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Simulation has become an essential tool in psychological research, offering unique insights into statistical concepts, optimising research project planning and modelling human behaviour and cognition. This tutorial navigates simulations' diverse applications across various research stages. This tutorial begins by demonstrating simulations' impact on understanding statistical concepts. Amidst growing demands for effect size reporting and interpretation, simulations can help clarify the relationship between data and effect sizes, benefiting both educational purposes and advanced research. Simulations play a crucial role in planning psychological research. They provide flexible solutions for power, helping to determine necessary sample sizes and aiding in robust research planning, providing evidence of planned procedures. Simulations are pivotal in exploring human behaviour and cognition, as well as statistical method properties. By forcing researchers to translate verbal theory into formal models, simulation can help specify the assumptions. The paper also discusses improving simulation efficiency, such as using calculation clusters, optimising simulation practices and recognises simulations' limitations. This paper emphasises simulations' versatile role in psychological research. They enable deep insights into complex datasets, streamline project preparation and uncover subtleties in human behaviour, cognition and statistical methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discusses the wide availability of analytical procedures for determining exercise physiology thresholds that has led to uncertainty about the method that may offer the highest precision or accuracy for regular testing. They explain the need for a consensus about exercise threshold determination to validate the pioneering physiological models proposed by the research groups of Wildor Hollman and Karlman Wasserman.

In this article from the journal Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology, the authors discuss the challenges of studying early pregnancy exposures and outcomes using routinely collected healthcare data. They focus on the use of target trial emulation, a method that emulates the design and analysis of an intervention study, to minimize biases in observational studies. The authors present a specific study that estimates the effect of initiating levothyroxine on the risk of non-live birth in pregnant individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism. They highlight the complexities of using healthcare data for research purposes, including issues related to immortal person time, left truncation, competing events, and missing data. The study provides insights into the effect of levothyroxine initiation after entry into prenatal care, but does not address the potential benefits of treatment early in pregnancy. The authors emphasize the importance of aligning the research question with the available data and acknowledge the limitations of feasible analyses in routinely collected healthcare data. [Extracted from the article]

Yellowing viruses are an increasing threat to sugar beet cultivation, due to limitations on insecticide usage and climate change. Virus detection, monitoring and resistance breeding are key to secure high sugar beet yields in the future. For this research, a one‐step multiplex reverse transcription (mRT)‐PCR method was designed to detect simultaneously beet mild yellowing virus, beet chlorosis virus, beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mosaic virus and turnip yellows virus. The addition of Luminex xTAG array technology was used as a follow‐up method to increase assay specificity. The one‐step mRT‐PCR was evaluated on 22 field samples with single and mixed virus infections. The xTAG assay works as expected both in a simplex and multiplex setting, except that BYV detection needs optimization in the multiplex setting. In the future, the Luminex xTAG assay would be an excellent method for the detection of beet yellowing viruses due to its high specificity and the potential to increase the number of targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parietal P300 wave of event‐related potentials (ERPs) has been associated with various psychological operations in numerous laboratory tasks. This study aims to decompose the P3 wave of ERPs into subcomponents and link them with behavioral parameters, such as the strength of stimulus–response (S‐R) links and GO/NOGO responses. EEGs (31 channels), referenced to linked ears, were recorded from 172 healthy adults (107 women) who participated in two cued GO/NOGO tasks, where the strength of S‐R links was manipulated through instructions. P300 waves were observed in active conditions in response to cues, GO/NOGO stimuli, and in passive conditions when no manual response was required. Utilizing a combination of current source density transformation and blind source separation methods, we decomposed the P300 wave into two distinct components, purportedly originating from different parts of the parietal lobules. The amplitude of the parietal midline component (with current sources around Pz) closely mirrored the strength of the S‐R link across proactive, reactive, and passive conditions. The amplitude of the lateral parietal component (with current sources around P3 and P4) resembled the push–pull activity of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia in action selection‐inhibition operations. These findings provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying action selection processes and the reactivation of S‐R links. We aimed to associate subcomponents of P3 waves in event‐related potentials with behavioral parameters in cued GO/NOGO tasks. The parietal midline component was shown to reflect the strength of stimulus–response (S‐R) links across proactive, reactive, and passive conditions. The lateral parietal component mirrored basal ganglia activity in action selection. These results illuminate neural mechanisms for S‐R links and action selection operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Implementation science (IS) offers methods to systematically achieve the Ending the HIV Epidemic goals in the United States, as well as the global UNAIDS targets. Federal funders such as the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) have invested in implementation research to achieve these goals, including supporting the AIDS Research Centres (ARCs), which focus on high‐impact science in HIV and mental health (MH). To facilitate capacity building for the HIV/MH research workforce in IS, "grey areas," or areas of IS that are confusing, particularly for new investigators, should be addressed in the context of HIV/MH research. Discussion: A group of IS experts affiliated with NIMH‐funded ARCs convened to identify common and challenging grey areas. The group generated a preliminary list of 19 grey areas in HIV/MH‐related IS. From the list, the authors developed a survey which was distributed to all ARCs to prioritize grey areas to address in this paper. ARC members across the United States (N = 60) identified priority grey areas requiring clarification. This commentary discusses topics with 40% or more endorsement. The top grey areas that ARC members identified were: (1) Differentiating implementation strategies from interventions; (2) Determining when an intervention has sufficient evidence for adaptation; (3) Integrating recipient perspectives into HIV/MH implementation research; (4) Evaluating whether an implementation strategy is evidence‐based; (5) Identifying rigorous approaches for evaluating the impact of implementation strategies in the absence of a control group or randomization; and (6) Addressing innovation in HIV/MH IS grants. The commentary addresses each grey area by drawing from the existing literature (when available), providing expert guidance on addressing each in the context of HIV/MH research, and providing domestic and global HIV and HIV/MH case examples that address these grey areas. Conclusions: HIV/MH IS is key to achieving domestic and international goals for ending HIV transmission and mitigating its impact. Guidance offered in this paper can help to overcome challenges to rigorous and high‐impact HIV/MH implementation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social needs such as housing, employment, food, income and social isolation are having a significant impact on individuals, families and communities. Individuals are increasingly presenting to health settings with social needs, which are ill‐equipped to address nonmedical needs. Social prescribing is a systematic approach connecting the health, social and community sectors to better address social needs and improve health and wellbeing. Social prescribing interventions are being implemented world‐wide. With variability in health and social care systems internationally, it is important that social prescribing interventions are co‐designed with key stakeholders to ensure they can be implemented and sustained within local systems. Methods: This Australian case study provides a detailed description of the process undertaken to co‐design a social prescribing service model in a regional area. Four co‐design workshops were undertaken, two with health and social care professionals and two with community members. The project followed an iterative process of resourcing, planning, recruiting, sensitising, facilitation, reflection and building for change across the workshops. Results: Through this process, key stakeholders were able to successfully co‐design a social prescribing model of care for the region. Conclusion: By demonstrating the process and materials used in our project, we aim to