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This study investigates the views of contemporary Muslim jurists about withdrawing treatment of the terminally ill. Its aim is threefold. Firstly, it analyses jurists' views concerning core themes within the process of withdrawing treatment. Secondly, it provides insight into fatwas about withdrawing treatment. Thirdly, it compares these views with current medical standards in Europe and the Atlantic world on withdrawing treatment. The data consisted of six papers by Muslim jurists presented at the conference of the Islamic Fiqh Council in 2015. We conducted a directed content analysis (DCA) through a predetermined framework and compiled an overview of all previous fatwas referred to in the papers, which are also analysed. The results show that the general consensus is that if health cannot be restored, treatment may be withdrawn at the request of the patient and/or his family or on the initiative of the doctor. The accompanying fatwa emphasizes the importance of life-prolonging treatment if this does not harm the patient. It becomes apparent in the fatwa that the doctor has the monopoly in decision-making, which is inconsistent with current medical standards in Europe. Managing disclosure in view of the importance of maintaining the hope of Muslim patients may challenge the doctor's obligation to share a diagnosis with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender stereotyping has long been an issue for gender and language research from as early as the 1970s, and analyses on gender representation in English language textbooks have been frequently conducted. However, gender representation in assessment papers, another commonly occurring genre in education, remains unexplored in Hong Kong research. Therefore, this paper was aimed to explore how males and females are represented in Territory-wide System Assessment (TSA), a territory-level assessment administered in Hong Kong, to find out if gender stereotyping is still an issue. The data of the current study include the recent 10 years of TSA Primary 3 English Language Reading & Writing papers. A total of 33 sets of TSA Primary 3 English Language Reading & Writing papers was analysed by using content and linguistic analyses for their written texts and visual analysis for visual elements. The key findings include: males and females are represented similarly in the written texts and in the visuals, and females are portrayed as involving in occupational roles more frequently than males in both the written texts and visuals. However, it is always females who were drawn to be focused on family matters, and the marital status of a female is still distinguished by the use of either Miss or Mrs. Suggestions for test paper designers and examination authorities are given and implications for future research studies are drawn at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial 4.0 (I4.0) is believed to revolutionize supply chain (SC) management and the articles in this domain have experienced remarkable increments in recent years. However, the existing insights are scattered over different sub-topics and most of the existing review papers have ignored the underground decision-making process using OR methods. This paper aims to depict the current state of the art of the articles on SC optimization in I4.0 and identify the frontiers and limitations as well as the promising research avenue in this arena. In this study, the systematic literature review methodology combined with the content analysis is adopted to survey the literature between 2013 and 2022. It contributes to the literature by identifying the four OR innovations to typify the recent advances in SC optimization: new modeling conditions, new inputs, new decisions, and new algorithms. Furthermore, we recommend four promising research avenues in this interplay: (1) incorporating new decisions relevant to data-enabled SC decisions, (2) developing data-enabled modeling approaches, (3) preprocessing parameters, and (4) developing data-enabled algorithms. Scholars can take this investigation as a means to ignite collaborative research that tackles the emerging problems in business, whereas practitioners can glean a better understanding of how to employ their OR experts to support digital SC decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to examine the questions of what criteria definitions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) use to define AI, what the disagreements that revolve around the term AI are based on, and what correlations can be drawn to other parameters. Framed as a problem of classification, a random sample of 45 definitions from various text sources was subjected to a qualitative content analysis. The criteria found are concluded in five dimensions, namely (1) learning ability, (2) human likeness, (3) state of "mind", (4) complexity of the problem, and (5) successfulness. Further, the results support the view that there is no consensus neither on which of these criteria are crucial to define AI nor on how these criteria must be fulfilled. By opposing the frequencies of the dimensions found with the metadata collected, it can be seen that most of these, e.g., country, scientific field, or gender of the author, are statistically independent of content variables, while the medium in which the definition was published shows a strong correlation. Since different mediums target different purposes and different readers, it must be taken into account that writing a definition of AI is to be seen in the context of its distribution area and its goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying major depression in children and adolescents is more challenging than in adults. Questionnaires are often used for screening or guiding clinical assessment. Several instruments of different lengths are used as equivalent measures in diagnostic decisions. In this paper, we explore to what extent 18 commonly used depression scales for children and adolescents explore depression clinical symptoms as established by standard DSM-5 diagnosis criteria. We analyzed scale content adequacy by examining the overlap between scale contents and consensus clinical symptoms, the diagnostic time frame for active symptom assessment, and readability for the target age group. The 18 scales encompassed 52 distinct symptoms. These scales included just 50% of clinical symptoms required for diagnosis. The content overlap was low; on average, 29% of symptoms coincide across scales. Half of the scales did not use the standard period for active symptom appraisal, and some did not include a period for assessment. The reading levels on six scales were inappropriate for the scale's target population age group. The substantial heterogeneity in defining the depressive syndrome, the low overlap among scales, different periods of a positive diagnosis, and mismatch of reading competence for detecting may lead to heterogeneity in clinical diagnoses when using different scales. Improving the content of self-report in terms of homogeneity of diagnostic criteria would lead to better diagnostic decisions and patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complex nature of safety culture and process industries, several factors influence process safety culture. This paper presents a novel framework that combines the hidden content analysis method with Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Fuzzy logic to achieve a comprehensive set of influential factors and their relationship. The proposed methodology consists of two primary stages. Firstly, combined methods of literature review and Delphi study were used to identifying influential factors of process safety culture. Secondly, the Fuzzy-DEMATEL approach is employed to quantify and determine the relationships between different influential factors. A diverse pool of experts' opinions is leveraged to assess the impact of each factor on others and process safety culture. In the first stage, 18 factors identified as influential factors on process safety. The findings of second stage revealed that eight variables were identified as causes, while ten variables were classified as effects. Also, the Organization management's commitment to safety factor had the greatest influence among all of the factors. As well as, the most significant interaction was associated with the risk assessment and management aspect. The integrated approach not only identified the influential factors, but also elucidates the cause-effect relationships among factors. By prioritizing factors and understanding their interconnections, organizations can implement targeted safety measures to improve process safety culture. Its