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Large corporations usually cover their capital and operating expenses by issuing bonds with fixed rates and different maturities. This paper proposes a multistage stochastic programming (MSP) model with multiple objectives to optimize bond issuance by satisfying the three common objectives of corporate managers, as follows: (i) Minimizing expected discounted cost under cash liquidity and financial leverage risk constraints. (ii) Minimizing financial leverage risk under expected discounted cost and cash liquidity risk constraints. (iii) Minimizing cash liquidity risk under expected discounted cost and financial leverage risk constraints. We measure liquidity risk as conditional payment-at-risk (C P a R), according to the corporation's financial characteristics. Financial leverage risk is captured by conditional financial leverage-at-risk C F L a R , which we design based on conditional value-at-risk (C V a R). Through empirical analysis of a company in China, we explore the efficient frontier curves for the three above objectives and provide the corresponding issuance compositions of an optimal bond portfolio. Our MSP model offers guidance for corporations on achieving a trade-off between cost and risk when issuing corporate bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper selects weekly transaction data from the Shenzhen Exchange and Shanghai Exchange for 2012 to 2018 to investigate factors including corporate size, the ration of book-to-market, default risk, term and credit rating that influence the corporate bond spread. It can be concluded that small firms prefer to issue high yield spread bonds while large firms issue bonds with low yield spreads. High (low) book-to-market firms issue high (low) yield spread bonds. The most important factors influencing corporate bond spread yield are default risk, terms, and credit ratings. We suggest that China Securities Regulatory Commission should encourage small firms to issue corporate bonds and there should be more kinds of credit ratings bonds in China bond market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of multidimension liquidity, credit risk, and the interaction between liquidity and credit risk on corporate bond spreads based on a large transaction data set from July, 2006 to June, 2016, including the monthly data of 3716 bonds in China. Our main findings reveal that liquidity premiums are the main parts of corporate bond spreads. The interaction between liquidity and credit risk plays a significant role in determining corporate bond spreads. In addition, the differences between the interbank market and the exchange market have a significant impact on corporate bond spreads in normal period, and the interaction between liquidity and credit risk has an enhanced impact on corporate bond spreads during financial crisis. We also find that the interaction between liquidity and credit risk will increase with the increase of liquidity risk and credit risk and it is a time-varying dynamic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors impacting the price difference between the interbank market and the exchange market for the same bond using a large transaction dataset from July 2006 to June 2016 in China. We find that market liquidity and macrofactors mainly affect the price difference between the two markets for the same bond. And individual bond liquidity explains only a small part of the price difference. We also find that the interaction between liquidity and credit risk is an important factor affecting the price difference, and the effect is greater during financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on liquidity risk of corporate bond, and it collects panel data from 2014 to 2018 in Corporate bond Exchange center in China. It measures liquidity by issued amount, trading turnover, squared price return, volume and bond age. In the regression Squared price return is significant, and the squared price return could indicate to what extent the bond is underpriced. At the same time, corporate bond trading volumes increase, but liquidity risk premium decreases, so the corporate bond spread decreases. Also, the large issued amount indicates high liquidity. In the paper, it finds that the threshold of 12 months is the best in corporate bond market in Exchange in China, and the liquidity risk premium which presented by age is a very important part in corporate bond spread. The results above are consistent with the hypotheses. But in the regression, the variable of corporate bond trades is positively correlated with corporate bond spread, and it’s different from the null hypothesis. It infers that there’re several reasons, maybe too much missing data in the sample or the samples are in an economic crisis period. Overall, issued amount, squared price return, volume and trading turnover are proxies of liquidity risk, however they are less important than bond age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic characteristics of modern marine finance are the coexistence of policy finance and commercial finance, openness and exclusiveness, and the combination of industry and finance and financial agglomeration complement each other. Modern marine financial instruments include bank loans and credit guarantees, marine funds, corporate bonds and asset acclimatization, financial leasing and marine insurance. At present, China is facing great opportunities to develop marine finance. It is suggested that the Chinese government should support the establishment of marine financial element aggregation zones and promote the rapid rise of China's marine financial industry in the mode of ''three funds, one bank and one think tank''. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local government debt plays a vital role in achieving financial financialization and regional economic growth. However, the environmental side effects of the debt-financed infrastructure development model have received little attention. Using a large panel data of Chinese enterprises from 2007 to 2016, we explored the relationship between local government debt in terms of urban investment bonds and corporate pollution emission. We observe that the increase in local government debt exaggerates the intensity of COD emission, equal to 26% of the average. This pollution-promoting effect remains after a series of robust checks. In heterogeneous analysis, local government debt is more likely to affect enterprises located in coastal areas, from pollution intensive industry, operating in regions with weak fiscal strength and operating in regions with low governance quality. The mechanistic exploration from government environmental governance and financial constraint reveals that the local government debt increases corporate pollution when the local fiscal finance emphasizes economy over environmental governance, which has been alleviated after the central government advocates the construction of an environmentally friendly and resource-saving society; An increase of corporate pollution is also possible when local government debt increases the financing constraints of enterprises. We also unveil the source of corporate pollution, and find that if enterprises do not actively adopt environmental strategies either in terms of "end-of-pipe" or "source prevention", they choose to emit more to face with the onslaught of local debt. This study uncovers the environmental impacts of government debt, and explores the potential mechanisms, which can help reduce pollution from local government debt and achieve global climate governance. • Exploring the effect of local government debt on corporate pollution. • Local government debt significantly exaggerates corporate pollution. • The positive promotion effect is heterogenous by areas, industry, fiscal strength, and governance quality. • Mechanism is explored from government environmental governance, and financial constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He, H.; Hong, Y.-Y.; Lin, S.-Y., and Liu, W.-W., 2019. Marine financial development and China's marine economic strategy. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 585–588. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The basic characteristics of modern marine finance are the coexistence of policy finance and commercial finance, openness and exclusiveness, and the combination of industry and finance and financial agglomeration complement each other. Modern marine financial instruments include bank loans and credit guarantees, marine funds, corporate bonds and asset acclimatization, financial leasing and marine insurance. At present, China is facing great opportunities to develop marine finance. It is suggested that the Chinese government should support the establishment of marine financial element aggregation zones and promote the rapid rise of China's marine financial industry in the mode of "three funds, one bank and one think tank". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]