation of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and his replacement by a technocratic government led by Prime Minister Mario Monti, citing mass demonstrations in October 2011 as a key factor in Berlusconi's fall. It describes Italy's relative economic stagnation and rising public debt from the 1990s on. Topics include tax rates and tax evasion, bureaucratic and undemocratic aspects of the political system, labor law, and the effects of adoption of the euro.

More than 200 extrasolar planets have been discovered around relatively nearby stars, primarily through the Doppler line shifts owing to reflex motions of their host stars, and more recently through transits of some planets across the faces of the host stars. The detection of planets with the shortest known periods, 1.2–2.5 days, has mainly resulted from transit surveys which have generally targeted stars more massive than 0.75 M\cirċ, where M\cirċ is the mass of the Sun. Here we report the results from a planetary transit search performed in a rich stellar field towards the Galactic bulge. We discovered 16 candidates with orbital periods between 0.4 and 4.2 days, five of which orbit stars of masses in the range 0.44–0.75 M\cirċ. In two cases, radial-velocity measurements support the planetary nature of the companions. Five candidates have orbital periods below 1.0 day, constituting a new class of ultra-short-period planets, which occur only around stars of less than 0.88 M\cirċ. This indicates that those orbiting very close to more-luminous stars might be evaporatively destroyed or that jovian planets around stars of lower mass might migrate to smaller radii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first unambiguous detection and mass measurement of an isolated stellar-mass black hole (BH). We used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to carry out precise astrometry of the source star of the long-duration (t E ≃ 270 days), high-magnification microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-191/OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 (hereafter designated as MOA-11-191/OGLE-11-462), in the direction of the Galactic bulge. HST imaging, conducted at eight epochs over an interval of 6 yr, reveals a clear relativistic astrometric deflection of the background star’s apparent position. Ground-based photometry of MOA-11-191/OGLE-11-462 shows a parallactic signature of the effect of Earth’s motion on the microlensing light curve. Combining the HST astrometry with the ground-based light curve and the derived parallax, we obtain a lens mass of 7.1 ± 1.3 M ⊙ and a distance of 1.58 ± 0.18 kpc. We show that the lens emits no detectable light, which, along with having a mass higher than is possible for a white dwarf or neutron star, confirms its BH nature. Our analysis also provides an absolute proper motion for the BH. The proper motion is offset from the mean motion of Galactic disk stars at similar distances by an amount corresponding to a transverse space velocity of ∼45 km sâˆ'1, suggesting that the BH received a “natal kick” from its supernova explosion. Previous mass determinations for stellar-mass BHs have come from radial velocity measurements of Galactic X-ray binaries and from gravitational radiation emitted by merging BHs in binary systems in external galaxies. Our mass measurement is the first for an isolated stellar-mass BH using any technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which examined a microlensing event associated with the globular cluster M22. Advantages of using microlensing in determining the masses of planets and stars; Location of the M22 cluster; Results of the study.