effectiveness in quantifying qualitative data, identifying influential factors, and establishing cause-effect relationships make it a valuable tool for enhancing safety culture in process industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  In this paper characterizations of negative multinomial distributions based on conditional distributions have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory (VST) has been increasingly utilised as an effective framework to account for the role of emotions in learning and development. Yet, within VST, emotion has neither been systemically theorised nor investigated. This paper contributes to the literature by offering a theoretical discussion of Vygotsky's perspective on emotion and its relation to cognition. Employing a content analysis approach, three of Vygotsky's key texts on emotions were closely read and analysed with emerging themes grouped into a system of interrelated theoretical tenets. The insights gained from this paper benefit scholars who are interested in understanding and researching emotions from a VST perspective as well as provide important implications for educational practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is an essential nutrition assistance program that has led to successful health outcomes and healthcare access. To alleviate discomfort associated with WIC shopping at stores, the Congress mandated the transition to electronic benefit transfer (EBT) card system from paper vouchers. This study aimed to explore the experiences of WIC recipients in using EBT cards in stores. WIC recipients from one WIC clinic in northern New Jersey (N = 220) participated in this study. An online survey was framed under the theory of planned behavior to probe their underlying behavioral, normative, and control beliefs of using EBT cards. Using content analyses, dominating themes of each belief were extracted. Participants composed of Hispanic (91.2%) with mean age of 31.68 (SD = 7.69). Most frequently mentioned advantages of using EBT cards were convenience and ease (34.3%) followed by fast and efficient (28.5%). Participants noted that most people would approve of using EBT cards (70%), especially those who receive the benefits and approve of the public assistance (16.7%). They stated that having improved store inventory and an increase in WIC-authorized stores (17.2%) would make the EBT cards use easy. The transition to EBT cars allowed purchase flexibility, alleviated stigma and the purchase process burdens, but the challenges associated with WIC app usage and store specific issues remained. These challenges should be addressed in future intervention to enable WIC recipients more engaged in using the EBT cards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military lifestyle can be defined by a triad of unique stressors: frequent relocation, parental absence, and risk of injury, illness and/or death of a serving member. Research has suggested that this unique triad of stressors can impact the mental health of children and youth living in military families. However, research focusing on the mental health of children and youth living in military families overwhelmingly focuses on the American context. Due to key contextual differences, it is unclear to what extent the American findings are representative of military-connected children and youth living in other geographical contexts, such as Canada. A large qualitative study was conducted to explore the mental health of military-connected children in Canada from three perspectives: child, parent, and service provider. This paper reports on the service provider findings. Using individual semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 11 service providers. Data analysis was guided by qualitative content analysis. Two main themes emerged: (1) the mental health of children living in military families may be impacted by the military lifestyle stressors, and (2) the mental health of children living in military families can be impacted by the accessibility and availability of mental health services. While this qualitative study builds upon recent Canadian work that has considered the service provider perspective, additional research is needed to better understand the experiences of service providers who support military-connected children and youth. Highlights: American research shows that the military lifestyle factors can impact the mental health of military-connected children. The mental health of military-connected children has yet to be extensively explored in Canada. The mental health of children living in Canadian military families may be impacted by the military lifestyle stressors. The mental health of Canadian military-connected children can be impacted by the accessibility and availability of mental health services. Our findings can help build capacity and knowledge for service providers who support Canadian military-connected children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A growing gap in exclusive breastfeeding across racial/ethnic groups in the United States includes a very low proportion of African American/Black women, with only 17.4% breastfeeding exclusively in 2015. While many quantitative studies examine these disparities, few qualitative studies have examined the overall experience of breastfeeding for Black women. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the existing qualitative literature on experiences of African American/Black women who breastfeed to gain insight on barriers and facilitators unique to this population. Methods: This scoping review included studies that had a focus on any qualitative study design. Evidence was identified by searching electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychINFO). Results: Thirteen papers met the inclusion criteria for this review. Each study was summarized and then analyzed for content to produce a synthesis. Seven themes that influence Black women's experience with breastfeeding were identified: influence of interpersonal relationship on intention to and sustained breastfeeding experiences, influence of institutional systems on initiating and sustaining infant feeding decision, influence of personal beliefs on breastfeeding decisions and experience, material barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding experience, traditional stigma of breastfeeding, historical stigma of breastfeeding influences feeding choice in Black women, and negative impacts of body image. Conclusion: The breastfeeding experience for Black women is unique and poses additional areas for intervention based on cultural and historical stigma. Incorporating the identified factors into intervention design is key to creating more effective policies for improving breastfeeding rates in the Black women and closing the gap across racial/ethnic demographics in the United States. Still, more qualitative research with culturally relevant theories needs to be done to investigate the full scope and complexities of breastfeeding as a Black woman to develop messaging to encourage the behavior. Significance: What is Already Known on this Subject? Many barriers hinder women from breastfeeding, and disproportionately impact Black women, leading to growing disparities in breastfeeding rates. What does this study add? This scoping review synthesizes the findings from prior qualitative studies on the breastfeeding experiences of Black women, exploring the presence of current well-documented themes across studies, with additional attention to themes that may be unique for Black women to further investigate Black women's experiences with breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities have increasingly been subjected to policy- and industry demands to produce multi- and interdisciplinary knowledge. This paper explores the extent to which different higher education policy instruments are used to promote interdisciplinarity in teaching and research at universities in the German higher education system comparing them across different federal states. Based on a manifest content analysis of higher education laws and performance agreements with universities in the 16 German states, we were able to distinguish between three types of states: Those a) with a general use of policy instruments aimed at all universities in a state, whereas considerable differences could be observed with regard to the degree of coercion (enabling versus prescriptive provisions) and scope (teaching or research), b) a directed use of policy instrument, targeting specific universities, and c) a hybrid use of policy instruments using both general and directed elements. This paper provides a novel mapping of the promotion of interdisciplinarity