open the 'black box' of co‐design for social prescribing and provide ideas and resources for others to adapt and utilise. Patient or Public Contribution: The project was designed and undertaken by a steering committee comprising university‐based researchers (authors C. O. and S. B.), local government (author D. A.) and health, social and community services (authors B. G., M. W., J. O. and S. R.). Members of the steering committee participated in project design, participant recruitment, workshop facilitation, data analysis and interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current methods used to investigate emotional inference and conflict resolution knowledge are limited in their suitability for use with children with language disorders due to a reliance on language processing. This is problematic, as nearly 8% of the population are estimated to have developmental language disorder (DLD). In this paper, we present 'Zoti's Social Toolkit', a set of animated scenarios that can be used to assess emotion inferencing and conflict resolution knowledge. All animated scenarios contain interpersonal situations centred around a gender‐neutral alien named Zoti. Four studies investigated the face and construct validity of the stimuli. The final stimulus set can be used with children, who may or may not have language difficulties and is openly available for use in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark diversity includes ecologically suitable species currently absent in a site, albeit theoretically able to arrive from the surrounding region. Various methods can estimate the likelihood that an absent species is in the dark diversity of a site. Recent developments in estimation of dark diversity have advanced the field, yet uncertainty on method selection might lead to confusion and misleading results. Here, we provide methodological guidance by reanalyzing a data set used in a recently published dark‐diversity study (Hostens et al. 2023; Journal of Vegetation Science 34: e13212). Using various approaches to estimate dark diversity, we discuss why their estimations differ, and examine which methods are more appropriate than others for the particular data set. In this study, the hypergeometric method based on species co‐occurrences outperformed the other considered methods (species distribution modelling, Beals index). Further, we show how estimations of dark diversity can be combined with a Bayesian framework to examine which characteristics of sites and species are related to their tendency to have higher dark‐diversity size (sites) than expected or to be more frequently in dark diversity (species). This paper hopefully enhances confidence in dark‐diversity methods, allowing progress in both ecological theory and biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an agenda for the future of gender research in small‐scale fisheries (SSF). Building on expert insight from scholars who gathered during the 4th World Small‐Scale Fisheries Congress Africa (4WSFC) with a synthesis of existing literature, we identify six topics that warrant future investigation in SSF, along with methodological considerations for addressing them. Research priorities include identifying pathways towards (1) equitable participation in governance and decision‐making, (2) valuing all actors' contributions to aquatic food systems, (3) increasing access to financial services, (4) inclusive infrastructural development, (5) livelihood diversification and (6) reducing occupational health hazards. Several important methodological considerations include (i) using multiple methodologies, (ii) applying participatory methods, (iii) collecting gender‐disaggregated data, (iv) integrating gender into a food systems approach in fisheries, (v) engaging an intersectional approach and (vi) operationalising equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research observed 92% accuracy for age-at-death estimations by U.S. forensic anthropologists. The present study compares this case report level accuracy to method level accuracy for the most commonly used methods in U.S. casework, drawing from the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy (FADAMA). Method application rate (i.e., how often a method is used in casework) was analyzed for n= 641 cases and identified 15 methods with an application rate >45 cases, and the present study focused further analyses on these 15 methods. Of the 15, only four yielded accuracies greater than or equal to the 92% documented for case-report level accuracy. The other 11 methods produced accuracy rates ranging from 54% to 91%, with six of these below 70% This disconnect between highly accurate age estimations at the case report level compared to the poor performance at method level suggests that practitioner interpretation and synthesis of the methods' outcomes is a critical step for increasing the accuracy rates of the age estimations as reported on the final case report. This inference was further supported by the study's results which indicated that practitioner interpretations of frequently used method combinations improve accuracy and age range width of age estimation. The study also performed a Fisher's Exact test to assess whether case report-level accuracy differed with the number of aging methods used in a case, and found no significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess the frequency of patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) and non‐PROs in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing head/neck cancers. Methods: We included RCTs about interventions to treat head/neck cancers. PubMed was searched on September 16, 2022 and included studies published during three periods (2000–2002, 2010–2012, and 2020–2022). Data on types of outcomes and instruments to measure them were extracted and organized into PROs and non‐PROs, and temporal trends for reporting outcomes were determined. Results: There was a reduction in the frequency of non‐PROs (40% to 22%) and an increase in PROs (5% to 19%) over 20 years. The frequency of reporting both non‐PROs and PROs seemed to be stable over the same period (55% to 58%). A great variety of instruments to measure PROs and non‐PROs was identified. Conclusions: There has been a growth in the types of PROs in more recent years, and they were more frequently reported in RCTs. However, head/neck cancer trials with a combination of PROs and non‐PROs were the most prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of psychological science relies on collaboration—from generating new theories and study ideas, to collecting and analyzing data, to writing and sharing results with the broader community. Learning how to collaborate with others is an important skill, yet this process is not often explicitly discussed in academia. Here, five researchers from diverse backgrounds share their experiences and advice on starting and sustaining collaborations. In doing so, they reflect on aspects of both successful (and failed) collaborations with students, colleagues within and outside of psychology, and members of industry and organizational partners beyond academia. Recommendations and challenges of productive collaborations are discussed, along with examples of how collaborative teams can contribute to psychological science, address real‐world issues, and make the process of conducting research more enjoyable and rewarding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ancient human dental calculus is a unique, nonrenewable biological resource encapsulating key information about the diets, lifestyles, and health conditions of past individuals and populations. With compounding calls its destructive analysis, it is imperative to refine the ways in which the scientific community documents, samples, and analyzes dental calculus so as to maximize its utility to the public and scientific community. Materials and Methods: Our research team conducted an IRB‐approved survey of dental calculus researchers with diverse academic backgrounds, research foci, and analytical specializations. Results: This survey reveals variation in how metadata is collected and utilized across different subdisciplines and highlights how these differences have profound implications for dental calculus research. Moreover, the survey suggests the need for more communication between those who excavate, curate, and analyze biomolecular data from dental calculus. Discussion: Challenges in cross‐disciplinary communication limit researchers' ability to effectively utilize samples in rigorous and reproducible ways. Specifically, the lack of standardized skeletal and dental metadata recording and contamination avoidance procedures hinder downstream anthropological applications, as well as the pursuit of broader paleodemographic and paleoepidemiological inquiries that rely on more complete information about the individuals sampled. To provide a path forward toward more ethical and standardized dental calculus sampling and documentation approaches, we review the current methods by which skeletal and dental metadata are recorded. We also describe trends in sampling and contamination‐control approaches. Finally, we use that information to suggest new guidelines for ancient dental calculus documentation and sampling strategies that will improve research practices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is increasing in the United States, yet, specific neural mechanisms of CUD are not well understood. Disordered substance use is characterized by heightened drug cue incentive salience, which can be measured using the late positive potential (LPP), an event‐related potential (ERP) evoked by motivationally significant stimuli. The drug cue LPP is typically quantified by averaging the