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In recent years, ranching landscapes in the region of Calgary, Alberta have experienced intensifying land‐use pressures related to urban growth and development. At the same time, Alberta's land‐use policies have introduced voluntary, market‐based incentives to encourage the conservation and stewardship of private land. Given this new emphasis, this study aims to better understand different perspectives of ranching landscapes among residents and landowners in two rural municipalities surrounding Calgary. Drawing on cultural landscapes and political ecology literatures, this paper identifies four broad categories of ranching landscape values that participants felt were important to maintain: lifestyle and community values; ecological values; production values; and economic values and property rights. Participants’ diverse place meanings suggest a need to expand the ways in which landscapes are understood and assessed within local contexts, as a strategy for promoting private land stewardship and for resolving tensions in land‐use planning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global climate changes and the world population increases, agriculture faces an enormous challenge to increase food production in an equitable and sustainable manner. Principles and concepts derived directly from plant ecological research can help meet this challenge., This series of 10 mini-reviews considers some of the key ways that plant ecologists can help inform and contribute to meeting this challenge., The papers are grouped into three main themes of plant ecology, namely plant community diversity and structure, plant population dynamics and plant interactions, and plant-soil (below-ground) interactions., Synthesis. We identify a number of important knowledge gaps in areas where plant ecological research can contribute towards improving yield, nutrition, ecosystem services and environmental resilience of agricultural systems. However, the adoption of plant ecological principles in sustainable agriculture will require practical approaches to their implementation along with improved understanding of social and economic barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boulding's 1966 paper on the economics of spaceship Earth established the framework for ecological economics and an understanding of economic growth. In ecological economics, economies are conceptualized as open subsystems of the closed biosphere and are subject to biophysical laws and constraints. Economic growth measured as an increase in real gross domestic product (GDP) has generally been associated with increases in the use of energy and materials and the generation of wastes. Scale, composition, and technology are the proximate determinants of environmental impacts. They are often reduced to two: scale (GDP) and intensity (impact per unit GDP). New work described in this paper defines “green” growth as intensity that declines faster than scale increases. Similarly, “brown” growth occurs when intensity declines more slowly than increases in scale, and “black” growth happens when both scale and intensity increase. These concepts are then related to the environmental Kuznets curve, which can be understood as a transition from brown to green growth. Ecological economics provides a macroperspective on economic growth. It offers broad policy principles, and it challenges the primacy of economic growth as a policy objective, but many important questions remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Birds of prey and driven-grouse shooting are at the center of a long-standing human–wildlife conflict. Hen harrier predation can reduce grouse shooting bags, limit grouse populations and cause economic losses. Despite legal protection, hen harrier numbers are severely depleted on driven-grouse moors. 2. In limited trials, provision of supplementary food to hen harriers greatly reduced their predatory impact on young grouse, but did not result in higher grouse densities for shooting. Consequently, grouse moor managers have failed to adopt the technique. 3. A recent Forum paper has called for a trial ‘population ceiling scheme’ for hen harriers, arguing that this represents the best way to increase hen harrier numbers on driven-grouse moors. Once densities exceed the agreed ceiling, the excess would be translocated to other suitable habitat. 4. Whilst a ‘ceiling’ scheme might work, it would be difficult to implement and we believe that other approaches to population recovery should be tested first. 5. While driven-grouse shooting makes an important economic contribution to some rural communities, some grouse moor owners receive considerable sums of public money. Despite this, many moors are in poor condition, the ecosystem services they supply may be at risk from both climate change and current management practices, and grouse numbers are in decline. The socio-economic and environmental implications of alternative models of grouse management need urgent examination. 6. Synthesis and applications. If driven-grouse shooting is only viable when birds of prey are routinely disturbed and killed, then we question the legitimacy of driven-grouse shooting as a sustainable land use. Moorland owners need to consider more broadly sustainable shooting practices for the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the framework proposed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( MEA) − which conceptually links nature's services with human wellbeing − we design and also apply empirically what we have called the total economic value calculating matrix ( TEVCM) to estimate the monetary value of the annual flow of benefits provided by Chile's national system of protected areas ( NSPA). The calculated economic value of this flow amounts to US$2.55 billion per year. We also analyse the relevance and usefulness of the methodology we propose and use the valuation exercise presented to extract some normative lessons regarding nature conservation in Chile as well as in developing countries rich in natural resource endowments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]