in German higher education policies through a variety of policy instruments and hereby contributes to the extant literature on interdisciplinarity in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the technical dimension of policy goals or their structural properties. The paper challenges the idea that policy goals can be conceptualized within a unidimensional hierarchy. It aims to contribute to policy theory by classifying goals based on systematic empirical research. Qualitative content analysis of 11 governmental strategies was conducted by focusing on the overlap of six technical features of policy goals: level of specification, mode of accomplishment, presence of time frames, quantifiable indicators, beneficiaries, and responsible actors. Based on the analysis, the paper distinguishes seven technical types of policy goals: broad, mode-centered, direction-centered, beneficiary-centered, actor-centered, semi-structured, and structured. Technical types of policy goals do not form a hierarchy with clear-cut levels, but can be placed on a continuum, from broad to structured, with the mixed types in between. This insight could enhance policy design theory by introducing a more sophisticated tuning of policy goals, potentially leading to better advice for practical policy planning and, in turn, to more successful policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sweden, as in many other countries, programming has been added to the curriculum in recent years. This paper explores how and under what conditions programming is transformed into teaching in technology education. Teachers in grade 7–9 were interviewed about what and how they teach about programming in the context of technology education, and what influenced the choices they made. Data was analysed using content analysis. The results suggest that teachers mainly see programming as a medium to explore and understand technological systems and construction work. The results further implies that teachers are uncertain of what programming means in terms of practices and concepts, and how programming knowledge can be assessed. The process of transformation presents teachers with several challenges, related to their own knowledge of programming, quality of teaching materials, and knowing pupils' prior knowledge about programming. In addition, the results indicate that technology teachers work in isolation. In consequence, the intended interdisciplinary collaboration between technology and mathematics teachers on programming is largely absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative campaigning in elections has received considerable attention. However, an important dimension of negative campaigning remains underexplored: the extent to which a candidate's presentation of self affects their likelihood of receiving negativity. Work on gender differences in self-personalization and media personalization also suggests that this effect might be shaped by candidate gender. This paper investigates if a candidate using personal details in the service of campaign promotion increases the likelihood that the candidate will receive negativity from an opponent and if this association is moderated by candidate gender. Using congressional campaign website data from 2002 to 2006, evidence does not suggest that candidates who personalize online are any more likely to receive online negativity. Further, findings suggest that only female candidates see their likelihood of receiving online negativity vary as a function of online self-personalization. Female candidates have a higher likelihood of receiving online negativity from their campaign opponent when the candidate is more personable—that is, when they make information about their private selves more publicly available for negative framing at the hands of their opponent. Robustness checks reveal that this effect is not time independent, however, suggesting the personalization-gender-negativity relationship may be conditional on electoral context. Implications for work on personalization and negative campaigning, the role of gender in these processes, and campaign risk-taking are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shifting cargo from roads to eco-friendly inland waterway transport (IWT) is an important step towards reaching the decarbonization goals defined by the European Green Deal. The rehabilitation of nautical bottlenecks is essential to reach the fairway depth which is needed to allow a competitive transport on inland waterways. Aim: The goal of this paper is to (1) identify key performance indicators (KPI) associated with nautical bottlenecks caused by insufficient maintenance, (2) understand the effects of resolving nautical bottlenecks on the identified KPIs and (3) develop a conceptual framework. Methods: To develop the conceptual framework, we carried out a systematic literature review. We analysed the identified literature using qualitative content analysis and thus, derived relevant KPIs and their interdependencies. Findings: Ten KPIs were identified, which could be clustered as being either IWT-related, market-related or location-related. One example for an IWT-related KPI is the vessel draft, while market-related KPIs are e.g., referring to the KPI modal share and location-related KPIs to other KPIs such as fairway depth. Contribution: The conceptual framework visualizes the interdependencies between the KPIs and facilitates further research in this field, i.e., the development of a method for the evaluation of economic benefits of resolving nautical bottlenecks on inland waterways. A scientific method that allows the economic evaluation of resolving nautical bottlenecks it is essential to demonstrates the gain in quantitative net benefit if water levels are sufficient. A quantification of the net benefit serves as a motivator to intensify maintenance work on nautical bottlenecks and to facilitate decision-making regarding infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the first examples of nanotechnology, with a history of promising uses and high expectations. This paper uses the recent debate over their future to explore both ethical and value-laden statements which unsettle the notion of CNTs as a value-free nanotechnology and their regulation as purely a technical affair. A point of departure is made with the inclusion of CNTs on the Substitute-It-Now list by the Swedish NGO ChemSec, an assessment process that anticipates and complements the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation in Europe. An argument map is constructed to illustrate the core contention in the debate—should CNTs be substituted or not—which follows from a systematic literature review and content analysis of sampled journal articles. Nine arguments are articulated that bolster one of two camps: the pro-substitution camp or the contra-substitution camp. Beneath these arguments are a set of three implicit values that animate these two camps in prescribing competing interventions to resolve the dispute: (i) environmental protection and human safety, (ii) good science, and (iii) technological progress. This leads to a discussion around the regulatory problem of safeguarding conflicting values in decision-making under sustained scientific uncertainty. Finally, the study suggests further empirical work on specific nanomaterials in a pivot away from the abstract, promissory nature of nanotechnology and other emerging technologies in science, technology, and innovation policy. The examination of ethics and values is useful for mapping controversies in science and technology studies of regulation, even amongst experts in cognate research fields like nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 50 million journal papers will have been published by the end of 2019 with 2 million more journal papers published every year. The number of conference papers is even higher, and millions of other types of scientific research are added to the knowledge base every year. Scientific databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed index millions of scientific papers and Google Scholar indexes a huge amount of scientific knowledge across diverse domains. However, current systems provide long lists of results when users attempt to find relevant papers, leaving them with little choice other than manually skimming through the lists. This article surveys different techniques used to identify relevant research papers by knowledge-based organizations. We categorized current literature content as content, metadata, collaborative filtering, and citation based techniques and identified the strengths and limitation for each approach. Further, we evaluated the published techniques and