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Objectives: The objectives of this paper is to conduct a bibliometric analysis to examine the research status and development trend of anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction in children and adolescents over the past 20 years. Design: Descriptive Research. Methods: This study obtained information regarding studies on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Children and Adolescents from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Visual and bibliometric analysis were conducted using VOSviewer, Origin 2022, Pajek64 5.18and Excel 2019. These analytic tools facilitated the analysis of various aspects, including countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals and keywords related to the research. Results: From 2003 to 2023, a total of 1328 articles were retrieved in WOS, and 637 articles were selected by two authors. The most productive institutions are Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Kocher, ms. Their articles have the highest number of publications and citations. The American journal of sports medicine is the most frequently cited journal for articles on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children and adolescents. The most common keywords used in these articles were "anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction", "injury, children, adolescent", and "skeletally immature patients". Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the research focus of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children and adolescents. In recent years, there has been significant attention paid to areas of "the return to sport, re-repture rate and functional recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction" in this specific population. These aspects have emerged as key directions for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid changes in technology make it increasingly important to understand the impact of modes of presentation and the use of computers to obtain data. In order to begin to explore the effects of new technologies in the domain of anti-drug public service announcements (PSAs), 154 adolescents from the Boys and Girls Clubs of Metropolitan Philadelphia were randomly assigned to one of three series of six anti-drug PSAs or a series of six political PSAs (control). Half the subjects viewed and evaluated the PSAs on a laptop computer, while the other half viewed the PSAs on a TV monitor and evaluated them using a paper and pencil self-completion questionnaire. As expected, sets of anti-drug PSAs were judged to be more effective in helping people avoid drugs than the set of political PSAs. There were, however, important differences in effectiveness as a function of gender and ethnicity. In addition, in contrast to previous research, there were only minimal differences between the use of computer methodology and the more traditional TV and paper and pencil methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the development of a local check-in system for serials management at the Nesbitt Library in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Application of Microsoft Access and basic Kardex check-in principles; Common problems in automating check-in and claiming; Presentation of several possible check-in process based on predicted enumeration.

Presents the title and abstracts of papers presented during the 1934 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Increasing significance of geographic conditions in the growth of nation-states; Erosional history of the wind river range, Wyoming; Long-lot farm and economic in public services.

Presents information on architectural and engineering education at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Educational programs in architecture; Information on graduate program in computational design; Educational programs in civil and environmental engineering.

The article presents summaries of papers delivered at the 125th annual meeting of the American Statistical Association. The meeting took place on September 1965 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the paper "On the Construction of Stochastic Working Life Tables," by Haskel Benishay, stochastic working life tables are constructed and evaluated. The essence of the construction of stochastic rather than the traditionally deterministic working life tables is in the utilization of the realistic assumptions that the number of births, the number of entries into the labor force, the duration of life, and the duration of working life, are random variables. The end result is a working life table with a double entry in each cell rather than the single traditional one. The implications of this approach for the evaluation of fluctuations in various subcomponents of the labor force are evaluated. Another paper "Measuring Elasticities of Air Travel," by Samuel L. Brown, summarizes research on the response of demand for air travel to differences of fares, incomes, and elapsed travel time. There are three kinds of studies. Multiple regression studies of time series of air traffic, fares and income in the national domestic market yield short-period fare elasticities and income-elasticities. A quarterly first-difference model stands well the usual statistical tests.

Features abstracts of the research reports given at the Science Fairs, and the Display and Discussion poster session of the 17th Annual Meeting of The Society for Psychophysiological Research held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 19-22, 1977. Members of the Program Committee; Dual track workshops; Day-time program; Topics covered by the discussions and paper presentations.

Presents abstracts presented at the 1999 Pittsburgh Conference on automated methods and management in chemistry in Pennsylvania. 'Microfabrication as a Route to Nanovolume Separation Systems,' by Fred Regnier, Brian Burke and Bing He; 'Fast FTIR Imaging of Multicomponent Polymer Systems,' by J.L. Koenig and C.M. Snively; 'The Emergence of PC-based Measurement and Automation at Pittcon,' by Dudley Baker.

