Search

Industrialization and urbanization are significant facets of modernization. The asynchronous development of the two is closely related to the agglomeration of producer services. This paper constructed an asynchrony index to describe the development gap between industrialization and urbanization. Various spatial weight matrices were introduced to test the spatial autocorrelation of the asynchrony index. Applying spatial econometric models, we explored the impact of agglomeration of producer services on the asynchrony index from two aspects: diversified agglomeration (DA) and specialized agglomeration (SA). The following conclusions are drawn from the empirical findings, which are based on data from 31 Chinese provinces between 2008 and 2019: (1) the asynchrony of industrialization and urbanization exhibits the spatial autocorrelation increasing over time; (2) SA exacerbates the asynchrony, while DA alleviates the asynchrony; (3) SA exerts greater impacts in highly industrialized and urbanized regions, while DA exerts greater effects in lowly industrialized and urbanized regions; and (4) agricultural dependence and infrastructure level weaken the impacts of SA and strengthen the impacts of DA. Income level weakens the impacts of both SA and DA. The results of this study provide a reference for policymakers to adjust the industrial layout in a targeted manner to regulate the asynchronous nature of modernization development. Peace and development are the themes of the world today. Most developing countries are experiencing or about to experience industrialization and urbanization. The world reality indicates that the two are not always synchronized in countries due to resource and cultural differences. Producer services not only improve agricultural and industrial production efficiency but also bring population agglomeration effects like other industries. In the era of informatization, the producer services exert a profound impact on industrialization and urbanization through two agglomeration modes. This technical paper quantifies the asynchrony between industrialization and urbanization using data from 31 provinces in China and verifies the opposite effects of two agglomeration modes on asynchrony. In cities with different levels of industrialization and urbanization, cities with higher or lower agricultural dependence, and cities with higher or lower infrastructure levels, the impact direction of the two agglomeration modes shows stability, while the magnitude varies. Cities with higher per capita income tend to develop into consumer cities, where industrialization should lag behind urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is occurring at an unprecedented rate in developing countries like Ethiopia, especially with the rapid growth of industrialization. However, this urbanization and industrial development surge puts immense pressure on preparing and implementing city spatial plans. Urban spatial planning plays a crucial role in shaping the development of cities, aiming to create livable and sustainable urban development. The plan-making process and its subsequent implementation often encounter challenges that hinder the realization of planned objectives. Galan and Dukem, cities near Addis Ababa's capital, have seen substantial industrial investment in recent decades. This article explores the challenges associated with urban spatial planning and industrial development while proposing alternative approaches. The paper relies on information gathered from primary and secondary sources, including expert surveys and key informants' interviews. The research highlights that industrial developments have led to significant and uncontrolled changes in urban land use and urbanization in the study areas. Due to the lack of clear planning guidelines and institutional capacity, the study cities are experiencing haphazard development without effective urban spatial plans. Proximity to Addis Ababa has driven the urbanization process through increased investments. The article contends that effective management of urbanization and industrialization can create enjoyable living conditions and foster job growth. Macroeconomic policies, including industrial policies, should pay attention to spatial elements and prevent policy-making processes that are "space-blind". This, however, requires clairvoyance and a high level of expertise, integrating inputs from advocacy planning and community participation to bridge gaps and ensure effective urban spatial plans and industrialization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the STIRPAT model was developed to study the role of financial development in urban low-carbon economic transformation. The statistical analysis used data from 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2019. The results show that: (1) there is a positive U-shaped nonlinear relationship between financial development and urban low-carbon economic transformation. (2) Financial development not only directly affects the transformation of the low-carbon economy, but also indirectly affects it through three transmission channels: environmental regulation, industrial structure, and urbanization. (3) The financial development itself and the level of urbanization have a threshold effect on the transformation of the low-carbon economy. Under the threshold effect of environmental regulation and industrial structure, the role of financial development in the transformation of low-carbon economies presents a process of 'first decrease and then increase'. Therefore, improving the intensity of environmental regulation, implementing differentiated financial and industrial development policies, and controlling the urbanization process are effective measures to promote the transformation of low-carbon economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for sports and tourism among urban residents and the support of national policies, an important topic for urgent research is to explore the integrated development mechanism between sports tourism industry agglomeration standardisation and tourism urbanisation. There is a lack of research on the virtuous integrated and coordinated development mechanism between the two. In response, this paper conducts a study on the coordination of the integrated development between sports tourism industry standardisation and tourism urbanisation. The paper elaborates on the development model of sports tourism industry, and presents a systemic causal loop of their integrated development. It delivers a spatio-temporal relationship analysis on whether there is sustainable integrated interaction between the two and accordingly constructs a spatio-temporal analysis model. Based on Pearson correlation coefficient, cluster analysis and coupling coordination degree, the paper conducts a quantitative analysis to further explore the interaction mechanism between the two, and gives a calculation method for the coordination of their integrated development. At last, the paper compared the comprehensive development levels of sports tourism industry standardization and tourism urbanization, gave the measurement and calculation results of the level of their integrated development, and verified the effectiveness of the proposed research method. This study has certain significance for improving the correlation between sports tourism industry standardization and tourism urbanization in the urban research system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, an alternative environmental governance model has been unfolding in Puerto Rico, led by marginalized communities. In this paper, we focus on this model and its link with environmental justice struggles. Drawing on the political ecology framework, we analyze the experiences of ten community-led environmental initiatives. Our analysis shows that Puerto Rico is a paradigmatic case in global community-based environmental governance. Contrary to other places, where the management of protected areas began as a neoliberal project “from above,” Puerto Rico shows a model developed mainly “from below,” in resistance to the industrialization and urbanization policies promoted by the state and corporations. We thus argue that community governance has become one of the most important platforms of struggles for socio-environmental justice in Puerto