research-based products used to identify relevant documents and identified the strengths and limitations of each approach. This research will greatly help to understand current state-of-the-art techniques internal workings for finding relevant papers, understand the relevant strengths and limitations, and explore previously proposed techniques targeting this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Works on establishment of the spirit levelling network in the Balkan countries were ruled by the political and economic circumstances. This was subject to the analysis since the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy period, over former Yugoslavia in all of its political forms, down to the present countries of the Balkan Peninsula. Heights differences and heights are part of the II Levelling Network of High Accuracy (II.NVT network). The works on establishment of II.NVT network have been organized and performed by the Federal Geodetic Administration of former Yugoslavia and the Geodetic Administrations of the accompanying Republics. The Military-Geographic Institute from Belgrade had performed gravity measurements over one part of the levelling network. "The II.NVT network data are the subject of computer processing, modern analyses, fundamental and applied scientific researches and application in solving some practical tasks" (Rožić in Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica 36(2):231–243, 2001). Calculations of accuracy of corrections in different height systems will be presented in this paper. The subject of this analysis is the error sources in the corrections for the orthometric, normal, and normal orthometric heights. The error sources that accompany the spirit levelling procedure are, for the most part, examined with the assumption that the height difference may be determined with the accuracy of 1.0 mm/km. The corrections in different height systems will be made through the function of a link to the directly/indirectly measured values. The accuracy of the correction will be presented by applying the law of error propagation on the data collected in the II.NVT network for the territory with the characteristic relief. The reason for writing this paper is noted deviation from theoretical assumptions on the shape of reference surfaces in the various height systems. The deviation noted are in the part of relief characteristic over the deep karst and high mountains in one polygon of the II.NVT network, over the distance of 40 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the USA witnessed a presidential competition unlike anything the country had ever seen before. Not only did the election feature a female presidential candidate on a major political party's ticket, but it also saw the candidacy of a Washington outsider, bringing with him a swelling of populist views in the USA. While this campaign period was atypical historically, there is much to learn from media coverage of the election cycle. A wealth of literature has revealed differences in both the quantity and substance of coverage of female politicians and their male competitors during mixed-gender races. This paper expands prior research by looking at the difference in media coverage of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during the 2016 US. presidential election. Specifically, this study examines coverage from two well-known and widely circulated papers, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, focusing on differences in the quantity and substance of coverage between the two candidates. The study looked at substance through the lens of three dominant frames outlined in prior research: personal, issue, and strategic game frame. Results revealed Trump received more coverage than Clinton, but findings were mixed in terms of framed coverage of the candidates, with no differences in personal coverage of the two, in contrast to prior research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses community knowledge, perceptions, and experiences of effectiveness of healthcare service provision on malaria prevention/treatment in two disease-endemic villages of the Okavango Delta panhandle in northern Botswana. A stratified random sampling of 355 households was conducted in October–November 2015. Follow-up retrospective cohort interviews were undertaken in August 2016 from 79 households that reported malaria incidences during the household survey. Data were also collected from 16 key informant interviews and 2 focus group discussions participants. Descriptive statistics and content analyses were used to summarise quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Results indicate that communities in the study sites had positive perceptions about efficiency of health services based on availability, accessibility and utilization, adequacy of prevention and treatment interventions. Local health clinics were crucial information channels used by respondents. Additionally, factors related to acceptability, availability and accessibility are likely to contribute to perceived effectiveness of the interventions provided by healthcare service providers. Affirmation of efficiency health service provision against malaria has public health implications for adherence to treatment/prevention and participation in community health education campaigns and program implementation in the Okavango Delta region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent understandings of 'design' and, in particular design education have become entrenched within schools and higher education as approaches to provide students with opportunities to develop creativity and imagination, and the skills needed for a globalized future. Drawing from Australian curriculum documents, this paper presents a content analysis that locates representations of design and establishes whether current representations support the building of twenty-first century capabilities. The development of curriculum is positioned within the paper as an ideological act that establishes normative discourses of design and compares them with 'the other'. Our findings demonstrate that design is represented in multiple ways across the Australian Curriculum and that teachers are presented with a specific discourse of design in curriculum documents from different key learning areas. We argue that a dominant re-constructed representation of design within curriculum has the potential to standardize currently discipline specific understandings of design with implications for the enacted curriculum in the classroom and the key discipline design capabilities acquired by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional approaches that seek to study Responsible Gambling (RG) mainly focus on evaluating platform-based intervention tools applied on gambling operator sites. This paper reports on the implementation, at the payment-solution level, of an intervention tool that gambling customers used to deposit their bets. The approach pre-commits customers to set a single-point spending limit on their payment gateway account, effectively enabling them to apply their budget setting on all gambling platforms on which they choose to play. Ten users who have used the provision for at least six months and on two different gambling platforms were selected for an in-depth interview. Based on the findings from content analysis, the article argues that payment-level intervention approach can potentially (1) provide the overall gambling population with better financial literacy regarding their gambling habits, which promotes responsible spending behaviour, (2) elevate the strain on users to set up intervention tools on every individual platform, and (3) serve as a preventive measure regardless of the existence or absence of intervention tools at gambling sites. Furthermore, the results affirm a gap in existing research and a need for comprehensive guidelines and strategies for financial institutions to positively contribute towards the agenda of RG. The findings of this study highlight the need for revisiting theoretical and philosophical foundations of intervention tool studies and gambling policymaking as well as calls for reassessing how we problematised harmful gambling. The paper contributes to the research on gambling intervention tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Problem Structuring Methods (PSMs) are a set of interactive and participatory modeling approaches for dealing with unstructured complex problems, which are characterized by the existence of multiple actors, with differing perspectives and conflicting interests, trying to identify alternatives for solving a problematic situation in an environment with uncertainties. In this paper, we provide a literature review about PSMs over the last decade (2010-2020), focusing on verifying the distribution of papers according to year, journals, countries, and authors; to identify the most frequent PSMs and areas of application; and to present methodological and theoretical advances, and emerging topics. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the papers. From 2015 on there was a significant increase in the number of studies that address the PSMs and the years 2018 and 2019 concentrate around one-third of the number of papers. Most of the papers present applications of PSM in different areas that were classified into five categories: business management; environmental management; healthcare sector; social issues; and other areas. Regardless of the application area, the Soft System Methodology (SSM) is the most frequently used PSM and a discussion is provoked about this finding. The paper also presents the theoretical and methodological advances and emerging topics in this discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-order sufficient conditions for local optimality have long been central to designing solution algorithms and justifying claims about their convergence. Here a far-reaching extension of such conditions, called variational sufficiency, is explored in territory beyond just classical nonlinear programming. Variational sufficiency is already known to support multiplier methods that are able, even without convexity, to achieve problem decomposition, but further insight has been needed into how it coordinates with other sufficient conditions. In the framework of this paper, it is shown to characterize local optimality in terms of having a convex–concave-type local saddle point of an augmented Lagrangian function. A stronger version of variational sufficiency is tied in turn to local strong convexity in the primal argument of that function and a property of augmented tilt stability that offers crucial aid to Lagrange multiplier methods at a fundamental level of analysis. Moreover, that strong version is translated here through second-order variational analysis into statements that can readily be compared to existing sufficient conditions in nonlinear programming, second-order cone programming, and other problem formulations which can incorporate nonsmooth objectives and regularization terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT has been overwhelmingly empowered by the rapid development of big-data ecosystems, such as remote sensing technology which runs all the time in obtaining accurate and high-quality images to facilitate the subsequent image processing and content analysis in embedded devices. Object counting, which aims to estimate the number of objects in a captured image, is one of the most crucial tasks among multimedia data and wireless network. However, there are enormous inherent factors that seriously degrade the counting performance in remote sensing, e.g. the background clutter, scale variation, and orientation arbitrariness. In this paper, we tackle the aforementioned problems in a divide-and-conquer manner by devising the dense attention fusion network (DAFNet). Specifically, we introduce an iterative attention fusion (IAF) module, which mainly relies on the multiscale channel attention (MCA) unit, to alleviate the side effect caused by background clutter. Meanwhile, to overcome the intrinsic scale variations, we build a dense spatial pyramid (DSP) module to consider the hierarchical information obtained under diverse receptive fields. Finally, we stack deformable convolution layers to deal with the orientation arbitrariness. The synergy of the proposed IAF and DSP modules substantially promotes the effectiveness of the proposed DAFNet, which can be demonstrated by the notable superiority in extensive experiments on the remote sensing counting datasets against state-of-the-art competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the research on peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is characterized by a premature abandonment of the bacterial hypothesis, which subsequently had its comeback, leading to the discovery of Helicobacter pylori—the major cause of the disease. In this paper we examine the received view on this case, according to which the primary reason for the abandonment of the bacterial hypothesis in the mid-twentieth century was a large-scale study by a prominent gastroenterologist Palmer, which suggested no bacteria could be found in the human stomach. To this end, we employ the method of digital textual analysis and study the literature on the etiology of PUD published in the decade prior to Palmer's article. Our findings suggest that the bacterial hypothesis had already been abandoned before the publication of Palmer's paper, which challenges the widely held view that his study played a crucial role in the development of this episode. In view of this result, we argue that the PUD case does not illustrate harmful effects of a high degree of information flow, as it has frequently been claimed in the literature on network epistemology. Moreover, we argue that alternative examples of harmful effects of a high degree of information flow may be hard to find in the history of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Catholic religious practices and Filipino values in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to show that religious practices conducted with proper social distancing help in the development of a renewed understanding of Filipino values without contributing to the spread of the virus. This qualitative study makes use of expository writing and content analysis. First, religious practices before the pandemic marked by maximum social interaction are presented. Then, the paper shows religious practices during the pandemic marked by social distancing. Thirdly, the paper looks into how Filipino values are recontextualized in relation to religious practices despite the need for social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, the researchers claim that those who participate in religious practices with social distancing do not contribute to the transmission of the virus while still developing a renewed understanding of Filipino values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design education as a field is growing rapidly due to its potential to develop the capacity of students to become creative and imaginative thinkers. In addition to these key twenty-first century skills, design education can also equip students with problem solving skills and innovative capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to build an understanding of how design is represented within the Australian Curriculum: Technologies document and critically explore effects of these representations within and between Key Learning Areas. The paper makes a contribution to design education in school contexts through an empirical analysis of curriculum documents to illuminate the complexity of the concept of design and the pedagogical implications of its multiple representations in this curriculum document. The analysis includes identification of the Key Learning Area in which design is most frequently represented across the Australian Curriculum. Content analysis with concept mapping are used to interrogate how design is represented within and throughout curriculum documents. We also undertake a critical examination of how design is positioned in the curriculum and the implications of such positioning. The paper argues the need for strong, unambiguous representations of design to inform curriculum and pedagogy. Clarity of the representation of design will contribute to the development of innovative capabilities in students and help to prepare them for an uncertain future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare is becoming increasingly automated with the development and deployment of care robots. There are many benefits to care robots but they also pose many challenging ethical issues. This paper takes care robots for the elderly as the subject of analysis, building on previous literature in the domain of the ethics and design of care robots. Using the value sensitive design (VSD) approach to technology design, this paper extends its application to care robots by integrating the values of care, values that are specific to AI, and higher-scale values such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ethical issues specific to care robots for the elderly are discussed at length alongside examples of specific design requirements that work to ameliorate these ethical concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standards and validation practices regarding mobile health