slow wave's scalp‐recorded amplitude across its entire time course, which may obscure distinct underlying factors with differential predictive validity; however, no study to date has examined this possibility. In a sample of 105 cannabis users, temporo‐spatial Principal Component Analysis was used to decompose cannabis cue modulation of the LPP into its underlying factors. Acute stress was also inducted to allow for identification of specific cannabis LPP factors sensitive to stress. Factor associations with CUD severity were also explored. Eight factors showed significantly increased amplitudes to cannabis images relative to neutral images. These factors spanned early (~372 ms), middle (~824 ms), and late (>1000 ms) windows across frontal, central, and parietal‐occipital sites. CUD phenotype individual differences were primarily associated with frontal, middle/late latency factor amplitudes. Acute stress effects were limited to one early central and one late frontal factor. Taken together, results suggest that the cannabis LPP can be decomposed into distinct, temporal‐spatial factors with differential responsivity to acute stress and CUD phenotype variability. Future individual difference studies examining drug cue modulation of the LPP should consider (1) frontalcentral poolings in addition to conventional central‐parietal sites, and (2) later LPP time windows. The current study is the first to utilize temporo‐spatial principal component analysis (PCA) to decompose the cannabis cue modulation of the late positive potential (LPP) before and after an acute laboratory stressor. Findings provide insight into potential neurophysiological markers relevant for substance use outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the numerous roles that colouration serves in the natural world has remained a central focus in many evolutionary and ecological studies. However, to accurately characterise and then compare colours or patterns among individuals or species has been historically challenging. In recent years, there have been a myriad of new resources developed that allow researchers to characterise biological colours and patterns, specifically from digital imagery. However, each resource has its own strengths and weaknesses, answers a specific question and requires a detailed understanding of how it functions to be used properly. These nuances can make navigating this emerging field rather difficult. Herein, we evaluate several new techniques for analysing biological colouration, with a specific focus on digital images. First, we introduce fundamental background knowledge about light and perception to be considered when designing and implementing a study of colouration. We then show how numerous modifications can be made to images to ensure consistent formatting prior to analysis. After, we describe many of the new image analysis approaches and their respective functions, highlighting the type of research questions that they can address. We demonstrate how these various techniques can be brought together to examine novel research questions and test specific hypotheses. Finally, we outline potential future directions in colour pattern studies. Our goal is to provide a starting point and pathway for researchers wanting to study biological colour patterns from digital imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical educators in geriatrics are often tasked with presenting a literature update at annual conferences and scientific meetings, which is a highly regarded continuing medical education (CME) activity. Preparation of an annual literature update cannot rely on bibliometric analysis due to time lag and poor correlation between bibliometrics and expert opinion on clinical relevance. The methodology of how top research articles of the year are selected and presented is not often reported. Methods: We conducted a scoping review for published reports of a curated selection of recent articles critically appraised for high impact to clinical practice in general geriatrics, published from 2010 to 2022. Results: Six annual literature updates were included for study. Three updates detailed their article sources, ranging from a survey of clinicians, consulting seven individual journals, searching up to four bibliographic databases, scanning social media outlets, and reviewing previous literature updates. One update reported a detailed method of article selection and consensus development. Critical appraisal of articles followed a structured reporting of clinical context, methods, results, and a statement of clinical implication or bottom line. Three of the six updates' results were disseminated in an annual conference update and did not evaluate learning outcomes of the audience. We mapped the results on a four‐step framework of article search, selection, critical appraisal, and dissemination of knowledge. Conclusions: Educators in geriatrics consult numerous article sources spanning multiple journals, databases, social media, and peer suggestions to create an annual literature update. The methodology of article search and selection is inconsistently described. In this exciting area of CME, we encourage educators to develop a framework for conducting annual literature updates in geriatrics and expand its scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on PhD fieldwork on the practice and experience of ‘welcome’ in Berlin in the wake of the so‐called ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015–2016, this article engages with the ethics and practicalities of note‐taking. It does so by focusing on the production of particular spaces of welcome and hostility in and around one neighbourhood in particular, Neukölln, an important place of arrival for newcomers both historically and in the present day. This article is about losing the notebook and finding new ways of approaching people and places in ways that centre reciprocity and an ethics of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta‐analyses may provide imprecise estimates when important meta‐analysis parameters are not considered during the synthesis. The aim of this case study was to highlight the influence of meta‐analysis parameters that can affect reported estimates using as an example pre‐existing meta‐analyses on the association between implant survival and sinus membrane perforation. PubMed was searched on 7 July 2021 for meta‐analyses comparing implant failure in perforated and non‐perforated sinus membranes. Primary studies identified in these meta‐analyses were combined in a new random‐effects model with odds ratios (ORs), confidence intervals (CIs), and prediction intervals reported. Using this new meta‐analysis, further meta‐analyses were then undertaken considering the clinical, methodological, and statistical heterogeneity of the primary studies, publication bias, and clustering effects. The meta‐analyses with the greatest number and more homogeneous studies provided lower odds of implant failure in non‐perforated sites (OR 0.49, 95 % CI = [0.26, 0.92]). However, when considering heterogeneity, publication bias, and clustering (number of implants), the confidence in these results was reduced. Interpretation of estimates reported in systematic reviews can vary depending on the assumptions made in the meta‐analysis. Users of these analyses need to carefully consider the impact of heterogeneity, publication bias, and clustering, which can affect the size, direction, and interpretation of the reported estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropology is good for understanding the metaverse, the emerging domain of digital culture that includes virtual worlds, online games, and social media. In the wake of COVID, there has been heightened interest in the metaverse's potential, particularly after Facebook renamed itself Meta in October 2021. Yet current understandings of the metaverse are deeply muddled, warped by rhetorics of promotion ranging from entrepreneurial zeal to rampant hucksterism. In response, anthropology can defamiliarize ways of thinking that might otherwise take on the status of common sense. I show that the metaverse is mischaracterized when its optional aspects are repackaged as obligatory. Four such mischaracterizations are particularly damaging: that the metaverse must use virtual reality (VR, which I rename "sensory immersion," or SI), that it must be interoperable, that it must be massive, and that it must employ crypto. By clearing this conceptual underbrush, we can move beyond both hype and anti‐hype to delineate what anthropology offers to the analysis, decolonization, and future transformation of the metaverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that P3 latencies increase with age. Investigating these age‐related differences requires numerous methodological decisions, resulting in pipelines of great variation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of different analytical pipelines on the age‐related differences in P3 latencies in real data. Therefore, we conducted an explorative multiverse study and varied the low‐pass filter (4 Hz, 8 Hz, 16 Hz, 32 Hz, and no filter), the latency type (area vs. peak), the level of event‐related potential analysis (single participant vs. jackknifing), and the extraction method (manual vs. automated). Thirty young (18–21 years) and 30 old (50–60 years) participants completed three tasks (Nback task, Switching task, Flanker task), while an EEG was recorded. The results show that different analysis strategies can have a tremendous impact on the detection and magnitude of the age effect, with effect sizes ranging from 0% to 88% explained variance. Likewise, regarding the psychometric properties of P3 latencies, we found that the reliabilities fluctuated between