Rico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation and industrialisation have contributed to significant and detrimental changes in the earth's natural environments. The concept of social-ecological resilience can assist this problem, by integrating the consideration of human and ecological systems in decision-making. An implication is that built environment professionals must be competent in social-ecological resilience knowledge and skills to ensure cities are well adapted to current environmental challenges, and do not further contribute to them. Yet the capabilities of built environment professionals to incorporate resilience thinking (theory and knowledge) into their work (skills and practice), is not well understood and is not well addressed in education theory. This paper contributes to this gap by: exploring the social-ecological resilience knowledge, skills, and practical experience of Australian built environment professionals, thereby identifying gaps to address in further and higher education. Results indicate that built environment professionals' know about social-ecological resilience, but they identify their practical experience is low. Additionally, respondents are more confident with their abilities, compared to colleagues, and their profession at large. The results indicate that further and higher education offerings (e.g. university education, continuing professional education, and practice) must assist built environment professionals to further develop social-ecological skills. As one respondent stated – it will require 'rethinking the way we practice our professions'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the socio-spatial reflexes resulting from the strong presence of the leather footwear industry in Parobé, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The capitalist industrial development process makes society a malleable object and sensitive to transformations that reflect on the urban fabric and social conditions, functioning as a basis in socio-spatial formation and structuring. The methodology adopts theories about the agents and forms of urban space production, demographic and economic data analysis, and spatial analysis. Parobé and the microregion of Vale do Paranhana stand out in footwear production on the national scene. The migration process was significant for the growth of Parobé in the 1990s. However, in the 2000s, the production chain underwent a restructuring due to the 2008 global crisis, directly impacting the municipality's population composition and urban structure. The present work demonstrates the central role of the leather footwear industry in the production of the urban space of the municipality, reflecting directly in its social and spatial configuration, as can be seen in the occupation of a significant part of the land in the central region by industries since the beginning, which today are urban voids resulting from the relocation or inactivity of factory pavilions. In short, the resulting spatial configuration is expressed in extensive urbanization, which carries the urban-industrial production (and reproduction) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand flat is an important part of agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, and it is also the land use mode with the most local characteristics of Guangdong. This paper takes the agricultural cultural heritage of Nansha sand flat as an example to study how to stimulate the new vitality of traditional cultural heritage. Nansha, located at the Pearl River Port, is a model of sand flat area in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Its formation is a history of continuous cultivation and expansion of sand flat. In the long history of reclamation of sand flat, Nansha people have created sand flat agricultural cultural heritage with rich connotation and unique characteristics. However, with the increasing industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the traditional sand flat farming culture is facing the disappearing crisis, so it is urgent to strengthen the inheritance and protection. For the inheritance and protection of agricultural cultural heritage in sand flat, Nansha, the primary core task is to activate the utilization. To adhere to the basic principle of "protection through utilization and utilization through protection", we can take measures such as strengthening publicity and education, promoting the application of sand flat agricultural heritage, strengthening government leadership and planning guidance, as well as advancing the integrated development of sand flat agriculture, culture and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Front and back cover caption, volume 40 issue 4 VIETNAMESE UNDERGROUND LOTTERY The front cover image captures the essence of Vietnam's underground lottery game, đề. Central to the scene are runners and bookies, the critical intermediaries in this illegal yet persistent practice. In a bustling urban setting, people gather to watch lottery draws, discuss numbers and place bets. Numbers dominate the visual landscape, appearing on scraps of paper, digital displays and floating ethereally in the background. These are not mere figures, but powerful symbols carrying deep personal and cultural meanings. A player might be seen contemplating everyday objects or recalling a dream, illustrating how đề participants creatively derive their bets from daily life and nocturnal visions. The image reflects Le Hoang Anh Thu's research on how đề permeates players' routines in Ho Chi Minh City. It depicts the intersection of tradition and modernity, with the game thriving amidst a rapidly changing urban environment. The dreamlike quality of floating numbers and faint lottery ticket patterns echoes the players' belief in supernatural messages. This visual narrative encapsulates how đề transcends gambling to become a way for players to interpret their world. It invites readers to consider the broader anthropological significance of numerical symbolism across cultures, highlighting how numbers shape life narratives and cultural performances. The cover image thus offers a glimpse into a practice that connects everyday Vietnamese experiences with deeper cultural meanings, illustrating the universal yet culturally specific ways numerical reasoning permeates human life. MACROBIOTICS IN VIETNAM This image captures the essence of Le Hoang Ngoc Yen's study on macrobiotics in Vietnam, showing the striking differences between city life and traditional macrobiotic practices. The left side depicts a bustling cityscape, symbolizing the challenges of contemporary living. High‐rise buildings, heavy traffic and visible pollution represent the environmental degradation that accompanies rapid industrialization and urbanization. This side embodies the health hazards of modern life, including exposure to pollutants and processed foods, which many Vietnamese associate with the rise in chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular ailments. In contrast, the right side portrays a serene rural setting that embodies macrobiotic principles. Lush greenery, simple homes and clear water symbolize harmony with nature. Community members engage in health‐promoting activities such as gardening and cooking with fresh, organic ingredients. This side represents the perceived benefits of returning to natural, unprocessed foods and a lifestyle aligned with ancestral wisdom and environmental sustainability. Yen's research, based on extensive interviews and field visits, reveals growing concern among Vietnamese about the impact of modernization on health and the environment. Many attribute the increase in chronic diseases to chemical‐laden, processed foods and polluted environments. The macrobiotic diet, known in Vietnamese as gạo lứt muối mè ('brown rice and sesame salt'), emphasizes organic whole grains, vegetables and minimally processed foods. Followers view it as more than just a diet – it represents a return to a simpler, more natural way of life in harmony with nature. This perspective illuminates how traditional knowledge addresses modern challenges. The macrobiotic movement offers anthropologists insights into cultural constructions of health, resistance to globalized food systems, and identity negotiation in changing societies. It contributes to debates on tradition and modernity