apps need to be established to ensure their proper use and integration into medical practice. This paper proposes an innovative and integrative approach to examine and compare the quality of a certified health mobile applications set. A double classification framework (verified and perceived quality) is proposed and validated to evaluate the quality of 22 verified health mobile apps, particularly to understand whether these apps provide the service demanded by its users. Evaluation of verified quality was based on a certification public program. To analysis user satisfaction, we used content analysis to examine and extract words and expressions contained in online reviews (1,574 reviews were analyzed). The R language was used to scrape data and to perform all statistical analyses. The results did not confirm a significant relationship between both classifications (p >.05). However, the requirements with the highest degree of compliance ("design and relevance" and "quality and safety") of the app accreditation program were the best rated by the users of the apps in their comments. Reflections derived from this paper represent an important contribution to the knowledge base in the expanding research area of mobile health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oppari-the folksong of Tamil Nadu and North-Eastern parts of Sri Lanka, is known as the Tamil song of mourning. The practice of women singing oppari is prevalent in the suburban and rural spaces of Tamil Nadu. They form a circle, weep, beat their chest, wail and jump on the beats of Parai (single-sided drum) music on the death of a member of a family as reported by Srinivas (Oppari: An art of Weeping, Wailing and Lamenting, 2019). The women in the region express their grief over the death of their beloved with the lyrics of oppari songs. Of late, professional oppari singers, including both female and male, have been invited to rural and urban Tamil Nadu on the death of a member in the well-off families to mourn for the deceased person. This distinctively South Indian genre of weeping songs has evolved with time. The lyrics of the oppari songs have been blended with the essence of the periodical changes. The content, context, and presentation of the oppari songs have been playing important roles to reflect the makeovers of times. This study attempts to understand the reflection of times in the lyrics of oppari songs by assiduously employing semiotic analysis. The analysis of the words of the content, context indicated and presentation of subject, period, and expression in lyrics of the oppari songs has been made in the paper. The analysis of three oppari songs gives some significant ideas about the different times of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical analysis of present approaches to studying not-for-profit performance reporting, and implications of research in this area. Focusing on three approaches: content analysis of publicly available performance reporting; quantitative analysis of financial data; and (rarer) mixed/other methods, we consider the impact of these on our knowledge of not-for-profit performance reporting, highlighting gaps and suggesting further research questions and methods. Our analysis demonstrates the important role of regulation in determining the research data available, and the impact of this on research methods. We inter-connect the methods, results and prevailing view of performance reporting in different jurisdictions and argue that this reporting has the potential to influence both charity practices and regulators' actions. We call for further research in this interesting area. Contribution is made to the methodological literature on not-for-profits, and ongoing international conversations on regulating not-for-profit reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an EEG/ERP study involving 44 subjects (26 m : 18 f, mean age 20 ± 1.8 y.o.) who participated in modified Alternative Uses Task (AUT, "create the most original uses") and the control task ("name the objects related to different categories") performance. The subjects were presented with 7–8 objects/category names in AUT and control task, respectively, and were to perform ten attempts (repetitions) with each stimulus. Each trial lasted for 5400 ms. The blocks of ten stimulus repetitions of creative/control tasks were randomized, so that each subject was presented with 70–80 creative and 70–80 control trials. The general group of subjects was divided according to their productivity in verbal AUT and originality in nonverbal Torrance "sketches" subtest. The high-productivity group (on the basis of AUT answers) was characterized by lower negativity of ERP amplitudes in the central and parietal areas for N300–N400 and higher P600 amplitudes in the frontal area during AUT vs the control CATEGORIES task. The low-productivity group was characterized by lower P200 amplitude and more negative N300–N400 amplitudes in frontal areas during AUT vs the control task. We assumed that a greater productivity is associated with activation of the semantic network, whereas the participants with lower productivity have visual attention mechanisms involved, which is probably less effective for task performance. In AUT compared to the control task was demonstrated the EEG desynchronization in the frequency range of 7–9 Hz in the frontal areas at 356–564 ms after the stimulus presentation in the high-productivity group. There were no differences between the conditions observed in the low-productivity group. AUT performance by the group with a high nonverbal originality level (Torrance "sketches") was characterized by greater desynchronization of EEG at 5–8 Hz after stimulus presentation (before 296 ms) in the frontal and parietal areas in comparison with the low-originality group of subjects. Thus, it was assumed that productivity and originality during divergent thinking task performance (AUT) have different effects on the parameters of ERP and EEG synchronization/desynchronization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Active patient participation in research is becoming increasingly important and contributes to patient-relevant research. In order to gain first experiences with patient participation, a patient advisory board was established in the double-blind trial REGATTA which deals with treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The aim of this paper is to present the direct and indirect effects of the advisory board on the research project and beyond. Methods Establishing the advisory board, wishes and expectations of participants were recorded, main topics were agreed upon, and spontaneously arising topics were taken up. Based on audio recordings, minutes were taken and consensus reached. For the present work, the protocols were evaluated descriptively by content analysis. The discussions on the given topics were assigned to categories, spontaneously introduced topics were classified or new categories were mapped. The significance for the project or research in general was reflected and consented in team meetings. Results A total of six advisory board meetings took place. Among the direct results effective in the project were, for example, the optimization of documents and the joint development of strategies for the dissemination of results. In addition, there were important indirect findings: the importance of early involvement of patients already in the planning phase, the diversity of individual therapy preferences and their consideration in the interpretation of results, the benefit for the researchers' own professional development through a more comprehensive understanding of the condition have effects beyond the actual project. Conclusions Participation of patients in research causes direct positive effects not only in the actual project, but also beyond through a broader understanding of the researchers for the condition itself, and perspectives of affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This paper explores the role of providing structure for students within a new blended-learning family medicine curriculum at Saarland University. This study intends to clarify the role of different structural elements for different learning approaches (deep vs. structured vs. surface learning). Methods This study is based on a mixed-methods approach. Fifth year medical students' (n = 84) learning approaches, measured by a shortened version of the ASSIST questionnaire, were correlated with students' academic performance in state exams and the family medicine exam. Based on learning approaches and age, participants were purposefully sampled into two semi-structured group interviews with seven participants each. Results