Aim: This study aims to present a general bibliometric overview of the development status of global nursing research from 2000 to 2019. Design: A longitudinal bibliometric analysis of nursing research was conducted. Methods: Nursing research publications (N = 88,665) were obtained from Web of Science. Bibliometric method was used to map the output and citation impact trends of countries/regions, institutions, disciplines, and journals and analyse the research collaboration among countries/regions and institutions. Results: The global paper output in nursing research increased steadily over the past two decades and it varied in different countries/regions with the USA being far ahead of the others. The paper output and cross‐border collaboration are mainly distributed in several developed countries like the USA, the UK, Australia, and Canada. The University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, University of Toronto, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have high academic influence in the field of nursing. Increasing attention from academic fields has been paid to research on nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing is the most prolific and most cited journal in nursing field. Conclusion: Nursing research has developed steadily over the last two decades. Both the scientific output and research collaboration are disproportionally distributed between high‐income countries/regions and low‐ and middle‐income countries/regions. Most research and collaboration have taken place in a few developed countries across North America, Europe, and Oceania. Impact: The study highlighted the need for policy makers and funding agencies, especially those from low‐ and middle‐income countries/regions, to allocate research funding that supports the nursing higher education and international cooperation so as to promote the development of high‐quality nursing research in those countries/regions. At the same time, researchers from non‐English‐speaking countries/regions should attach more importance to publishing papers in English, strengthening the academic exchanges with international nursing colleagues and better integrating into the international academic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The flux of multivalent cations across non-selective CMX membranes was 1.4 times > sodium. • A CMX-S membrane at the cathode boundary reduced the flux of Ca, Mg, and Ba into the electrode rinse. • Ca, Mg and Ba interfered by blocking transfer sites on the CMX-S membrane at the cathode barrier. • Overall flux was improved by unblocking the CMX-S membrane with periodic polarity reversal. • Soluble Fe precipitated throughout the stack and within the diluate and concentrate tanks. Abstract Electrodialysis is an electrochemically driven membrane technology usually used for treating feed water containing several thousand mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS). This research investigated the use of conventional ED for the treatment of flowback water from shale gas hydraulic fracturing that contains up to tens of thousands of mg/l TDS and contain a mixture of multivalent cations. This paper discusses efforts to treat concentrated brines with electrodialysis and focuses on the mitigation of the detrimental effects of multivalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, barium, iron, and in the feedstock. A previous paper detailed the effects of calcium under defined lab conditions. The apparent calcium fouling (in and around) the electrode cells was mitigated by changing the single cathode chamber boundary membrane to a (CMX-S) that was more selective for monovalent cations. This paper covers efforts undertaken to mitigate problems associated with high concentrations of calcium, barium, iron, and magnesium. Four field samples of produced water from oil and gas operations in from the Marcellus shale formation (generally Pennsylvania, USA) and the Barnett shale formation (generally north central Texas, USA) were also tested. These results from field samples were similar to the results from lab defined tests. Mechanisms of process interference by the different multivalent cations appear different for each species. Calcium, magnesium, barium, and iron were preferentially transported from the diluate to the concentrate compared to sodium by a factor of about 1.4:1 on a charge basis resulting in a suppression of the flux of sodium to the concentrate. A single CMX-S membrane selective for monovalent cations was placed at the cathode barrier resulting in a reduced flux of calcium, magnesium and barium into the electrode rinse. However total ion flux was inhibited caused by apparent blockage of the cation transfer sites on the CMX-S membrane by the stagnant multivalent cations. A series of tests with periodic pulse polarity-reversal (anode and cathode reversed for a brief time) indicted the blockage by calcium and barium was immediately reversable, however, iron was more problematic and may have precipitated on membrane surfaces other than the cathode barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal mine methane (CMM) and abandoned mine methane (AMM) are by-products of underground mining of gassy coal beds. The quantity and the emission rate of CMM and AMM may vary depending on the type of mine, gas content of the mined coal bed, and gas sourced from strata and coal beds in overlying and underlying formations affected by mining. Therefore, if a mine has the potential of accumulating gas after being abandoned and sealed properly, that methane may be produced and used as an energy source