shaping health paradigms and environmental relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore effective ways for energy conservation and emission reduction, seven correlated variables are selected in this paper according to the government statistics with the extended STIRPAT model, and the impact of China's industrialization and urbanization on carbon emission intensity of energy consumption is studied. The study found that urbanization rate and urban population employment rate are the main factors affecting per capita carbon emission of energy consumption in China;the industrialization has a reverse impact on per capita carbon emission of energy consumption, indicating that China's industrialization is relatively low and is not the main factor affecting per capita carbon emission of energy consumption; the service industry added value rate and the agricultural industry added value rate also have reverse effects on China's per capita carbon emission of energy consumption, and the degree of impact is relatively small. Therefore, China is supposed to develop industry vigorously in the future, to appropriately control the development speed of urbanization and to increase the agricultural industry added value rate moderately, so as to achieve effective control of per capita carbon emission intensity of energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneously with the demographic and territorial expansion of urban areas, the role of big cities is becoming more important, as a result of the services they offer, following the trends of changes in the sphere of the economic sector. In the sphere of first-order administrativeterritorial units which have supported the change of the level of urban morphology, the Municipality of Constanța is considered one of them, being witness to a fluctuating development and strongly influencing the functioning processes of the space, including the dynamics of the urban process, which, in most cases, follow the trends of the changes that appeared as a result of the territorial administration policies. This study aims to analyze the functional character of Constanța Municipality, from the perspective of the main sectors of activity that certainly contribute to maintaining a constant balance, and the ways in which these aspects are reflected in the territory. This paper represents the product of bibliographic research activities as well as methods of graphical and statistical analysis in order to expose. The results of the study capture the evolution of the functional character of the main sectors of activity and how this process manifests itself in the territorial context of Constanța, following the stability of solutions for optimization that feasibly support the socio-economic balance of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes an interdisciplinary perspective to focus on the role played by the rural-urban dual system in China's urbanization and migration. We explain its establishment in China in the 1950s and its genealogy in the industrialization strategy adopted in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In the reform era, the system has been refashioned to suit a new set of demands of the state industrialization strategy to cater for the global economy. We analyze the mechanisms of the dual system, and how it has helped generate low-cost migrant labor for urban employers and siphon off revenues for urban governments by expropriating rural land. We also argue that there are fundamental differences between the dual system and the common "dualism," based on the Lewis dual-sector model, as observed in many developing countries. The plight of children of migrants is used to illustrate the main points made in the paper. Our research challenges the prevailing perspectives in Chinese geography and urban studies, many of which are based on market-driven neoclassical economics or global neoliberalism, often ignoring China's historical and institutional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prior appropriation rights have played a unique role in expansion of Greater Mumbai since the 1970s. • Institutions play a key role in the evolution of resource geography in large metropolitan regions in Asia. • Contestation around water has intensified given the new emphasis on urbanization and industrialization in India. Animating the contemporary politics of water governance in India is a combination of institutional path dependence and a neo-liberal restructuring that has extended the ability of Indian cities to establish new forms of water entitlement in rural and peri-urban areas. This paper explores the politics of rural–urban water conflicts that are occurring in this changing political context. Building upon Schlager and Ostrom's conceptualization of operational and collective choice rules, it examines the role of agrarian institutions (primarily in the form of land rights) in shaping the politics of rural–urban water transfers in Mumbai and Chennai, two of India's largest and fastest-growing cities. By doing so, it makes the case that Mumbai's ability to secure water entitlement has been facilitated by an institutional legacy of prior appropriation that has been applied in a context of weak and limited tribal authority over land and resources. Chennai by contrast has become far more dependent upon the commodification of water in the form of quasi-market and allocation contracts, reflecting the riparian rights of commercial farmers in the Chennai region. The paper generates theoretical and empirical insights about the ways in which variations in urban and agrarian institutions affect the politics of rural–urban water allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desalination technologies using ocean thermal energy are a sustainable method of producing fresh water, especially for ecologically fragile regions and small island nations. India has tested this technology in the Lakshadweep Islands and has the capability to share it with its Indo-Pacific partners. This paper explores the benefits, market and prospects of sustainable desalination technologies in the Indo-Pacific region. It outlines the possible multilateral platforms that can be used to share this technology and the various challenges that this endeavour faces. The paper concludes that such technology sharing will have a positive impact on regional integration and will strengthen India's position as a responsible regional power promoting the blue economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon a panel dataset on China's state‐owned construction land supply at the prefecture level, this paper adopts the spatial panel data model to investigate the existence of spatial dependence in the mechanisms behind China's urban land expansion from 2004 to 2014. The empirical results show that China's urban land expansion has been mainly influenced by a quadruple process of urbanization, industrialization, globalization and decentralization. The strong existence of spatial dependence in China's urban land expansion can be reflected by the significant coefficient estimates of the spatial lags of both the dependent variable and independent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By applying an integrated framework, this paper examines the impacts of population decline, urban sprawl and industrial transformation on rural residential land use change at the peri-urban interface. The examination is conducted from the perspective of the spatial structure of rural residential land based on a comparative regional analysis. The results show that the pace and pattern of spatial structure change in three regional areas are quite different: the changing process in mountainous areas is much slower, together with low-density development; conversely, the spatial structure in plains and semi-mountainous areas experiences considerable change, and development is more diversified. This can be explained by the differential impacts of urbanization and industrialization: rural population decline, which often occurs in exurban areas with monotonous economic structures, easily causes land and environmental degradation, as evidenced by large quantities of abandoned land. Nevertheless, suburban areas present a compact and multifunctional land use pattern, which is attributed to benign industrial transformation and the external