rtt =.20 and 1.00, while the homogeneities ranged from rh = −.12 to.90. Based on predefined criteria, we found that the most effective pipelines relied on a manual extraction based on a single participant's data. For peak latencies, manual extraction performed well for all filters except for 4 Hz, while for area latencies, filters above 8 Hz produced desirable results. Furthermore, our findings add to the evidence that jackknifing combined with peak latencies can lead to inconclusive results. The results of our multiverse study show that different analysis strategies can have a tremendous impact on the detection and the magnitude of age‐related differences in P3 latency in cognitive tasks as well as on the psychometric properties of the data. Practical recommendations are derived from the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects reading ability despite normal intelligence and education. In search of core deficits, previous evidence has linked DD with impairments in temporal aspects of perceptual processing, which might underlie phonological deficits as well as inefficient graphemic parsing during reading. However, electrophysiological evidence for atypical temporal processing in DD is still scarce in the visual modality. Here, we investigated the efficiency of both temporal segregation and integration of visual information by means of event‐related potentials (ERPs). We confirmed previous evidence of a selective segregation deficit in dyslexia for stimuli presented in rapid succession (<80 ms), despite unaffected integration performance. Importantly, we found a reduced N1 amplitude in DD, a component related to the allocation of attentional resources, which was independent of task demands (i.e., evident in both segregation and integration). In addition, the P3 amplitude, linked to working memory and processing load, was modulated by task demands in controls but not in individuals with DD. These results suggest that atypical attentional sampling in dyslexia might weaken the quality of information stored in visual working memory, leading to behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of atypical temporal segregation. These results are consistent with some existing theories of dyslexia, such as the magnocellular theory and the "Sluggish Attentional Shifting" framework, and represent novel evidence for neural correlates of decreased visual temporal resolution in DD. Findings from the present study confirm and extend evidence of impaired temporal segregation of visual stimuli in developmental dyslexia. Specifically, ERPs measured in a segregation/integration task revealed a global (task‐independent) reduction in the N1 response and the absence of a (task‐dependent) P3 modulation. This evidence suggests that inefficient temporal parsing in developmental dyslexia might relate to both a sluggish deployment of attentional resources and a weakened input to visual working memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of single (unpartnered) individuals continues to rise, researchers across various disciplines have started to pay more attention to single individuals' lives. Yet, compared to the accumulated knowledge about experiences within romantic relationships, there is far less known about various experiences within singlehood. For singlehood research to grow in both quantity and quality, it is essential that research findings are critically evaluated both in terms of robustness of the evidence and validity of the inferences. In this paper, we review three broad approaches researchers have taken to understand singlehood that centered on (a) between-group status (i.e., single vs. in a relationship) differences, (b) within-person status differences, and (c) within-group variability among singles. With a focus on well-being as an outcome, we illustrate how each approach provides unique insights into singlehood and what caveats there are in interpreting results derived from each approach. Finally, we identify questions or methods that have not been extensively explored within each approach and offer suggestions for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the use of future climate projections from the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP) has become central in biodiversity science. Pre‐packaged datasets containing future projections of the widely used bioclimatic variables, for different times and socio‐economic pathways, have contributed immensely to the study of climate change implications for biodiversity. However, these datasets lack the flexibility to obtain projections to other target years, and the use of raw data requires coding and spatial information systems expertise. The Python tool, 'chelsa‐cmip6', developed by Karger et al., provides the flexibility needed by allowing users to generate bioclimatic variables for the time of their choice provided the selected general circulation model and socioeconomic pathway combination exists. This is a fantastic step forward in bringing flexibility to the use of climate datasets in biodiversity and will allow for more widespread use of data provided by CMIP6. We hope it also will prompt the development of more user‐friendly tools for the study of the effects of climate change on biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increasing racial/ethnic diversity in the United States calls for methodological approaches that capture participants who identify with multiple racial/ethnic groups. Existing approaches are oriented toward large samples (N > 500); yet, we do not know how effective these approaches are with more common smaller convenience samples. We explored how several approaches were associated with the sample distribution of racial/ethnic groups and ethnic identity using a small convenience sample. Methods: In 2017, 320 U.S. adolescents (Mage = 16.04 years, SDage = 1.33; 59% female) responded to an open‐ended question regarding their racial/ethnic group(s) in a cross‐sectional survey. Seventy‐five (23%) adolescents identified with multiple racial/ethnic groups. Remaining adolescents identified solely with the Asian/Hawaiian Native/Pacific Islander (19%), Black/African American (3%), European American (21%), Latinx (34%), or Native American/Alaska Native (<1%) group. Results: Three approaches for adolescents with multiple racial/ethnic groups were employed. Findings indicated that the sample distributions differed across the approaches. The greatest differences were shown for Black/African American, Native American/Alaska Native, and Other Race/Ethnicity groups. Descriptively, ethnic identity also differed across the approaches. For example, multiracial/ethnic adolescents reported greater ethnic identity‐exploration than their European American counterparts in one approach than in others. Conclusions: Researchers should carefully consider approaches to research with adolescents who identify with multiple racial/ethnic groups given implications for the literature. This study demonstrates the critical need to further develop approaches for capturing the complexity of race/ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed methods research (MMR) combines multiple traditions, methods, and worldviews to enrich research design and interpretation of data. In this virtual special issue, we highlight the use of MMR within the field of community psychology. The first MMR studies appeared in flagship community psychology journals over 30 years ago (in 1991). To explore the uses of MMR in the field, we first review existing literature by identifying all papers appearing in either Journal of Community Psychology or American Journal of Community Psychology in which the word "mixed" appeared. A total of 88 publications were identified. Many of these papers illustrate the pragmatic use of MMR to evaluate programs and to answer different research questions using different methods. We coded articles based on Green et al.'s classifications of the purpose of the mixing: triangulation, development, complementarity, expansion, and initiation. Complementarity was the most frequently used purpose (46.6% of articles), and nearly a quarter of articles mixed for multiple purposes (23.86%). We also coded for any community psychology values advanced by the use of mixed methods. We outline three themes here with corresponding exemplars. These articles illustrate how MMR can highlight ecological analysis and reconsider dominant, individual‐level paradigms; center participant and community member experiences; and unpack paradoxes to increase the usefulness of research findings. Highlights: Community psychologists have increasingly conducted mixed methods research (MMR).MMR can be used in ways that align with the values and aims of community psychology (CP).MMR in CP can be used to understand context, honor marginalized voices, and unpack paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both anxiety and working memory capacity appear to predict increased (more negative) error‐related negativity (ERN) amplitudes, despite being inversely related to one another. Until the interactive effects of these variables on the ERN are clarified, there may be challenges posed to our ability to use the ERN as an endophenotype for anxiety, as some have suggested. The compensatory error monitoring hypothesis suggests that high trait‐anxiety individuals have larger ERN amplitudes because they must employ extra, compensatory efforts to override the working memory demands of their anxiety. Yet, to our knowledge, no ERN study has employed direct manipulation of working memory demands in conjunction with direct manipulations of induced (state) anxiety. Furthermore, little is known about how these manipulations affect other measures of error processing, such as the