to serve local communities in the area. Producing AMM also prevents methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas, from leaking to the atmosphere through seals, shaft plugs or surface cracks. A technical barrier to economical utilization of CMM and AMM is the uncertainty about how much methane may be available in the gas emission zone (GEZ) as a resource during mining, as well as after the panels are sealed and the mine is abandoned. Another difficulty is estimating how much of the potential methane resource can be produced from gob gas ventholes (GGV) converted to capture AMM. In this study, a comparative assessment is presented to address the issues stated above. The assessment was conducted on two adjacent panels of a longwall mine that operated in Pennsylvania until 2016 in the Northern Appalachian Basin. The study is based on two approaches that might be used depending on the availability of data. The first approach uses an extensive geological data set, geostatistics, and measured shaft gas emission and GGV production values that were collected while the panel (s) were active to assess the AMM resource. The second approach uses a minimal amount of geologic data, uncertainty of the data as probabilistic distributions, and the use of publicly available software to predict during-mining emissions. Results showed that both approaches provide relatively comparable estimates of AMM resources and AMM recovery potential using wellbores. The differences in assessed quantities are mostly due to the characteristics of the two methods. In that regard, this paper can be considered as guidance to choose the assessment approach based on data availability. • A comparative assessment procedure for CMM and AMM resource potential is presented. • The assessment was conducted on two adjacent panels of a longwall mine that operated in in the Northern Appalachian basin. • Results showed that both approaches provide relatively comparable estimates. • The differences in assessed quantities are mostly due to the characteristics of the two methods. • This paper can be considered as guidance in the choice of assessment approaches based on data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Revolutionary War (1775-1783) resulted in numerous mass burials in the eastern United States, with deaths occurring not just directly related to the battles fought, but also from disease, starvation, and exposure. Current information relating to these mass burials is often gathered from myths and rumors, leaving the truth of the historical aspects of that time period ambiguous. Geophysical techniques are increasingly utilized in archaeologic and forensic studies to locate unmarked burials. GPR, magnetics, and electrical resistivity have been used to successfully identify burial locations around the world in a non-invasive manner. This paper aims to illustrate how different burials of the US Revolutionary War period can be detected and characterized with geophysics, providing important knowledge of a better historical understanding of that time period, as well as optimizing equipment instrumentation and processing procedures for such targeted investigations. Three case studies of Revolutionary War Era mass burial sites in Pennsylvania, USA are described here: the Paoli Battlefield Memorial, the Old Charlestown Cemetery, and Saint Peter's Church in the Great Valley. These sites are within 9 km of each other and have historic records that suggest mass burials during this period. Results show GPR to provide the most useful data overall, with supporting information gathered from the supplemental geophysical techniques of magnetometry and resistivity. 2D profiles tend to provide a more valuable image of the subsurface than 3D slices. Larger burials leave a greater footprint and have a higher chance of causing a geophysical disturbance that can be measured more than 200 years after the burial. Soil moisture content and vegetation type can impact quality of results. Study implications demonstrate the challenges and potential usefulness of geophysical techniques to successfully locate and characterize mass burials of this time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the annual meeting of the society of scientific study of religion at Vista International Hotel Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This year's theme of religious marginality encourages participants to go beyond core beliefs and practices of members of mainline churches to the expressions of interest or disinterest in religion that are less common religious experience, mixed intermarriage, unclear interpreting "don't know" responses to questions on belief, nonestablishment (religion among street people), or rejections of religion atheism and apostasy. List of topics related to this year's theme would include, denominational switching and conversion, sources of membership change in the mainline churches, apostates and returnees, new nones (apostates) vs. stable nones with no prior ties, inter-religious marriage and religion of children, divorce, religious socialization of children, religiosity and the life cycle, Inter-racial marriage and religion and the Black Church.

Editorial. Introduces articles featured in the September 2000 issue of the periodical 'Bipolar Disorders,' which highlight papers presented during the Third International Conference on Bipolar Disorder held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in June 1999. Significant limitations of available treatments for bipolar affective disorder; Pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.