benefits of urban sprawl (e.g., industrial transfer, infrastructure expansion, and urban-rural migration). Based on these findings, this paper also offers a critical discussion of the limitations of rural residential land use and potential adaptive strategies, arguing that the multifunctionality of rural areas and local village characteristics should be taken into account by Chinese policy-makers to achieve man-environment systems compatible with development and rural sustainability. Highlights • Rural residential land use change is always embodied in its internal structure. • Regional differentiation of land use changing patterns existed clearly. • Rural population decline easily causes land and environmental degradation. • Multifunctional land use pattern is attributed to benign industrial transformation and benefits of urban sprawl. • Multifunctionality should be encouraged in rural environmental restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study exposes and maps a hitherto little‐known dimension of China's urban geography – that of shrinkage, directly affecting one in 10 of its cities. Urban shrinkage is revealed to be a growing concern for the most populous country on earth, with the absolute number of shrinking cities rising by 71% from 164 in the 1990s to 281 in the 2000s. By developing its own definition of the city as an urban area (UA) in the Chinese political‐administrative context, this paper builds a morphologic taxonomy of China's shrinking cities. This reveals the overall net population loss across Chinese shrinking cities more than doubling since 1990, reaching 7.3 million inhabitants in 2010. Sixty‐eight Chinese UAs, mostly in north‐eastern China, are found to have been shrinking continuously since 1990. Despite the multifaceted and entangled make‐up of urban shrinkage, the paper identifies four distinct causes of this geographical phenomenon in China: (1) state‐incubated reindustrialisation and economic restructuring, impacting upon 63% of all shrinking UAs; (2) the country's new economic geography, with the underlying centripetal forces of agglomeration pushing around 34% of all shrinking cities towards marginalisation; (3) state‐propelled demographic change, leading to natural population decline in 26% of Chinese shrinking cities; and (4) state‐sponsored mega‐shrinkage, responsible for urban population loss in almost 20% of all the cases. This study further provides a theoretically informed reflection on the peculiarity of shrinkage in China and its public policy implications. This study exposes and maps a hitherto little‐known dimension of China's urban geography – that of shrinkage, directly affecting one in ten of its cities. The paper also identifies four distinct causes of this geographical phenomenon in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of industry and education is a strategic measure to address the structural imbalance issues in the scientific and technological development and industrial transformation, as well as educational system. Currently, joint efforts of governments, universities, and enterprises have achieved improvements in integrating education and various related industries. However, the evaluation of industry-education integration has not received sufficient attention it deserves. Based on the context-input-process-product (CIPP) evaluation model, this paper proposes an evaluation index system for urban industry-education integration. Considering the vagueness and uncertainty of the indexes, the evaluation model is established using intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IFAHP) method and 2-tuple linguistic information representation approach. A case study indicates that industry-education integration environment is the most important division of evaluation, with local regulation being the most important evaluation index. The evaluation model is proven to be effective in improving the urban industry-education integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and industrialization of anthropogenic activities have exerted immense pressure on the environment. Polyhalogenated organic compounds, especially dioxins and furans are regarded as ubiquitously persistent environmental pollutants in the ecosystem. The recalcitrant nature of dioxins and furans induce toxicity in both humans and wildlife. Dioxins and furans are generated by defective technological chemical processes that occur during the manufacture of herbicides and pesticides, use of fertilizers, bleaching of paper and wood pulp and incomplete combustion process. However, incineration and incomplete combustion of solid waste are the main cause for the discharge of dioxins and furans to the environment. During incineration and incomplete combustion, noxious flue gas and ashes are released into the atmosphere and contaminate the soil and water systems; thereby affecting the ecology. According to World Health Organization fact sheet 2016, more than 90% of human exposure to dioxins is through the food chain, especially from dairy products, seafood and meat. These pollutants are mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic and teratogenic for lower and higher forms of life i.e. microorganisms to humans. This review describes the sources of dioxins and furans pollution, hazardous effects on the ecosystem and recent techniques to minimize and treat dioxins and furans contaminants in the environment. This paper also previews the significance of conventional and latest remediation techniques prevailing around the globe for treating dioxins and furans entry into the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with risks aroused by the ever-increasing expansion of industrialization and urbanization, water security sustainability takes more and more effect on balancing regional sustainability and development, especially for industrial regions. Introducing sustainability into the indicator framework of water security is an indispensable issue should be addressed. The indicators of water security sustainability in practice are measured by observation data obtained from a monitoring period. These data are commonly expressed in various forms, such as ratio and qualitative linguistic, which makes them hard to be quantified and evaluated. As multiply influential criteria are involved the water security sustainability evaluation process, it can be treated as a multi-criteria decision making problem. An appropriate evaluation framework with scientific and strategic multi-criteria decision making techniques is supposed to be constructed. This paper incorporates the dimensions related to sustainability into the indicator framework of water security sustainability. Another contribution of this paper is that it establishes an observation data conversion standard and adopts linguistic distribution assessments as information representation. Linguistic distribution assessments can capture the natural characteristics of the observation data of water security sustainability indicators. More importantly, a multistage decision support framework integrated with multi-criteria decision making techniques, such as best-worst method (BWM), decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), is constructed for water security sustainability evaluation. Then, deep analyzes about the evaluation results and influential factors are provided, thereby certifying the reliability of evaluation results and facilitating the enhancement of water security sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion effect makes air pollution become a regional problem. The purpose of this paper is to explore the spatial spillover effects of most pollutants emissions and identify industrialization and urbanization factors affecting emissions from spatial econometric perspective. In recent years, air pollution in China's Huang-Huai-Hai region is the most serious in the whole nation. Based on the geographical weight matrix introduced in this paper, the spatial Durbin model (SDM) is employed to explore the direct and spatial spillover effects of industrialization and urbanization factors on 7 pollutant emissions in 53 cities of China's Huang-Huai-Hai region over the period 2009–2014. The results show that CO is the main pollutant component, followed by SO 2 , and NO x in 53 cities. The spatial autocorrelation strengthen of each