error‐related pupil dilation response and post‐error behavioral adjustments. Therefore, we manipulate working memory load and anxiety in a 2 × 2 within‐subjects design to examine the interactive effects of working memory load and anxiety on ERN amplitude, error‐related pupil dilation response amplitude, and post‐error behavior. There were no effects of our manipulations on ERN amplitude, suggesting a strong interpretation of compensatory error‐processing theory. However, our worry manipulation affected post‐error behavior, such that worry caused a reduction in post‐error accuracy. Additionally, our working memory manipulation affected error‐related PDR magnitude and the amplitude of the error‐related positivity (Pe), such that increased working memory load decreased the amplitude of these responses. Implications of these results within the context of the compensatory error processing framework are discussed. Working memory load and anxiety appear to influence error‐processing, particularly the error‐related negativity (ERN). However, their interactive effects on error‐processing are still not well understood, particularly in the context of state manipulations. The present study is the first, to our knowledge, to simultaneously manipulate both working memory load and anxiety induction in an ERN paradigm. We also make a novel contribution to the literature by recording simultaneous pupillometry in the same paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug overdose claimed more than 100,000 lives in the United States in 2021. Drug‐induced homicide (DIH) laws create specific criminal liability for individuals who provide drugs that cause or contribute to the death of another person. DIH prosecutions in the United States have increased substantially over the past decade despite the absence of meaningful evidence of their individual‐ or community‐level impacts. Recently, Lee et al. analyzed the impact of DIH laws on county‐level opioid overdose mortality across 92 counties in 10 states and concluded that DIH laws are associated with significant reductions in rates of opioid overdose death. In this commentary, we present evidence demonstrating that the Lee et al. study is fundamentally flawed. Specifically, the legal data used by Lee et al. to define their treatment condition (the presence or absence of a state‐level DIH law) is incorrect in almost every aspect. We also describe significant methodological weaknesses, including flawed sampling strategies that resulted in a biased sample of county overdose rates as well as flawed modeling strategies that cannot effectively evaluate the hypothesis that DIH laws negatively impact opioid overdose mortality. More research on the individual‐ and community‐level impacts of DIH laws is needed. In the meantime, we advise policymakers to strengthen state 911 Good Samaritan laws, as DIH laws appear to erode the efficacy of this proven overdose‐prevention strategy. Key points: Drug‐induced homicide laws create specific criminal liability for individuals who provide drugs that cause or contribute to the death of another person and are increasingly used in the United States despite little evidence of their impact on overdose and other harms.This paper critically evaluates a recent paper that analyzed the impact of these laws on county‐level opioid overdose mortality across 92 counties in 10 US states, concluding that these laws are associated with reduced opioid overdose deaths.We present evidence demonstrating that the previous paper is fundamentally flawed, detailing serious errors in the underlying legal research as well as significant methodological weaknesses that render the results of the paper unreliable.Reliable research on the impact of these laws is urgently needed. In the meantime, policymakers are urged to implement policies with robust evidence demonstrating their overdose‐prevention impacts: medications for opioid use disorder, naloxone access, and syringe services programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most abundant biomass resource in nature, the utilization of renewable aromatic rings contained in lignin has always been the focal point for materials science and chemistry. Many of the current lignin degradation methods need to be carried out under harsh conditions such as extremely high temperatures or high pressures. This leads to the cross‐linking reaction between lignin and depolymerization intermediates to produce solid char. The milder method also requires the use of heating, which may also lead to the polymerization of some intermediates in the reaction to form char. It has been a difficult problem for researchers to find a way to reduce the solid char. This review discusses different methods to avoid or reduce char formation and sedimentation, including thermal degradation, electrochemical catalysis, fungal degradation, and mechanochemical methods. The aim of the review is to help reduce char formation during lignin degradation and to increase the rate of lignin biomass degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real‐time fMRI neurofeedback (rt‐fMRI‐NF) is a technique in which information about an individual's neural state is given back to them, typically to enable and reinforce neuromodulation. Its clinical potential has been demonstrated in several applications, but lack of evidence on optimal parameters limits clinical utility of the technique. This study aimed to identify optimal parameters for rt‐fMRI‐NF‐aided craving regulation training in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Adults with AUD (n = 30) participated in a single‐session study of four runs of rt‐fMRI‐NF where they downregulated "craving‐related" brain activity. They received one of three types of neurofeedback: multi‐region of interest (ROI), support vector machine with continuous feedback (cSVM), and support vector machine with intermittent feedback (iSVM). Performance was assessed on the success rate, change in neural downregulation, and change in self‐reported craving for alcohol. Participants had more successful trials in run 4 versus 1, as well as improved downregulation of the insula, anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Greater downregulation of the latter two regions predicted greater reduction in craving. iSVM performed significantly worse than the other two methods. Downregulation of the striatum and dlPFC, enabled by ROI but not cSVM neurofeedback, was correlated with a greater reduction in craving. rt‐fMRI‐NF training for downregulation of alcohol craving in individuals with AUD shows potential for clinical use, though this pilot study should be followed with a larger randomized‐control trial before clinical meaningfulness can be established. Preliminary results suggest an advantage of multi‐ROI over SVM and intermittent feedback approaches. Our study finds preliminary evidence for the utility of neurofeedback in regulating alcohol craving. Real‐time fMRI neurofeedback enabled downregulation of craving‐related brain activity in individuals with alcohol use disorder. We also identified better‐performing feedback delivery/calculation parameters. Importantly, neural downregulation predicted changes in self‐reported alcohol craving, laying the groundwork for future clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometric morphometrics (GM) enable the quantification of morphological variation on various scales. Recent technical advances allow analyzing complex three‐dimensional shapes also in cases where landmark‐based approaches are not appropriate. Pelvic girdle bones (basipterygia) of Sulawesi ricefishes are 3D structures that challenge traditional morphometrics. We hypothesize that the pelvic girdle of ricefishes experienced sex‐biased selection pressures in species where females provide brood care by carrying fertilized eggs supported by elongated pelvic fins ("pelvic brooding"). We test this by comparing pelvic bone shapes of both sexes in species exhibiting pelvic brooding and the more common reproductive strategy "transfer brooding," by using landmark‐free 2D and 3D GM, as well as qualitative shape descriptions. Both landmark‐free approaches revealed significant interspecific pelvic bone variation in the lateral process, medial facing side of the pelvic bone, and overall external and internal wing shape. Within pelvic brooders, the three analyzed species are clearly distinct, while pelvic bones of the genus Adrianichthys are more similar to transfer brooding Oryzias. Female pelvic brooding Oryzias exhibit prominent, medially pointing tips extending from the internal wing and basipterygial plate that are reduced or absent in conspecific males, Adrianichthys and transfer brooding Oryzias, supporting our hypothesis that selection pressures affecting pelvic girdle shape are sex‐biased in Sulawesi ricefishes. Furthermore, both sexes of pelvic brooding Oryzias have overall larger pelvic bones than other investigated ricefishes. Based on these differences, we characterized two reproductive strategy‐ and sex‐dependent pelvic girdle types for Sulawesi ricefishes. Morphological differences between the investigated pelvic brooding genera Adrianichthys and Oryzias provide additional evidence for two independent origins of pelvic brooding. Overall, our findings add to a better understanding on traits related to pelvic brooding in ricefishes and provide a basis for upcoming studies on pelvic girdle function and morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The compatibility of digital and analog methods assessing the positions of gingival zenith (GZ) points has not been evaluated before. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of a digital scanner and a three‐dimensional (3D) measuring tool in specifying positions of GZs by comparing it to the conventional method, an analog plaster cast and a caliper. Materials and Methods: Both analog and digital impressions were obtained from 32 individuals. Following measurements were conducted in the anterior maxillary region from canine to canine on both the plaster casts and 3D images: (1) The distance from GZ to the corresponding vertical midline in each tooth (GZVM), (2) The distance from GZ of lateral incisor to the corresponding tangent that connects GZs of central incisor and canine (GZLI). Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of GZVM in each tooth varied between 0.366 and 0.755, demonstrating moderate to good compatibility between the two methods. The ICC of analog and digital GZLI for the right and left lateral incisors was 0.788 and 0.395, respectively. Conclusion: The digital and analog methods used in this study are compatible in determining the positions of GZs. Therefore, within the limitations of the present study, the choice of method can be based on the available equipment, time, comfort, and personal preference of the researcher. Clinical Significance: Both digital and analog methods have the capability of determining the positions of GZs in compatible way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesarean delivery is an abdominal surgical procedure performed for child delivery when the vaginal route is not feasible or desired due to maternal/fetal indications. All childbirth facilities should be able to safely perform a cesarean, which is not the current reality. For planned cesarean delivery, the facility must be prepared for the patient. In contrast, for unplanned arrivals at the facility, FIGO's Prep-for-Labor triage method allows rapid decision-making on whether cesarean delivery can be safely performed on site or whether transfer to an advanced care center is needed. A checklist of staff/tools for safe on-site cesarean delivery is provided to enable timely decision-making. Maternal complications following cesarean are three-fold higher than vaginal delivery. To prevent nonmedically indicated cesarean by favoring vaginal delivery, up-to-date safe and effective guidance is provided, defining labor, second stage length, and status before an arrested labor is confirmed. Whether cesarean delivery is planned or emergency, the Misgav Ladach simplified procedure is proposed as it is suitable for both low-and high-risk cases, including twins, thereby reducing both operative morbidity and postoperative recovery. A trial of labor after first cesarean (TOLAC) should be pursued when feasible, for which the indications, contraindications, safeguards, and steps of safe labor induction are delineated. Implementation of these good practice recommendations will improve childbirth by reducing excessive nonindicated cesareans, while precisely defining the resources and postoperative care required for safe performance on site. Enabling safe childbirth by cesarean and TOLAC, even at sites with low rates currently, will significantly improve maternal and fetal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesarean delivery is an abdominal surgical procedure performed for child delivery when the vaginal route is not feasible or desired due to maternal/fetal indications. All childbirth facilities should be able to safely perform a cesarean, which is not the current reality. For planned cesarean delivery, the facility must be prepared for the patient. In contrast, for unplanned arrivals at the facility, FIGO's Prep‐for‐Labor triage method allows rapid decision‐making on whether cesarean delivery can be safely performed on site or whether transfer to an advanced care center is needed. A checklist of staff/tools for safe on‐site cesarean delivery is provided to enable timely decision‐making. Maternal complications following cesarean are three‐fold higher than vaginal delivery. To prevent nonmedically indicated cesarean by favoring vaginal delivery, up‐to‐date safe and effective guidance is provided, defining labor, second stage length, and status before an arrested labor is confirmed. Whether cesarean delivery is planned or emergency, the Misgav Ladach simplified procedure is proposed as it is suitable for both low‐ and high‐risk cases, including twins, thereby reducing both operative morbidity and postoperative recovery. A trial of labor after first cesarean (TOLAC) should be pursued when feasible, for which the indications, contraindications, safeguards, and steps of safe labor induction are delineated. Implementation of these good practice recommendations will improve childbirth by reducing excessive nonindicated cesareans, while precisely defining the resources and postoperative care required for safe performance on site. Enabling safe childbirth by cesarean and TOLAC, even at sites with low rates currently, will significantly improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Synopsis: Cesarean delivery rates remain high. FIGO's Prep‐for Labor triage method defines site suitability, staff/tools, indications, methods, and how to minimize risks. Redefining labor arrest and trial of labor after cesarean reduces rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behavioral risk factors are highlighted in the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Screening for health locus of control could be a feasible way to better identify individuals who could benefit from preventive behavioral change interventions. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between a single question measuring internal health locus of control (IHLC) and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) and to assess how IHLC relates to the General Self‐Efficacy scale (GSE) in a primary care setting. Methods: Primary care patients, aged 18 and older, attending three primary care centers in southwest Sweden were consecutively asked to anonymously participate in the study. The patients were given a questionnaire and instructed to return the questionnaire in a sealed box in the waiting room. Results: In all, 519 patients were included. The correlation between MHLC Internality and IHLC was weak (r = 0.21, p < 0.001). An increase of one point on the internality scale of the MHLC gave an odds ratio of 1.19 (95% CI 1.11–1.28) for reporting high IHLC, and thus a five‐point increase gave a doubled likelihood, OR = 2.40, CI 1.67–3.46. The results for the other scales of the MHLC and GSE were similar. Conclusion: In this study, we found weak but statistically significant support for the single‐question IHLC as a measure of internal health locus of control. Given that the correlation was weak, we recommend using the MHLC when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) has provided policy scholars with a valuable method to gain empirical insight into the power of narratives in the policy process. However, a significant limitation of the NPF has been its ability to deploy this framework on large N datasets due to the labor‐intensive nature of collecting narrative data. In recent years, NPF scholars have turned to computational social science tools to address this challenge. This study builds upon this emerging body of literature and our previous work, which uses sentiment analysis, a natural language processing technique, to evaluate the use of the angel/devil shift across coalitions before and after a major policy change. We examined Tweets that included the terms "fracking" and "New York" before and after the introduction of a moratorium. While sentiment analysis allowed us to gain insight into the narrative structure of the fracking policy discourse space, the labor involved in hand‐coding Twitter users into neutral‐, pro‐, or anti‐fracking groups was onerous. This project aims to supplement our natural language processing method by employing supervised machine learning techniques to increase the universe of respondents. We hand‐coded 500 Twitter users into neutral‐, pro‐, or anti‐fracking groups and trained a much larger dataset using an extreme gradient boost algorithm to classify a broader corpus of Tweets. This enabled us to expand the number of Tweets used in the analyses. We then applied sentiment analysis on this newly classified larger dataset to reveal differences in the pro‐fracking and anti‐fracking advocacy coalitions. By using machine learning to classify pro and con Tweets, we gained the ability to achieve significantly greater insight into how these two subgroups employed different narrative and linguistic devices in their Twitter discussions about fracking. Related Articles: Merry, Melissa K. 2022. "Trump's Tweets as Policy Narratives: Constructing the Immigration Issue via Social Media." Politics & Policy 50(4): 752–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12487. Robles, Pedro, and Daniel J. Mallinson. 2023. "Catching Up with AI: Pushing toward a Cohesive Governance Framework." Politics & Policy 51(3): 355–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12529. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Mark K. McBeth, and Paul L. Hathaway. 