• Aggregation and cooperation among peers will expand beyond prosumers in microgrids. • Growth in IoT and metering infrastructure is empowering end-use consumers. • Methodology allows aggregated consumers to schedule load and share energy. • Application demonstrates a significant cost reduction while assuring fairness. • Offers a novel cost-sharing strategy guided by cost minimization and Nash bargaining. End-use consumers (peers) are being empowered to aggregate for direct demand-side participation through load scheduling and energy sharing. This is the result of the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) enabled loads, availability of advanced metering infrastructure, and the move towards real-time (RT) pricing of electricity. Peer-to-peer (P2P) cooperation has received significant interest in recent years, though the focus of this growing body of research is on modeling prosumer behavior in microgrids. Hence, there is a need for new methodologies to examine empowerment of all end-use consumers (not limited to prosumers) to form aggregations and develop fair rules of cooperation to reduce cost. This paper offers an optimization based methodology to address the above need for power systems. It minimizes the total cost and considers fairness using a Nash bargaining approach. Since cost and fairness are often in conflict, trade-off strategies are also presented. The model to asses fairness is nonlinear. Hence, it is transformed into a second order cone program (SOCP) and solved using GUROBI software version 7.5.2. The methodology is implemented on a sample 5-bus network, built using price and demand data from one of the load zones of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland (PJM) power network in the United States. It is shown that two aggregations of peers participating in the sample network can reduce their total cost by 14.17% and 22.7%, while maintaining fairness. Concluding remarks highlight some of the limitations of the methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market transaction data are used to estimate the quantity of specie in circulation. This estimate is used to provide the first comprehensive measure of a colony''s money supply and, along with data on population and prices, to retest the quantity theory of money and measure output growth using the equation of exchange. Output growth is found to depend on periodization and the extent that rising commercialization increased the velocity of circulation. Specie was becoming relatively less scarce as the Revolution approached, and movements in specie and paper currency both offset and reinforced each other depending on the period of analysis. (JEL N11, N21, E42, E51) [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heroin overdose, more accurately termed ‘heroin-related overdose’ due to the frequent involvement of other drugs, is the leading cause of mortality among regular heroin users. (Degenhardt et al., 2010) Heroin injectors are at greater risk of hospital admission for heroin-related overdose (HOD) in the eastern United States where Colombian-sourced powder heroin is sold than in the western US where black ‘tar’ heroin predominates. (Unick et al., 2014) This paper examines under-researched influences on HOD, both fatal and non-fatal, using data from a qualitative study of injecting drug users of black tar heroin in San Francisco and powder heroin in Philadelphia Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews carried out in 2012 that were conducted against a background of longer-term participant-observation, ethnographic studies of drug users and dealers in Philadelphia (2007–12) and of users in San Francisco (1994–2007, 2012). Our findings suggest three types of previously unconsidered influences on overdose risk that arise both from structural socio-economic factors and from the physical properties of the heroin source-types: 1) retail market structure including information flow between users; 2) marketing techniques such as branding, free samples and pricing and 3) differences in the physical characteristics of the two major heroin source forms and how they affect injecting techniques and vascular health. Although chosen for their contrasting source-forms, we found that the two cities have contrasting dominant models of drug retailing: San Francisco respondents tended to buy through private dealers and Philadelphia respondents frequented an open-air street market where heroin is branded and free samples are distributed, although each city included both types of drug sales. These market structures and marketing techniques shape the availability of information regarding heroin potency and its dissemination among users who tend to seek out the strongest heroin available on a given day. The physical characteristics of these two source-types, the way they are prepared for injecting and their effects on vein health also differ markedly. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the unexplored factors that may lead to heroin-related overdose in the United States and to generate hypotheses for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the world nursing home residents have experienced a disproportionate risk of exposure to COVID-19 and have died at much higher rates than other groups. There is a critical need to identify the factors driving COVID-19 risk in nursing homes to better understand and address the conditions contributing to their vulnerability during public health crises. This study investigates the characteristics associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths among residents in U.S. nursing homes from 2020 to 2021, with a focus on geospatial and racial inequalities. Using data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and LTCFocus, this paper uses zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Local Moran's I to generate statistical and geospatial results. Our analysis reveals that majority Hispanic facilities have alarmingly high COVID-19 cases and deaths, suggesting that these facilities have the greatest need for policy improvements in staffing and financing to reduce racial inequalities in nursing home care. At the same time we also detect COVID-19 hot spots in rural areas with predominately White residents, indicating a need to rethink public messaging strategies in these areas. The top states with COVID-19 hot spots are Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Oklahoma. This