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Missing or erroneous information is a common problem in the analysis of pharmacokinetic (PK) data. This may present as missing or inaccurate dose level or dose time, drug concentrations below the analytical limit of quantification, missing sample times, or missing or incorrect covariate information. Several methods to handle problematic data have been evaluated, although no single, broad set of recommendations for commonly occurring errors has been published. In this tutorial, we review the existing literature and present the results of our simulation studies that evaluated common methods to handle known data errors to bridge the remaining gaps and expand on the existing knowledge. This tutorial is intended for any scientist analyzing a PK data set with missing or apparently erroneous data. The approaches described herein may also be useful for the analysis of nonclinical PK data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recently, there is a significant rise in the numbers of devices and systems that use industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands. The ISM band is not only used in ISM applications but also in telecommunication services including IMT, Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, WLAN, RFID, military radars, and wireless sensor networks. To cover all these applications, in this paper, a low‐profile planar monopole antenna is suggested for 2.45‐GHz band communication applications. The anticipated antenna is composed of a vertical bar‐shaped radiator and a partial ground plane with two vertical slits. The inclusion of vertical slits in the ground plane forms a matching circuit by enlarging the current path, and hence, the studied design can achieve a measured operating band of 2.2 to 2.95 GHz. Moreover, the studied antenna achieved a maximum peak gain of 2.77 dBi and a maximum radiation efficiency of 82.45% and exhibited an omnidirectional radiation pattern that makes it appropriate for ISM and different narrowband wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shapes of particles play a crucial role in the transport and mechanical behavior of granular media. How densely particles of a specific shape can be arranged in a given volume has an enormous practical significance for many scientific and industrial fields. We developed a numerical workflow to investigate the effects of irregularly shaped frictionless, convex particles combined with the polydispersity of particle sizes on the porosity, permeability, and elastic bulk modulus of granular porous media. The workflow is based on the computationally generated three‐dimensional granular assemblies of both regular and irregularly shaped particles and pore‐scale simulation of physics to estimate the absolute permeability and elastic bulk modulus of the generated digital granular porous media. Our numerical results show that the porosity decreases by 14–25%, absolute permeability decreases by 45–76%, and elastic bulk modulus increases by 20–66% as we deviate from the regular‐shaped particle with the specified particle size distribution. How rapidly and to what degree these properties of granular assemblies of irregularly shaped particles change depends on particle size distribution. However, once the maximal densest packings of irregularly shaped particles with the prescribed aspect ratio are generated, any further change in the shape of particles has either a minimal impact or an opposite effects are observed. Overall, our numerical observations suggest that the irregular shape of particles has the greatest effect on permeability and the least effect on porosity in both monodisperse and polydisperse granular media. Key Points: We developed a numerical workflow to investigate the effects of irregularly shaped frictionless, convex particles combined with the polydispersity of particle sizes on the physical properties of granular porous mediaHow rapidly and to what degree the properties of granular packings of irregularly shaped particles change depends on the particle size distributionThe irregular shape of particles has the greatest impact on permeability and the least effect on porosity in both monodisperse and polydisperse granular assemblies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]