2011. "Narrative Policy Framework: The Influence of Media Policy Narratives on Public Opinion." Politics & Policy 39(3): 373–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00295.x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a need for tailored interventions aimed at promoting the sustainable return to work (RTW) of cancer survivors. As managers have a primary role in supporting cancer survivors to return to work, a better understanding of the "cancer survivor‐manager" dyadic process is much needed. The aim of this paper is to introduce the cancer survivor‐manager dyad in the context of RTW of cancer survivors, and to inform future studies by presenting theoretical, conceptual, and methodological considerations. Conclusions: Different theoretical, conceptual, and methodological aspects are addressed that open new perspectives concerning the cancer survivor‐manager dyad. Among the theoretical and conceptual aspects, we highlight the interest of developing dyadic coping models specific to the cancer survivor‐manager dyad. This would allow the conceptualization of their interpersonal dynamics and to frame interventions aimed at supporting cancer survivors and managers. In addition, we encourage to study in more detail the quality of the relationship between the cancer survivor and manager, including its impact on work‐related outcomes of the cancer survivor. Methodologically, the actor‐partner interdependence model could be relevant to identify any interdependence in the cancer survivor‐manager dyad. We also recommend using longitudinal and prospective studies to investigate the cancer survivor‐manager dyad, as these studies are well suited to identify evolutive and dynamic aspects of the cancer survivor‐manager dyad. Lastly, we propose a recruitment strategy of the dyad by involving a trustworthy third party, to respect the ethical framework, and the privacy and voluntary choice of cancer survivors. Key points: The success of the implementation of managerial actions supporting the cancer survivor's return to work depends on the manager's and cancer survivor's willingness and ability to act as a unit.Studies focusing on the cancer survivor‐manager dyad are needed and a specific conceptual model would be useful to conceptualize the interpersonal dynamics.It is important to identify determinants of the quality of the cancer survivor‐manager relationship, and their effect on the return‐to‐work process.To study the cancer survivor‐manager dyad, the use of the actor‐partner interdependence model and prospective longitudinal studies are recommended.For the recruitment of cancer survivor‐manager dyads, it is recommended to employ a cancer survivor‐focused approach involving a trustworthy third party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival research has been long recognized as a key method in geography, and such research continues to appeal to scholars excavating historical influences on contemporary places. At the same time, geographical literature on care is growing rapidly. However, while geographers have often implemented care into their archival research and practice, these literatures have remained largely distinct from each other. In this paper, I bring archives and care into closer conversation. Drawing on existing geographical literature on care and on archival methods, work in archival studies, and my own research and ethnographic experiences in archives, I show how the socio‐material practices of geographers in the archives help generate spaces of care, where ethical caring practices exist, and caring relationships flourish. I demonstrate how archival work in geography and beyond includes relationships of care between archivists, researchers, and archival records. I share some examples and strategies that geographers and other researchers can—and do—follow in maintaining, continuing, and repairing archival relationships, even in times of precarity and uncertainty. Key Messages: Archival research in geography is a caring practice.The archive is a space of care where caring relationships can flourish.Geographers use caring practices and cultivate caring relationships in the archive to produce meaningful, empirically sound, and theoretically rich work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Qualitative health research has the potential to answer important applied health research questions to inform nutrition and dietetics practice, education and policy. Qualitative health research is a distinct subdiscipline of qualitative inquiry that purposefully draws upon the context of healthcare and emphasises health and wellness. Methods: Qualitative health research is defined by two parameters: (1) the focus of the study and (2) the methods used. When considering the methods to be used, decisions are required about the type of data to be generated (e.g., transcripts, images and notes) and the process involved in data generation (e.g., interviews, elicitation strategies and observations) to answer the research question(s). Drawing upon examples from nutrition and dietetics literature, this paper provides a framework to support decision‐making for nutrition and dietetics researchers and clinician researchers designing conducting qualitative health research. Results: The guiding questions of the framework include: What types of data will be generated? Who is involved in data generation? Where will data generation occur? When will data generation occur? How will data be recorded and managed? and How will participants' and researchers' emotional safety be promoted? Conclusion: Questions about the types of data, those involved, where and when, as well as how safety can be maintained in data generation, not only support a more robust design and description of data generation methods but also keep the person at the centre of the research. Key points: In the discipline of qualitative health research, researchers purposefully consider the person at the centre of the research; adapt methods to consider the healthcare context; and prioritise individual health, wellness and capabilities.This humanisation of research requires researchers to select strategies that minimise the burden placed on participants and to make methodological decisions informed through consideration of participants' well‐being. This includes attention to the promotion of both participants' and researchers' emotional safety.To guide data generation decision‐making in the design and conduct of qualitative health research studies, a framework is presented with practical considerations on the 'who, what, when, where and how?' associated with data collection procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "decolonizing generation" is a critical new movement that has captured the imaginations of many younger scholars. While the author would like to consider herself an older member of this generation, she questions whether this moment needs periodization. Is today's moment really so different from the past, when we saw the rise of world anthropologies, postmodernism, the crisis in representation, neo‐Marxism, and anti‐racist movements? And what is meant by "decolonizing anthropology" when experiences with colonialism and decolonization differ around the world? While acknowledging the value of reforming the discipline, the author encourages her colleagues to separate the very important critique of anthropologists' gatekeeping practices from idealized renderings of what anthropology should be. Rather than decolonization, the discipline ought to focus on establishing a continual decentering of hegemonic knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need for standardization in the assessment of exercise physiology thresholds. The authors agree with the importance of considering system-dynamic complexity and practitioners' opinions and experience in defining the best standards for exercise threshold assessments. They also emphasize the challenges of standardization but believe it is not impossible. The article highlights the need for collaboration between biostatisticians and exercise physiologists to ensure rigorous and relevant analyses. Additionally, the authors stress the importance of striking a balance between practicality and accuracy in exercise physiology assessments. [Extracted from the article]

Aims: Breast cancer (BC) risk stratification is critical for predicting behaviour and guiding management decision‐making. Despite the well‐established prognostic value of cellular proliferation in BC, the interplay between proliferation and apoptosis remains to be defined. In this study, we hypothesised that the combined proliferation and apoptosis indices can provide a more accurate in‐vivo growth rate measure and a precise prognostic predictor. Methods and results: Apoptotic and mitotic figures were counted in whole slide images (WSI) generated from haematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections of 1545 BC cases derived from two well‐defined BC cohorts. Counts were carried out visually within defined areas. There was a significant correlation between mitosis and apoptosis scores. High apoptotic counts were associated with features of aggressive behaviour, including high grade, high pleomorphism score and hormonal receptor negativity. Although the mitotic index (MI) and apoptotic index (AI) were independent prognostic indicators, the prognostic value was synergistically higher when combined. BC patients with a high combined AI and MI had the shortest survival. Replacing the mitosis score with the mitosis–apoptosis index in the Nottingham grading system revealed that the modified grade with the new score had a higher significant association with BC‐specific survival with a higher hazard ratio. Conclusion: Apoptotic figures count provides additional prognostic value in BC when combined with MI; such a combination can be implemented to assess the behaviour of BC and provides an accurate prognostic indicator. This can be considered when using artificial intelligence algorithms to assess proliferation in BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: community participation; methods; patient participation; research design EN community participation methods patient participation research design 779 783 5 05/08/23 20230601 NES 230601 I "Nothing about us without us" i . Seeking broad patient and public opinions can be challenging at the very earliest stages of a project, (i.e. before a patient co-investigator or PPI group have been recruited). Social Science and Medicine 2008; 67: 1757 - 65. 9 Robbins M, Tufte J, Hsu C. Learning to "swim" with the experts: experiences of two patient co-investigators for a project funded by the patient-centered outcomes research institute. [Extracted from the article]