research provides new insights into the socio-spatial contexts and inequities that contribute to the vulnerability of nursing home residents during a pandemic. • Geographic and racial inequalities are important indicators of covid-19 risk. • Covid-19 cases & deaths are high among facilities with majority Hispanic residents. • Facilities with majority Hispanic residents have high covid-19 vaccination rates. • Most covid-19 hot spots of cases & deaths are in predominantly White, rural areas. • The top states with covid-19 hot spots of cases & deaths are KY, PA, IL, and OK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban authorities and a range of private and civil society actors have come to view housing as a key arena in which to address climate change whilst also pursuing wider social, economic and environmental objectives. Housing has been a critical area for urban studies, but often considered in sectoral terms and work on urban responses to climate change has followed this positioning. By contrast, an Urban Political Ecology (UPE) perspective would position housing in more integrated terms as part of the metabolism of the city. Yet so far there has been relatively little written in UPE about either housing or climate change. This paper therefore seeks to bring UPE into dialogue with the emergent literature focused on governing climate change through housing. It does so through a detailed study of the ‘Retrofit Philly “Coolest Block” Contest’. We argue that this contest highlights the ways climate change is changing the way housing is embedded in the circulations of the city, pointing to changes in who is governing housing, how housing is being governed and who is able to access the benefits of (climate change-branded) action on housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigates the non-stationary relationship between metrics of urban greenness and socio-economic conditions across Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. at multiple scales using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) techniques. The analysis integrates environmental data on vegetation cover, using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from 30 m/pixel Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, with land use data derived from the 2000 City of Philadelphia Licenses and Inspections Department Vacancy Survey and socioeconomic data at the U.S. Census Tract level from the 2000 U.S. Census. City-wide OLS, sub-city zone OLS and local GWR models were developed by regressing mean NDVI against three independent variables for each Census Tract: population density, median household income, and percentage of vacant lots. These models indicate that the strength and nature of the relationship among the variables varies spatially, with highly localized relationships not evident with the global regression models alone. Results suggest that while wealth is a strong predictor of vegetation vigor in some neighborhoods in Philadelphia, this relationship changes drastically across a heterogeneous urban environment. This paper contributes to the growing body of academic research on GWR and the urban ecology of dynamic urban human-environmental contexts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Raghavan et al. (Implement Sci 3(26):1-9, 2008) proposed that effective implementation of evidence-based practices requires implementation strategies deployed at multiple levels of the 'policy ecology,' including the organizational, regulatory or purchaser agency, political, and social levels. However, much of implementation research and practice targets providers without accounting for contextual factors that may influence provider behavior. This paper examines Philadelphia's efforts to work toward an evidence-based and recovery-oriented behavioral health system, and uses the policy ecology framework to illustrate how multifaceted, multilevel implementation strategies can facilitate the widespread implementation of evidence-based practices. Ongoing challenges and implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The role of dismissal as a major case disposition in criminal courts in America has been largely neglected in empirical studies to date, despite long-lasting questions about its nature and important implications for justice goals. This paper is a first attempt to fill in this gap. Purpose: Drawing on untested assumptions about a possible dismissal-reoffending connection, the paper proposes a public safety framework for examining the nature of dismissals and their consequences for the community. Under this perspective, dismissal is a function of defendants’ risk attributes and contributes to subsequent public safety threat. Methods: To test these hypotheses, predictive and causal analyses were conducted on an 800-case sample of criminal defendants in one large urban American jurisdiction, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cases were sampled at the first judicial stage and followed as a cohort for one year to record disposition and post-disposition outcomes. Results: The findings indicate that defendants’ risk attributes contribute to the explanation of dismissal and that dismissal in itself adds to the probability of subsequent offending. Conclusions: The findings raise questions about the justice system goals, particularly deterrence and have important policy implications for the processing and disposition of criminal cases in American jurisdictions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Online learning in K-12 education has grown rapidly in the past decade. Cyber charter schools (CCSs) have been a particularly controversial form of online school, but there is very little scholarly examination of these new organizations. As CCSs expand, policymakers and stakeholders have a critical need to understand how to evolve the charter school policies that govern these new school forms. Focus of Study: Through a three-site case study, this paper (1) explores what current charter policies govern CCSs and (2) outlines the practices in these schools that might illuminate future policy needs. Specifically, the findings highlight how cyber charters problematize existing charter school policies in the areas of authorizers and governance, teacher policy, and student achievement. Research Design: The study presents an exploratory, comparative case study. The exploratory analyses illuminate implications for how policymakers