The giant spiral galaxy M101 is host to the nearest recent Type Ia supernova (SN 2011fe) and thus has been extensively monitored in the near-infrared to study the late-time light curve of the SN. Leveraging this existing baseline of observations, we derive the first Mira-based distance to M101 by discovering and classifying a sample of 211 Miras with periods ranging from 240–400 days in the SN field. Combined with new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3/IR channel observations, our data set totals 11 epochs of F110W (HST YJ) and 13 epochs of F160W (HST H) data spanning ∼2900 days. We adopt absolute calibrations of the Mira period–luminosity relation based on geometric distances to the Large Magellanic Cloud and the water megamaser host galaxy NGC 4258, and find μ M101 = 29.10 ± 0.06 mag. This distance is in 1 σ agreement with most other recent Cepheid and tip of the red giant branch distance measurements to M101. Including the previous Mira SN Ia host, NGC 1559, and SN 2005df, we determine the fiducial SN Ia peak luminosity, M B 0 = − 19.27 ± 0.09 mag. With the Hubble diagram of supernovae Ia, we derive H 0 = 72.37 ± 2.97 km s−1 Mpc−1, a 4.1% measurement of H 0 using Miras. We find excellent agreement with recent Cepheid distance ladder measurements of H 0 and confirm previous indications that the local universe value of H 0 is higher than the early universe value at ∼95% confidence. Currently, the Mira-based H 0 measurement is still dominated by the statistical uncertainty in the SN Ia peak magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-rung distance ladder, which calibrates Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) through stellar distances linked to geometric measurements, provides the highest precision direct measurement of the Hubble constant. In light of the Hubble tension, it is important to test the individual components of the distance ladder. For this purpose, we report a measurement of the Hubble constant from 35 extragalactic Cepheid hosts measured by the SH0ES team, using their distances and redshifts at cz ≤ 3300 km sâˆ'1, instead of any more distant SNe Ia, to measure the Hubble flow. The Cepheid distances are calibrated geometrically in the Milky Way, NGC 4258, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Peculiar velocities are a significant source of systematic uncertainty at z ∼ 0.01, and we present a formalism for both mitigating and quantifying their effects, making use of external reconstructions of the density and velocity fields in the nearby universe. We identify a significant source of uncertainty originating from different assumptions about the selection criteria of this sample, whether distance or redshift limited, as it was assembled over three decades. Modeling these assumptions yields central values ranging from H 0 = 71.7 to 76.4 km sâˆ'1 Mpcâˆ'1. Combining the four best-fitting selection models yields H 0 = 72.9 âˆ' 2.2 + 2.4 as a fiducial result, at 2.4 σ tension with Planck. While SNe Ia are essential for a precise measurement of H 0, unknown systematics in these supernovae are unlikely to be the source of the Hubble tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program is a joint Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Exploration Science program using 10 galaxy clusters as cosmic telescopes to study z ≳ 7 galaxies at intrinsically lower luminosities, enabled by gravitational lensing, than blank field surveys of the same exposure time. Our main goal is to measure stellar masses and ages of these galaxies, which are the most likely sources of the ionizing photons that drive reionization. Accurate knowledge of the star formation density and star formation history at this epoch is necessary to determine whether these galaxies indeed reionized the universe. Determination of the stellar masses and ages requires measuring rest-frame optical light, which only Spitzer can probe for sources at z ≳ 7, for a large enough sample of typical galaxies. Our program consists of 550 hr of Spitzer/IRAC imaging covering 10 galaxy clusters with very well-known mass distributions, making them extremely precise cosmic telescopes. We combine our data with archival observations to obtain mosaics with ∼30 hr exposure time in both 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm in the central 4′ × 4′ field and ∼15 hr in the flanking fields. This results in 3σ sensitivity limits of ∼26.6 and ∼26.2 AB magnitudes for the central field in the IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands, respectively. To illustrate the survey strategy and characteristics we introduce the sample, present the details of the data reduction and demonstrate that these data are sufficient for in-depth studies of z ≳ 7 sources (using a z = 9.5 galaxy behind MACS J1149.5+2223 as an example). For the first cluster of the survey (the Bullet Cluster) we have released all high-level data mosaics and IRAC empirical point-spread function models. In the future we plan to release these data products for the entire survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a calibration of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/ACS F814W system. We use archival HST observations to derive blending corrections and photometric