Meat analogs produced by high moisture extrusion (HME) are considered to be one of the products that have great potential for replacing real meat. The key issue as a meat analog is whether the texture can meet the standards of real meat. Nowadays, there have been some advances in the textural characterization of meat analogs, which are discussed in detail in this review. Firstly, this review describes the current characterizations of meat analogs in terms of fiber structure, hardness, springiness, tensile resistant force and sensory evaluation. Then, methods for analyzing the texture of meat analogs, such as texture analyzer, microstructure‐based methods, and other methods for characterizing fiber structure, are summarized. In addition, these characterizations are discussed in relation to the factors that influence the texture of meat analogs during HME. Finally, we propose priorities and some promising methods for future meat analogs conformation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and affordable tools for diagnosing anemia and its main determinants are essential for understanding the magnitude and distribution of the problem and the appropriate interventions needed for its timely prevention and treatment. The objective of this review is to address methods, equipment, and sample‐related and quality control aspects of hemoglobin measurement for anemia diagnosis. Also, other iron‐, infectious‐, and genetic‐related causes of anemia are addressed in individuals and populations. The best practice for hemoglobin determination is the use of venous blood, analyzed on automated hematology analyzers, with high‐quality control measures in place. The importance of a correct anemia diagnosis is highlighted by the cost of a misdiagnosis. A false‐negative diagnosis may result in missing out and not treating anemia, its causes, and its adverse effects. On the other hand, a false‐positive diagnosis may result in the provision of unneeded treatment or referral for expensive laboratory tests to determine a cause of anemia, wasting valuable resources and risking causing harm. At the individual level, clinicians must understand the causes of absolute and functional anemia to diagnose and treat anemia at the clinical level. Actions toward anemia diagnosis and control at public health levels require global, regional, and country actions that should cover general and context‐specific characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citation tracking (CT) collects references with citation relationships to pertinent references that are already known. This scoping review maps the benefit of and the tools and terminology used for CT in health‐related systematic literature searching. We included methodological studies on evidence retrieval by CT in health‐related literature searching without restrictions on study design, language, or publication date. We searched MEDLINE/Ovid, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL/EBSCOhost, LLISFT/EBSCOhost, LISTA/EBSCOhost, conducted web searching via Google Scholar, backward/forward CT of included studies and pertinent reviews, and contacting of experts. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility. Data extraction and analysis were performed by one reviewer and checked by another. We screened 11,861 references and included 47 studies published between 1985 and 2021. Most studies (96%) assessed the benefit of CT either as supplementary or primary/stand‐alone search method. Added value of CT for evidence retrieval was found by 96% of them. Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index were the most common citation indexes used. Application of multiple citation indexes in parallel, co‐citing or co‐cited references, CT iterations, or software tools was rare. CT terminology was heterogeneous and frequently ambiguous. The use of CT showed an added value in most of the identified studies; however, the benefit of CT in health‐related systematic literature searching likely depends on multiple factors that could not be assessed with certainty. Application, terminology, and reporting are heterogeneous. Based on our results, we plan a Delphi study to develop recommendations for the use and reporting of CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising numbers of anthropology majors are entering sectors in industry, in which qualitative data analysis skills and theoretical thinking are essential. Yet, a disciplinary divide between theoretical and applied approaches in anthropology and a market for commodified method skills often present challenges to teaching theory in the applied anthropology classroom. Our study is based upon the successful implementation of a three‐phase qualitative data analysis model—Reduce, Visualize, Draw Conclusions, and Verify—developed by Miles and Huberman and Ladner, in a series of anthropology graduate practicum courses at Wayne State University (2017–21), in which students worked with corporate clients from Chevrolet, Nissan, and D‐Ford. Our findings highlight the integral role of theory to the academic and practicing research process and provide a template for other practicum‐based classes to teach analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers high school students' relationship to poetry through a small‐scale qualitative study guided by the question: what happens to student perceptions of poetry when class begins each day with a poem? As a former teacher and current teacher educator, I conducted a series of interviews with a small group of my former students regarding their experiences with poetry throughout their K‐12 education and with hearing a poem each day in their high school English Language Arts classroom. I sought to explore the dimensions and possibilities of non‐analytical literacy practices in addition to student perceptions of poetry as they relate to schooling contexts more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel network analysis method is demonstrated for applications with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The method is based on structural equation modeling (SEM) plus modeling of physiological responses in order to explain blood oxygenation‐level dependent (BOLD) responses across interconnected regions. The method, termed structural and physiological modeling (SAPM) aims to overcome a weakness of previous analysis methods by estimating both input and output signaling of every region of a network. The results also provide weighting factors (B) which describe the influence of each input signal to a region on its output signaling to another region. The SAPM method is demonstrated by applying it to fMRI data from the brainstem and spinal cord in 55 healthy participants undergoing repeated applications of a heat pain stimulation paradigm. Data are also analyzed using our established SEM method for comparison. The results with both methods indicate that individual differences in nociceptive processing are mediated by differences in descending regulation of spinal cord neurons under the influence of both the nucleus tractus solitarius and periaqueductal gray region. The SAPM results show that BOLD responses in the entire network can be explained during all periods of the stimulation paradigm based on two latent (unobserved) input signaling sources, and a model of the predicted BOLD responses to the heat stimulus. The results demonstrate the concept of our novel SAPM method and provide evidence for its validity. Additional studies are needed to further develop the method and its applications to investigations of complex neural processes across networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Developmental stress causing enamel thinning is an important topic in primate biology. Because taxa differ in growth rates and enamel thickness, the goal is to provide a new method allowing direct comparison of prevalence and salience of enamel defects among samples. Materials and Methods: Casts of ape teeth spanning the Late Pleistocene to Late Miocene from three site areas of increasing seasonality, equator (Sumatra) to 20° (Vietnam) and 25°N latitude (China), were examined for enamel defects among paleo‐orangutans (n = 571, 222, respectively) and Lufengpithecus lufengensis (n = 198). Frequency of affected teeth and number of linear enamel hypoplasia were recorded. Defect dimensions were measured with a confocal microscope. Simple prevalence is compared to weighted prevalence (%), calculated by dividing "number of LEH from specific tooth groups" by "specific tooth sample size"; this quantity divided by "tooth‐specific years of imbricational enamel formation." Defect dimensions are reduced to a dimensionless index termed "enamel deficit ratio" through dividing "daily enamel deficit" by "daily secretion rate." Results: Weighted prevalence increases to the North, highlighting latitudinal similarities. In contrast, "enamel deficit ratio," designed to express comparative severity of developmental stress among samples, was least in the high latitude sample and differed little between paleo‐orangutan samples. Discussion: The actual numbers generated are not as important as efficacy of the proposed methods for other taxa. Developmental stress appears least severe in the high latitude (Lufengpithecus) sample but affects a greater proportion, compared to paleo‐orangutans. Regardless of findings, the proposed solutions to improve comparability of disparate samples, yield reasonable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]