understand governance, teacher policy, and the evaluation of student achievement in cyber charters. The comparative case design also highlights how different state policy contexts might influence the practices of CCSs. Conclusions: Cyber charter schools introduce new ways of delivering public schooling. The study shows how state leadership is vital to coordinate student enrollment across geographic boundaries, funding mechanisms, and conflicts between CCSs and established stakeholders. This paper also illuminates how teaching and learning practices differ in an online environment and introduces questions of teacher preparation and professional practices. Finally, CCSs in this study serve unique, niche student populations that opt out of the traditional school system. These considerations are vital for evaluating student achievement in cyber charters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written about Roy E. Stryker's large-scale photographic projects with the Farm Security Administration in Washington, DC and Standard Oil Company of New Jersey -- projects lasting from 1935 to 1950. This paper is devoted to one of his less well-known projects, the Pittsburgh Photographic Library (1950-1955), and the archives that subsequently evolved from this project. Within this picture archives there is a subset of images that for over fifty years were mostly inaccessible; since the end of the project in 1955, they were boxed-up and stored out of sight. Stryker and his photographers referred to these images as kills or killed negatives. First, the paper offers a broad historical overview of Stryker's career and his relationship to photography leading up to the start of the Pittsburgh Photographic Library. Second, the paper examines the nature of Stryker's killed negatives, recontextualizing them as archival photographic records and explores the discursive boundaries at work between surrounding text, editorial markings, and the images themselves. Third, the paper demonstrates that meaning can be derived not just from what records archivists bring to life through their arrangement and descriptive practices, but also through those records that remain buried in their vaults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the emergence of obesity as one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States, it is not surprising that a focus on healthy lifestyles has become a central issue for disease prevention. The recent convergence of health and the built environment opens up new possibilities for park and recreation professionals to participate in initiatives that focus on lifestyle physical activity. Although there is a growing body of literature on the promotion of coalitions and public private partnerships, little has been written about multisector partnerships that focus on health and the built environment. At the same time, there has been a lack of critical attention paid to the theme of scale in partnership projects—often meaning little more than resolution. Although scale is a key concept in cartography, GIS, and other forms of geographic representation, some geographers suggest scale plays a critical role in political and social change. To illustrate this point, this paper describes how scale is used by a statewide governance coalition, the Pennsylvania Advocates for Nutrition and Activity (PANA), to create and implement policy and environmental changes related to obesity prevention. A governance coalition can be described as an alliance between multiple sectors and between politically recognized levels of jurisdiction. In the paper, scale is used to explain the characteristics of organizational networks that operate at multiple territorial and juridical levels simultaneously. From this perspective, scale is consistent with a social ecological model of disease prevention that focuses on environmental and behavioral determinants of health—from the scale of the individual body to the larger environment that includes community systems and public policy. PANA is also relevant as a health partnership case given that it explicitly targets environmental factors such as local parks and trails as a strategy to increase lifestyle physical activity. Key aspects of partnership planning and implementation include an emphasis on open and honest communication, joint decision making, resource sharing, and the co-branding of related programs. More broadly, some implications for parks and recreation administrators involved with obesity prevention initiatives include: • enlisting the participation of park and recreation interests and allied disciplines from different networks and levels of organization; • communicating the value of parks and recreation through prognostic frames (e.g., quality-of-life, lifestyle issues, etc.) that address particular social issues or problems; • stretching limited educational and promotional resources through coordinated and shared communication channels; and • ensuring equal and balanced representation between various sectors, institutions, and interest groups when forming partnerships that link public policy to project implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines low- and moderate-income households in the City of Philadelphia who are becoming homeowners for the first time. We examine two Nehemiah developments subsidized by the City of Philadelphia that offer newly constructed homes at well-below cost. This paper uses a unique survey of these new owners to measure what Nehemiah residents gain in terms of structure and community attributes as they make the transition from renting to owning. The new owners in the Nehemiah complexes significantly improve their housing structures while raising their exposure to crime and weak local public schools. As part of the City’s community development strategy, these developments were expected to increase economic activity near these sites. We document that there is no evidence of local benefit spillovers for census tracts where the Nehemiah developments were built. Our survey results suggest that the new housing developments represent an “oasis” where there are few interactions between the new homeowners and the incumbent residents of the greater community. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Context There exists a disparity between the views of physicians and the views of their patients on end-of-life decisions. However, the timing of when the end-of-life preferences of physicians and non-medically-trained individuals diverge is currently unknown. The objective of this paper is to characterise how preferences for medical interventions change throughout medical education and residency or fellowship training when confronted with scenarios of critical or terminal illness. Methods This is a single-centre cross-sectional study that enrolled medical students at Sidney Kimmel Medical College and residents and fellows at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Through an online survey we determined the preferences of medical trainees for specific interventions throughout medical training when presented with different clinical scenarios. Interventions were organised into three categories: standard, intermediate and aggressive. We analysed responses to questions regarding different scenarios in separate repeated measures logistic regression models. The probability of declining medical interventions was modelled, and significant predictors of refusal of interventions were identified. Results Years of training was a significant predictor of declining interventions for several scenarios. When faced with permanent physical disability, increased years of training led to a higher rate of refusal of intermediate ( OR = 1.14 [1.02-1.28], p = 0.02) and aggressive interventions ( OR = 1.15 [1.03-1.28], p = 0.01). For the scenario of terminal illness with associated physical disability, years of training significantly influenced refusal of intermediate ( OR = 1.14 [1.04-1.26], p = 0.006) and aggressive ( OR = 1.20 [1.08-1.34], p = 0.001) interventions. For the scenario of permanent cognitive impairment, increased years of training led to a higher rate of refusal of standard ( OR = 1.14 [1.01-1.29], p = 0.03), intermediate ( OR = 1.30 [1.13-1.50], p < 0.001) and aggressive ( OR = 1.38 [1.14-1.66], p = 0.001) interventions. Conclusion Changes in end-of-life preferences occur throughout medical training. Years of training influenced the likelihood of declining medical interventions when faced with scenarios of terminal illness and physical or cognitive disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper contains observations of families in a small anthracite coal region in Pennsylvania who regularly present themselves for treatment at the local Mental Health Center. These observations are anecdotal in nature and they are not based on any statistical findings. The purpose of the paper is to present a unique cultural tradition and how this tradition influences the operation of the family in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents reply to the criticism of the research paper related to sediment intrusion and rheoplasis in Pennsylvanian fluvial strata of eastern Canada, prepared by the author, as of February 1989. Evaluation of the hypothesis of researchers H.W. van de Poll and I.M. Patel, regarding diapiric intrusion of siltstone into sandstone; Explanation regarding the visibility of two blocks of siltstones at Alma, Michigan; Reason for the absence of explanation of flutes and other structures in the research paper.

Discusses the research paper prepared by researcher A.G. Plint, regarding the concept of sediment intrusion and rheoplasis, in Pennsylvanian fluvial strata of eastern Canada, as of February 1989. Criticism of Plint's description of occurrences of slump blocks of Alma, Michigan, in the paper; Omission of the fluted mangled mass of twisted mudstone and sandstone in the paper; Demonstration regarding the formation of mudblocks and flute moulds in this area.

A major theme in social theory concerns the transformation of social relationships in small communities as a result of modernization. This paper examines changing social relations in some small towns in southeastern Pennsylvania. For several hundred years, the residents of these towns have continuously developed institutions to preserve their local identity and maintain personal relations at the same time that they are incorporated into larger, regional social systems. The same local institutions and relations, however, are replicated in each small town, suggesting that local and particular interests are expressed through regional institutions. Although focused on a few small towns in one region of the United States, this paper examines the local expression of processes which are global. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), which has, in the past two years, significantly added to already existing archival collections with the addition of several important groups of labor-related materials. In 1986 due to the expansion of its present office structure and the creation of an in-house computer center, the Rochester and Pittsburgh (R&P) Coal Co. donated many of its corporate archives to IUP. This collection, consisting of 420 linear feet, constitutes one of the most complete groups of coal company records in the East. Probably the most significant group of papers consists of the presidential files of R&P and of its several predecessor companies. Lucius Waterman Robinson left papers rich in labor history and the industrial heritage of Western Pennsylvania. B.M. Clark and his son, Heath S. Clark, both served as president during periods of industrial expansion and labor-management strife, and these are reflected in their surviving correspondence. The R&P collection also contains a unique group of early financial ledgers which document the founding of the company's 17 mining towns, beginning with the parent company's incorporation in 1881.

Rural often is viewed as a setting for study rather than an object of study often a priori definitions of rural are used these definitions may bear little resemblance to residents understanding of the concept. A cognitive mapping experiment to explore the meaning of rural is undertaken in this paper. Results indicate that urban residents could readily identify rural areas on a blank map of Pennsylvania. Their responses to the question varied however with the some respondents indicating urban areas or writing images on the map. A discussion of these thought processes and implication from these varying responses are presented. Then the cognitive maps are compared to three commonly accepted definitions of rural. Population density was found to best approximate the areas that urban residents perceived as rural. The paper concludes by discussing policy implication of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]