Although surface approach learning weakly correlated with lower performance in the first state exam (rho = 0.231), surface approach learning did not correlate with lower performance in the family medicine assessment. Based on qualitative results, the structural design of the curriculum seemed to have a high impact on students' satisfaction and motivation to learn. The reduction of extraneous cognitive load was identified as effective in motivating students to study. Deep-learning students highlighted the positive effects of curriculum activities that foster germane cognitive load through schema- based learning. Conclusions Especially for surface approach learners it may be important to provide structured guidance and provide a clear alignment of course content in a blended-learning curriculum, even in higher education. Deep and structured approach learners also benefit from a clear course structure that keeps extraneous cognitive load low and fosters schema acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sino-U.S. relations tumbled during the Trump Administration. The talk of decoupling permeated the decision-making circle in Washington D.C. Many factors have contributed to the free fall. The roles Congress has played are undoubtedly one of them. Based on the new institutionalist approach, this study provides three analyses of recent China-related legislative activities. First, the historical analysis of legislative data illustrates a surge in congressional activism on China-related legislative activities. Second, the content analysis reveals some of the triggers in the deterioration of bilateral relations in recent years. Third, the political analysis of the critical congressional players and the structures and procedures Congress created provides some insight into the domestic and political logic of the congressional crusade against China. Finally, the paper ends with assessing the impact of the surge in Congressional activism on the new Biden Administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite scholars' reliance on Schein's (1990) three-interconnected layer framework of organizational culture (i.e., artifacts, values/norms, underlying assumptions), few, if any, measure artifacts. This gap is significant because artifacts are readily visible and provide valuable insight into understanding the perpetuation of norms through their manifestation in the work environment. Moreover, existing assessments focus on one layer only, either values/beliefs or underlying assumptions, resulting in only a partial picture of culture. In this tutorial-based paper, we demonstrate a grounded theory approach comprising content analysis, thematic analysis, and intensity scoring, to develop an unobtrusive method for coding artifacts seen in photos of office spaces. Unobtrusive methods reduce participant burden, which is critical because existing assessments of culture are time consuming and/or rely on numerous participants. We demonstrate how to use the photo coding method and wrap-up the tutorial by showing how artifact coding augments an existing qualitative culture assessment, emphasizing the added value of artifact assessment. We hope by providing an unobtrusive method to artifact coding, researchers will start assessing this important layer of culture to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of organizational culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current processing methods of face gear are mainly limited to gear shaping, gear hobbing, and other processes. Gear skiving is a new efficient gear machining technology, in order to realize the high precision and high-efficiency machining of face gear, this paper puts forward the skiving machining technology of face gear. The main research contents include an analysis of the machining principle and model of face gear skiving, deriving the gear skiving tool model by the modified rack according to the meshing principle, and solving the tooth surface model of face gear by envelope method. The findings suggest that the skiving technology can be used in the efficient machining of face gear, which the cutting edge curve of gear skiving tool can be solved by the intersection of rake face and tool tooth face, and the principle error of gear skiving cutter can be effectively reduced after the modification of rack parabola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, social media has had a considerable impact on the way we share information and send messages. With this comes the problem of the rapid distribution of fake news which can have negative impacts on both individuals and society. Given the potential negative influence, detecting unmonitored 'fake news' has become a critical issue in mainstream media. While there are recent studies that built machine learning models that detect fake news in several languages, lack of studies in detecting fake news in the Arabic language is scare. Hence, in this paper, we study the issue of fake news detection in the Arabic language based on textual analysis. In an attempt to address the challenges of authenticating news, we introduce a supervised machine learning model that classifies Arabic news articles based on their context's credibility. We also introduce the first dataset of Arabic fake news articles composed through crowdsourcing. Subsequently, to extract textual features from the articles, we create a unique approach of forming Arabic lexical wordlists and design an Arabic Natural Language Processing tool to perform textual features extraction. The findings of this study promises great results and outperformed human performance in the same task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture plays an essential role in the success of product design, especially in the age of a global economy where there is a high probability of discrepancy between the designer's intention and the consumer's response. However, the role of culture is often challenging to identify and measure. In the current paper, we employed Repertory Grids to investigate differences in UK and Chinese participants' evaluations of designs, which were themselves from both UK and Chinese students. The techniques of Honey's Content Analysis and Principal Components Analysis were applied to integrate the analysis of both the collected qualitative and quantitative data. The results show that the two groups tended to focus on a similar range of design aspects (i.e. aesthetics, form/shape, usability, creativity, and functionality), but apply different criteria in evaluating such aspects.The UK and Chinese designs were found to be distinctive from each other and tended to appeal more to the people from the same cultural background. The findings reveal the interplay between culture and design and underline the importance of integrating culture into design education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosexual gender roles are not directly relevant to gay romantic relationships, but gay men often take on different relationship roles depending on their sexual roles. In the present paper, we argue that gay men might draw on sexually explicit media (SEM) featuring men who have sex with men (MSM) to get information about how insertive sexual partners ("tops") and receptive sexual partners ("bottoms") typically behave. For this to be the case, however, we would have to reliably observe different behavior in SEM performers acting as tops vs. bottoms. We examined 220 of the most viewed online dyadic MSM SEM videos to determine whether performed verbal and physical intimacy, victimization, and sexual behaviors depended on the sexual role taken. We found that tops and bottoms engaged in similar amounts of intimacy behaviors, but that bottoms were depicted as initiating sexual activity more than tops. Tops enacted physical and psychological victimization more than bottoms, although these behaviors were rare. Tops were shown taking the insertive role across all sexual acts and versatile performers (i.e., those taking both insertive and receptive roles) were rarely depicted. The present study adds to the literature about the complexity of sexual-self-labels, and suggests that MSM SEM depictions of intimacy and sexual decision-making depend on the sexual role taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As social media become a staple for knowledge discovery and sharing, questions arise about how self-organizing communities manage learning outside the domain of organized, authority-led institutions. Yet examination of such communities is challenged by the quantity of posts and variety of media now used for learning. This paper addresses the challenges of identifying (1) what information, communication, and discursive