pollutant in all cities is as the order: BC > PM 2.5 >CO > PM 10 > NH 3 > SO 2 > NO x . There are significant spatial aggregation effects of emissions of pollutants except NO x . Furthermore, the direct effects of per capita GDP, non-agricultural industries and urban residents' per capita consumption on pollutants emissions are the biggest on the whole. The direct effect of per capita GDP on each pollutant emissions is entirely negative, while that of non-agricultural industries is positive on the whole. The spatial spillover effects of above three factors on pollutants emissions are the largest; the spatial spillover effect of non-agricultural industries is positive, while that of per capita GDP is negative. According to the results, some policy implications are provided to control regional air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, is located in China's central region. A city with over 2200 years of history, Hefei was still a middle-sized city at the end of 1970s. Over the past decade, however, the city had experienced a dramatic spatial expansion and economic growth. This paper discusses Hefei's history of development, its achievement in socioeconomic and spatial development, and its challenges with regard to future development. Urban researchers have largely ignored cities in China's central region; as such, this paper will serve to enrich the international literature in this field and enable readers to better understand the urbanization and industrialization efforts of a typical emerging city in inland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is experiencing rapid progress in industrialization and urbanization. Characteristic towns (Tese Xiaozhen) are one of the important drivers for China's urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization in the 21st century. Each of the towns has its own characteristics. At present, however, it is unclear for them about (i) what characteristics should be promoted, (ii) how urban land should be planned and (iii) which industry should be focused on. The public infrastructure and services in towns are usually under-developed, compared to cities. This paper first explores the designation of a brand-new type of new towns in China, i.e. “characteristic towns”, to meet the need of the current urbanization in China. The paper focuses on the principles of “agglomeration” and “livability”, in socioeconomic and cultural contexts. This is exemplified by a case study of Zhejiang's version of characteristic towns. The findings suggest that the success of cultivation of towns is closely associated with agglomeration and livability. In the short term, identifying characteristics is the core element in the development. For the longer term, a comprehensive integration of industrial policy and land use policy is needed to ensure continuous capital investment and revenue generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, Macau will celebrate the 20th anniversary of its return to China. The past few years have witnessed brilliant economic achievements as well as a structural shift toward a gaming-industry dominated economy. Following so many years of rapid growth, it is essential to take stock of both the benefits and costs of gaming industry development. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the evolution of Macau's gaming industry between 1999 and 2016, and evaluates the industry's effects on local economic growth and urban development. As the paper shows, Macau has exhibited many of the symptoms typically associated with booming sectors in small economies, and has witnessed the similar effects widely experienced by western casino cities. However, Macau is also faced with some unique challenges, regarding its geographic location, size constraints, and political factors. These findings illustrate the difficulties that have accompanied Macau's economic achievements, but also call attention to opportunities in the next phase of Macau's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, urban and rural transformation development is inevitable, although rural transformation may suffer from a continuously widening gap. Thus, this paper describes a model to measure the rural transformation development path used to analyze the process more clearly, through measuring rural transformation, detecting influencing factors, and calculating the acting forces of factors. (1) The degree of rural transformation development in Fuping County, which has always been lower than in adjacent counties, gradually improved from 1990 to 2015. This study presents the temporal and spatial influencing factors, including the per capita industrial output value of enterprises above a designated size (x 5 ), the population density (x 8 ), and the per capita water resource (x 12 ) of six counties near to Fuping County. (2) The pull forces in these six counties were larger than the push forces, including society, economy, and resources, which indicates that rural development in Fuping County was mainly dominated by external factors. (3) This paper suggests to increase small scales and to extend large scales to improve the path measurement model by analyzing the test results for Fuping County; furthermore, proposals are presented for realizing rural sustainable development of Fuping County in terms of policy, industry, and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first estimates the energy-related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and carbon intensity of China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2015. By constructing a 4-variable Panel Vector Auto-regression (PVAR) model, the paper quantitatively analyzes the dynamic relationship among urbanization, industrial structure, energy and carbon intensity in China during urbanization and industrialization stage. The results show that urbanization process and the advancement of industrial structure are consistent with the optimization goals of energy and carbon intensity. In the long term, energy and carbon intensity will decline with the development of urbanization and the advancement of industrial structure. But urbanization process has an inverted U-shaped effect on energy and carbon intensity, while the influence of industrial structure advancement on energy and carbon intensity increases over time. In contrast, the positive impact of energy intensity on carbon intensity is mainly reflected in the short term. This paper confirms the importance of urbanization and upgrading of industrial structure in the goal of energy saving and emissions reduction. Thus, this paper suggests that each province should adopt the upgrading of industrial structure as one of the policy goals, and constantly promote new urbanization process, following their own development characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development zones have been an important spatial approach to promoting economic development since China's reform and opening-up. They have also been major contributors to the processes of China's industrialization and urbanization. Along with improvements in the worldwide industrial division of labor and the gradual implementation of China's development zones' Go Global strategy, it is necessary for Africa, a hot spot of global industrialization in recent years, to learn from China's development zone model. By attracting China's capital, technology and enterprises to Africa via Sino-African co-built development zones, a pattern of high complementarity and mutual development between China and Africa can be formed which does favor further improvement of the global industrial division of labor. In order to study the applicability and prospect of China's development zone model in Africa as per the above-mentioned international situation, this paper first sorts out the development course of China's development zones and discusses their roles in China's industrialization and urbanization. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the status quo of industrial development in Africa as a whole and the differences in industrial development between China and Africa, aiming to justify the timing of industrial transfer from China to Africa by constructing Sino-African co-built development zones. Lastly, this paper analyzes the current situation of six Sino-African co-built development zones by focusing on their operation modes, industry types and investment promotion models. In the authors' view, Sino-African co-built development zones can function as a new window of China-African cooperation, a new carrier of African industrialization, and a new engine of global industrial restructuring. China should adhere to the general principles of 'Sino-African Integration, Multi-Cooperation, Mutual Benefit, Scientific Location, Systematic Planning, Cluster Growth and Open Development' in the planning and construction of development zones in Africa, effectively promoting Africa as the very important part of the global industry system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts the data of 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2000 to 2016 (in which the data of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet are not collected), builds the "fourmodernization" (industrialization, informatization, urbanization, agricultural modernization) index system, calculates the four- modernization index, and conducts regional fourmodernization evaluation. Through the OLS and GMM regression models, the influence of the development of the four modernizations on the water footprint intensity is investigated, and the interaction between the four modernizations is set to identify the interaction between the four indicators. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: Firstly, from the perspective of regional development differences at the level of four modernizations, the level of China's four modernizations generally shows that the eastern region is better than the central region, and the central region is better than the western region. The distribution of water footprint intensity is similar. There may be a correlation between the level of development and the intensity of water footprint. Secondly, the econometric model shows that the improvement of the four modernizations has a positive impact on the improvement of water footprint intensity, but the impact of each modernization is different. Thirdly, the influence of the four- modernization interaction on the water footprint intensity is positive, indicating that the improvement effect of the four- modernization development on the water footprint intensity gradually converges. Therefore, priority is given to raising the level of the four modernizations in the backward areas. The improvement of the level of the four modernizations promotes the reduction of water footprint intensity and can effectively reduce the overall water footprint intensity level in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper spotlights whether gross domestic product (GDP), energy consumption and urbanization affect Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions covering the time span 1972-2014 in Pakistan. The empirical estimates of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) affirmed that energy consumption and GDP are the main drivers of the pollutant environment in Pakistan, and also quantitatively determine the definite impact percentage of each dynamic force in Pakistan. Specifically, the empirical findings determine that in the long run, energy consumption and GDP intensify CO2 emissions showing significant impact; however, industrialization and urbanization are found to be insignificant. Based on empirical findings, this suggests that the constricting economic gap implementation between urban and rural areas, amendments to the energy erection and mechanical novelty will offer a treasured reference for Pakistan in exertions to diminish carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential drivers behind uneven regional development in the context of employment growth in Denmark and Sweden. In particular, we are interested in the roles of urbanization, industrial change and the rise of the new economy as manifested in the growth of the two economies in 2002–2007. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to analyse the impact of a number of key industrial sectors on regional employment growth in the two countries. The empirical analysis is based on longitudinal matched employer–employee data retrieved from official registers in each economy from 2002 to 2007, a period of strong national growth following the crisis of early 2000. Our findings indicate that the two economies follow a similar pattern in addressing total employment growth; but looking at changes in employment levels across the national borders of these two relatively similar open economies, we find that, although in general these economies react relatively similarly to changes, embarking on a narrower analysis of the individual sectors reveals marked national differences. This indicates that context matters in the analysis of regional economic dynamics in terms of structure, system and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper empirically examines old-age security hypothesis to explain fertility rates in South Asia. Panel data is used for the period 1972-2013 for seven South Asian countries which include Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The estimated results reveal that in South Asia fertility rate decreases with the increase in financial development. Thus, the findings support old-age security hypothesis that parents use children as financial instruments to secure their old age. This paper validates the theory that the availability of alternative financial tools reduces the incentives of households to have large offspring. Infant mortality is also shown an important factor for high fertility rate in South Asia. This implies that households cover their risk from losing children by producing more children. The results also reveal that fertility rate decreases with the increase in per capita income, which implies that households treat children as inferior good in this region. In other words, households prefer quality of children over quantity of children when their income level increases. The results have also shown that fertility decreases with the increase in education, urbanization, agriculture productivity and industrialization. The study has some important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the early phases of the process of electrification in Belgium in order to shed light on the emergence of a distributed model of urbanization. The paper argues that the policies developed to extent the supply of electricity to each and every corner of the national territory is part and parcel of a distributed urbanism which reproduced itself in different forms throughout the twentieth century. Detailed analysis of the policies developed by three Belgian provinces to support the electrification in the interbellum period brings into view the ambiguity of the Belgian policy of dispersion. On the one hand, this analysis shows an eagerness to advance industrial production over the entire territory by making use of existing, rural collective resources. On the other hand, the policies of dispersion, despite their anti-urban motivations, in time produced (a need for) collective structures that facilitate processes of accumulation and differentiation that over time may be characterized as urban. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the rapid development of network and information technology, how to grasp the main influence factors and promote the healthy development of modern service industry? Based on the time series data from year 2000 to 2013, this paper analyzes the status quo of modern service industry in China and discusses its influence factors. This paper proposes the influence factor model of the development of modern service industry by grey relational analysis, and analyzes the influence factors and their contributions using weighted relational degree. The results indicate: (1) despite the fast development speed of modern service industry, its value-added proportion is relatively low; (2) the most critical factors affecting the development of modern service industry are informatization, marketization, urbanization and industrialization; education development and economic development have a little impact. In order to promote its development, this paper puts forward some rational suggestions in the aspects of strengthening information construction, deepening market reform, promoting industrial upgrading and optimizing internal structure, and providing sufficient material conditions and specialized personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper returns to a topic the author dealt with in a more basic form some years ago. But it also makes an attempt to conceptualize the development of independent Belarus through its population migration to urban centers and especially its capital city, a development that dates exclusively from the post-1945 period, but that paradoxically has prevented this republic from experiencing the sort of modernization processes evident elsewhere in Europe. It takes as its starting point the pioneering work by the German historian Thomas Bohn titledThe Minsk Phenomenonand develops it further by linking it to demographic issues, current health concerns, and problems in industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Water is the most valuable gift to human race by Mother Nature. On the globe, almost 97 percent of water exists in the form of oceans while three percent is available in the form of fresh water, thus conservation is a requisite. Scarcity of water resources, lack of water storage capability and unsustainable groundwater utilization are the main challenges for international and local communities. Population growth and climate change have enhanced stress on natural water resources. This research highlights best practices from all over the world and evaluates traditional as well as innovative methods by using secondary data to highlight civic responsibility regarding water conservation and provide guidelines for all the concerned authorities in Pakistan. This paper also addresses the challenges in adopting or adapting best practices in Pakistan and concludes that improved water conservation and management practices have monetary gains and assist in protecting the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The contradiction between economic growth and carbon emissions in China and India is the most prominent in the world. Both countries have faced tremendous pressures to curb carbon emissions, because they are major source of new added emission sources. Meanwhile, both countries have faced greater pressures to achieve industrialization and urbanization in order to eradicate poverty. Better understanding the decoupling status and its drivers can serve to develop effective policy to achieve economic growth without an increase in emission. This paper comparatively analyses the decoupling effect of the economic growth from the carbon emissions as well as its drivers during the period 1980–2014 in China and India. The Tapio decoupling model was used to analyze the decoupling status, and the co-integration theory and the impulse response functions were applied to investigate the effects of urbanization, industrialization, per capita GDP and carbon emission intensity to decoupling. The results show that China mainly performed a weak decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions in 1980–2014, while the decoupling status of India was no regular. In China, carbon emission intensity is the biggest contributor of decoupling, followed by urbanization, per capita GDP, and industrialization. In India, the biggest driver of decoupling is also the carbon emission intensity, followed by urbanization, industrialization, and per capita GDP. Therefore, improving energy efficiency is the best policy to toward economic growth without emission growth in China and India. Highlights • Towards to economic growth without an increase in emission in China and India. • The Tapio model, the Johansen cointegration theory and the Granger causality test are adopted. • Investigating decoupling status between economic growth and carbon emission in China and India. • The biggest driver of China' and India's decoupling is carbon emission intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of economic globalization, energy intensity, urbanization, industrialization and growth on per capita co2 emissions of Bangladesh employing techniques of Johansen co-integration, Vector Error-Correction Models (vecm) and vec Granger Causality Tests. To analyse the impacts of innovations in all variables on co2 emissions, this study additionally employs variance decomposition (vdc) for robust findings. The result of long run and causality test postulates that growth stimulates energy consumption and consequently causes co2 emissions. vdc result posits that in the long run, energy intensity, urbanization, industrialization and growth contribute more than 60% of the co2 emission in Bangladesh. On the other hand, effect of economic globalization becomes stronger in the long run but in explaining fluctuations in co2 emissions it contributes only 9%. To avoid adverse effect of growth implementations of energy conservation policies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of abandoned mine subsidence on transportation facilities is a growing concern due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in China. Transportation infrastructures are being or will be developed in many areas with potential subsidence problems. Consequently, it is necessary to assess and mitigate the long-term and progressive residual subsidence effects on transportation facilities in such regions. This paper presents an integrated framework to identify and mitigate the risks of abandoned mine subsidence on highway infrastructures. The framework comprises four steps: comprehensive investigations of abandoned mine features; identification of subsidence mechanisms, conceptual model construction and risk assessment; optimization of remedial solutions and development of a management strategy. A case study that demonstrates a successful application of the framework is also presented in this paper. In this example, a technique that integrates remote-sensing analysis throughout surface features with conventional investigation methodologies is proved to be a potential tool to detect and understand areas that might be at risk of surface subsidence. Based on the analysis of the representative failure mechanisms observed in situ and the influencing factors, a methodology has been developed to assess the geohazards associated with mine subsidence. Moreover, the proposed criteria for stability classification allowed us to define three geohazard levels on a regional scale. Subsequently, based on a brief review of remedial works made in China, the paper gives some recommendations to identify the most appropriate solutions to mitigate residual subsidence risk on transportation infrastructures. Such integrated decision-making framework will assist practitioners and regulators in identifying the potential risks of residual subsidence on transportation routes, optimising the most appropriate alignments, and assessing risk management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To borrow a phrase once used about business cycles, it can be said that “the study of super cycles necessarily begins with the measurement of super cycles” (adapted from Baxter and King, 1999). Are metal prices currently in the early phase of such a “super cycle”? Many market observers believe the answer is yes. Academics, on the other hand, are generally skeptical about the presence of long cycles. This paper searches for evidence of super cycles in metal prices by using band-pass filters to extract particular cyclical components from time series data. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that there have been three super cycles in the past 150 years or so, and that we are currently in the early phase of a fourth super cycle. Most analysts attribute the latter primarily to Chinese urbanization and industrialization.IMF Staff Papers (2008) 55, 541–565. doi:10.1057/imfsp.2008.19; published online 19 August 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the context and continuity of beer production in the southern Austro-Hungarian Empire during the period of the dual monarchy or Dualism (1867-1914). Brewing, which in this region dates from the mid-18th century, was the first activity with characteristics of industrial production. The development of breweries is considered through four spatial levels: industrial building/complex; settlement (Pančevo, Vršac, Veliki Bečkerek, Bečej, Apatin); the province of Vojvodina (the southern part of Habsburg Monarchy, later the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in Serbia); and Central Europe. The research concentrates on discovering the role of beer production in the industrialisation and urbanisation of Vojvodina during the period of Dualism and contains descriptions of representative examples in an urban context, a spatial concept, technological processes, and construction and architectural design. Different lager beer production sites have been analysed to define types of breweries according to the position of the basic functional units of the production process. The changes in the social system are discussed in relation to the determination of housing models and types of public buildings in industrial complexes. Focusing on the five oldest breweries in Vojvodina, this paper demonstrates not only the importance they had as generators of local development, but also that they were an echo of the technological and architectural codes of Central Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic long run relationship between CO 2 emissions, economic growth, financial development, trade openness, industrialization, urbanization, coal and noncarbohydrate energy consumption within the framework of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for Turkey over the period 1971–2014. The two main contributions of this study are that the EKC hypothesis has been examined by separating trade openness and final energy consumption into import-export and coal-noncarbohydrate energy consumption respectively. The findings of the autoregressive disturbed lag bounds testing approach showed that economic growth, coal consumption, financial development, import, industrialization and urbanization had a positive impact on CO 2 emissions, while export and noncarbohydrate energy consumption decreased CO 2 emission in the long run. Moreover, the study supported the EKC hypothesis, which suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and CO 2 emissions. The turning point obtained from long run regression was found to be approximately $14360 that outside of the sample period. Finally, these important findings indicate that noncarbohydrate energy consumption and export can be a solution to reduce environmental pollution, and Turkey's CO 2 emissions will begin to decline when the country reaches the per capita income level at the turning point in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 17% of agricultural lands in the western plain of Taiwan were converted to other uses during 1971–2006 due to rapidly industrial and urban development and high population density. Previous studies on the loss of farmland due to urbanization have focused on changes in the agricultural landscape such as fragmentation and irregular shape of farmlands. The shrinkage and fragmentation of agricultural land due to urbanization not only reduces food production but also results in the decrease and degradation of other agro-ecosystem services. Emergy synthesis has been used to assess land use changes in agricultural lands. However, the relationship between farmland fragmentation and the energy flows in agricultural systems has not been studied. This paper investigates empirically how ecological energetic flows of agricultural land were affected by landscape change in the western coastal plain of Taiwan by using emergy synthesis to assess the changes in ecological energetic flows of agricultural systems in each township from 1971 to 2006. Landscape metrics were also chosen to analyze the agricultural landscape change in each township. These metrics were then correlated with the results of emergy synthesis to study the relationship between farmland fragmentation and energy flows in the agricultural system. The results show that the fragmentation of farmlands tends to intensify the inflows of goods and services from the human economic system for farmland operations. For the counties closer to metropolitan areas, maintaining larger farm sizes and preventing farmland fragmentation decreases the proportion of resource inflows from the economic system and mitigates environmental loading in agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old industrial cities abound with extensive infrastructures, which however no longer suit the economic purposes, for which they were originally built. However either their demolition or a complete rebuilding of new is often not a viable option, and thus the issue of their smart reuse emerged in urban studies. In this paper we combine literature on restructuring, brownfields, and industrial heritage to assess their significance both as a barrier and asset for future urban development. The main aim is to provide municipalities with an overview of the range of their possible reuses, and problems they might face in doing so. Furthermore, the selected examples show that contemplating new use should be guided by assessment of intrinsic features of the structures on one hand, and by general global trends on other. This new combination of the two might render the new use competitive. For this sake a case study of the old industrial city of Ostrava is employed, as this issue has been particularly pronounced given the city's strong historical specialisation in heavy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the second most driving disease happening in ladies contrasted with every single other growth. Watched rates of this malignancy increment with industrialization and urbanization and furthermore with offices for early recognition. In underdeveloped, developing and developed nations, the major cause of death among women is due to breast cancer. Breast cancer is fatal in under portion of all cases and is the main source of death from disease in ladies, representing 16% of all tumor passing around the world. The goal of this paper is to show a provide details regarding breast cancer where we exploited those accessible innovative progressions to create prediction models for breast cancer survivability We utilized Logistic Regression to build up the prediction models using an expansive dataset (699 breast cancer cases). We also used 10-fold cross-validation methods to measure the unbiased estimate of this prediction model for getting better performance. The results (based on average accuracy Breast Cancer dataset) indicated that the Logistic Regression is the best predictor with 96.48% accuracy on the holdout sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the discourse on modernity and nostalgia in Manaus, the capital of the Brazilian state of Amazonas, with a focus on the boi-bumbá festival, a folkloric dramatic dance that tells the story of the death and resurrection of a rancher’s beloved bull. Although most of the population lives in urban areas and engages in wage labor, the region is still popularly imagined as a “place that time forgot”: a natural area largely free of modern human intervention. This paper discusses how the boi-bumbá of Amazonas rose to stratospheric popularity in the context of urbanization, industrialization, political change, and the “greening” of the region. I conclude by suggesting that the boi-bumbá’s rise is not unconnected to these larger demographic, socioeconomic, and political events and demonstrate how it has come to serve as a vehicle for collective memory and nostalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban shrinkage has been a remarkable phenomenon in city development, both domestic and foreign, which cannot be convincingly explained by growth theory. This paper studies the theoretical foundation and connotation of urban shrinkage, as well as its internal dynamic mechanism and external spatial mechanism. Thereby reaches the conclusion that both shrinkage and expansion is a natural historical process of the urban development. Compared to the urban shrinkage in highly industrialized countries which features generalizability and regularity, the case in China is quite different due to the under-development of urbanization and industrialization. Therefore we referred to the regularity and further used internal dynamic mechanism and external spatial mechanism to identify and classify China's shrinking cities, then discussed several patterns and drives and finally proposed some policy suggestion and urban planning thoughts for sustainable development regarding various types of urban shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]