transformations for two ground-based wide-area imaging surveys of the Magellanic Clouds. We show that these surveys are biased bright by up to ∼0.1 mag in the optical due to blending, and that the bias is a function of local stellar density. We correct the LMC TRGB magnitudes from Jang & Lee and use the geometric distance from Pietrzyński et al. to obtain an absolute TRGB magnitude of. Applying this calibration to the TRGB magnitudes from Freedman et al. in SN Ia hosts yields a value for the Hubble constant of H0 = 72.4 ± 2.0 km s−1 Mpc−1 for their TRGB+SNe Ia distance ladder. The difference in the TRGB calibration and the value of H0 derived here and by Freedman et al. primarily results from their overestimate of the LMC extinction, caused by inconsistencies in their different sources of TRGB photometry for the Magellanic Clouds. Using the same source of photometry (OGLE) for both Clouds and applying the aforementioned corrections yields a value for the LMC I-band TRGB extinction that is lower by 0.06 mag, consistent with independent OGLE reddening maps used by us and by Jang & Lee to calibrate TRGB and determine H0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents multiwavelength photometric catalogues of the last two Hubble Frontier Fields (HFFs), the massive galaxy clusters Abell 370 and RXC J2248.7−4431. The photometry ranges from imaging performed on the Hubble Space Telescope to ground-based Very Large Telescope and Spitzer /Infrared Array Camera, in collaboration with the ASTRODEEP team, and using the ASTRODEEP pipeline. While the main purpose of this paper is to release the catalogues, we also perform, as a proof of concept, a brief analysis of z > 6 objects selected using dropout method, as well as spectroscopically confirmed sources and multiple images in both clusters. While dropout methods yield a sample of high- z galaxies, the addition of longer wavelength data reveals that as expected the samples have substantial contamination at the ∼30–45 per cent level by dusty galaxies at lower redshifts. Furthermore, we show that spectroscopic redshifts are still required to unambiguously determine redshifts of multiply imaged systems. Finally, the now publicly available ASTRODEEP catalogues were combined for all HFFs and used to explore stellar properties of a large sample of 20 000 galaxies across a large photometric redshift range. The powerful magnification provided by the HFF clusters allows for an exploration of the properties of galaxies with intrinsic stellar masses as low as M * ≳ 107 M⊙ and intrinsic star formation rates ∼0.1–1 M⊙ yr−1 at z  > 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the discovery of a Type Ia supernova (SN) at redshift z = 1.914 from the CANDELS multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This SN was discovered in the infrared using the Wide- Field Camera 3, and it is the highest-redshift Type Ia SN yet observed. We classify this object as a SN Ia by comparing its light curve and spectrum with those of a large sample of Type Ia and core-collapse SNe. Its apparent magnitude is consistent with that expected from the ΛCDM concordance cosmology.We discuss the use of spectral evidence for classification of z > 1.5 SNe Ia using HST grism simulations, finding that spectral data alone can frequently rule out SNe II, but distinguishing between SNe Ia and SNe Ib/c can require prohibitively long exposures. In such cases, a quantitative analysis of the light curve may be necessary for classification. Our photometric and spectroscopic classification methods can aid the determination of SN rates and cosmological parameters from the full high-redshift CANDELS SN sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "A 3% Solution: Determination of the Hubble Constant With the Hubble Space Telescope and Wide Field Camera," by Adam G. Riess and colleagues, is presented.

We report the discovery of a Type la supernova (SN Ia) at redshift z = 1.55 with the infrared detector of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3-IR) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). This object was discovered in CANDELS imaging data of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and followed as part of the CANDELS+CLASH Supernova project, comprising the SN search components from those two HST multi-cycle treasury programs. This is the highest redshift SN Ia with direct spectroscopic evidence for classification. It is also the first SN Ia at z > 1 found and followed in the infrared, providing a full light curve in rest-frame optical bands. The classification and redshift are securely defined from a combination of multi-band and multi-epoch photometry of the SN, ground-based spectroscopy of the host galaxy, and WFC3-IR grism spectroscopy of both the SN and host. This object is the first of a projected sample at z > 1.5 that will be discovered by the CANDELS and CLASH programs. The full CANDELS+CLASH SN Ia sample will enable unique tests for evolutionary effects that could arise due to differences in SN Ia progenitor systems as a function of redshift. This high-z sample will also allow measurement of the SN Ia rate out to z ≈ 2, providing a complementary constraint on SN Ia progenitor models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]