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Abstract: Next generation hydrocarbon biofuels have the potential to fulfill not only the biofuels production mandate of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, but also would not have to be exempted from the EISA-mandated increase in the corporate average fuel economy. Producing “green gasoline”, “green diesel” and “green jet fuel” from non-food lignocellulosic feedstocks such as forest waste and agricultural residue, and energy crops such as short rotation trees and perennial grasses grown on marginal or abandoned cropland will substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions and will not affect food prices. In this paper the development of the new paradigm of green gasoline from lignocellulose will be reviewed, the potential pathways to these infrastructure-compatible fuels will be discussed, and critical process design needs will be outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]