practices support successful online communities, (2) whether such practices are similar on Twitter and Reddit, and (3) whether machine learning classifiers can be successfully used to analyze larger datasets of learning exchanges. This paper builds on earlier work that used manual coding of learning and exchange in Reddit 'Ask' communities to derive a coding schema we refer to as 'learning in the wild'. This schema of eight categories: explanation with disagreement, agreement, or neutral presentation; socializing with negative, or positive intent; information seeking; providing resources; and comments about forum rules and norms. To compare across media, results from coding Reddit's AskHistorians are compared to results from coding a sample of #Twitterstorians tweets (n = 594). High agreement between coders affirmed the applicability of the coding schema to this different medium. LIWC lexicon-based text analysis was used to build machine learning classifiers and apply these to code a larger dataset of tweets (n = 69,101). This research shows that the 'learning in the wild' coding schema holds across at least two different platforms, and is partially scalable to study larger online learning communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the paper is to identify the message in letters written by Polish and Czech seniors. The letters were subject to qualitative analysis. The method used was the analysis of the inspired texts—letters written by older people to the younger generation, which may become a didactic tool for the younger generations to learn from the biographies of seniors. The result of the analysis is a list of categories reflecting the main aspects dominating in the letters. These categories are: message addressed to a younger generation, important events and people in individual life story, reflection upon the meaning of life and concerns and challenges in the course of life. All the seniors express their affirmation of family, share ethical reflections on their relationships with other people and on passing. Thus, the main message of the letters is a call to cherish family relationships, nurture relations with other people and show respect to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Rescue Committee's Life Skills Tailored Package for Early Marriage focuses on engaged, married, and divorced Syrian refugee girls aged 13–18 living in Lebanon. This paper details findings from a qualitative program evaluation. In-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) explored participants' viewpoints about program components. IDIs engaged program staff and adolescent girls. FGDs included adolescent girls, husbands/fathers, and mothers/mothers-in-law. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and assessed using inductive content analysis. Three themes emerged: (1) engaging influencers with discretion facilitated girls' participation, (2) reaching out to vulnerable girls required foresight and flexibility, and (3) participation fostered development of personal resources and adaptive capacities among adolescent girls, who described improvements in self-confidence for decision-making/time management, reproductive health knowledge, emotional regulation/understanding of healthy relationships, and self-protection. Efforts to improve psychosocial and reproductive health of refugee adolescent girls experiencing child marriage should integrate lessons learned through this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores attitudes toward dating people with disability amongst young people in Australia and Hong Kong. Data relating to disability were extracted from an e-survey that investigated young people's (n = 2208) experiences of and attitudes toward dating. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while open ended responses were subjected to interpretive content analysis. When asked about preferred characteristics for potential dates, young people identified factors that were unlikely to be negatively influenced by disability, such as loyalty, honesty, dedication, humour, and kindness. Yet when asked whether disability would influence their dating choices, most said that it would and expressed an unwillingness to date people with disability. Young adults in Hong Kong expressed less openness to dating people with disability than those in Australia. Physical disability and mental health issues were seen as less of a barrier to dating than intellectual or developmental disability. Despite recent gains in public attitudes toward people with disability, improvements are needed in terms of young people in the general population viewing people with disability as suitable partners and thus, allowing them to enjoy equal rights to relationships and sexuality. Culture is an important determinant, indicating a potential for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its origins in the mid-1970s, the slasher has been defined as a subgenre of horror in which a serial or mass killer stalks and massacres middle-class youngsters, and preferably attractive young women, using cutting weapons or projectiles. In that regard, the twenty-first century has seen a revival of the slasher, combining the release of original movies with remakes of classic films, adapting the traditional plots to the current context. In this paper, a comparative content analysis is performed on 13 slasher films made during the 1970s and the 1980s and 13 remakes premiered in the new millennium, focusing on the differences stemming from the adaptation of the latter to the new sociocultural context. The results indicate that, although there have been a number of changes, such as higher doses of explicit violence and profanity and in the fight responses of the victims, most of the subgenre's defining traits have remained intact, whereas others, such as those relating to the defining traits of the victims, should be questioned. The limited differences found between the original films and the remakes provide the basis for drawing interesting conclusions about the subgenre itself, as well as to raise discussions about the different contexts of production and reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The number of patients with depressive disordered globally increased and affects people of all ages and countries and has a significant and negative impact on the quality of life (QoL). Depression if left untreated may lead to severe consequences. However, there are several types of effective treatments, but often patients need support from health staff to find suitable treatments. This study aims to examine the global trend of the publications as well as the development of interventions for depressing treatment. Methods: We download and analyzed 15,976 scientific research from the Web of Science from 1990 to 2018. A text mining based on Latent Dirichlet and terms' co-occurrence in titles and abstracts to identify hidden research topics and research landscapes. Results: We found that the number of papers related to non-pharmacological treatment (such as cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, or family and social support) to improve the QoL of patients with depression has increased. The number of papers on this serious health issue in low–middle income countries (LMICs) was not as high as in high-income countries (HICs). Conclusion: It is necessary to increase support of the treatment of depression in LMICs as well as applied non-pharmacological interventions to patients with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to examine to what extent sustainability has been incorporated into assessments of road infrastructure projects. It identifies promising approaches that include indicators reflecting core sustainability criteria, determines criteria that were insufficiently covered as indicators, and develops an integrated indicator set covering all criteria. Methods: A systematic review was performed to obtain all related papers/reports in two academic databases: Scopus and Web of Sciences. The indicators extracted from papers/reports were first coded, then evaluated by using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Results: The project appraisal methods for decision-making is found to be a promising approach, covering more extensive criteria than others. Two criteria – namely adaptation and precaution and intergenerational equity – were hardly ever adopted as indicators. Ten main groups of indicators were extracted to construct an integrated set incorporating all core criteria. Conclusions: Some criteria appear to have become mainstream, while others deserve attention. The safest choice is to combine methods/tools or to adopt the integrated set developed for exhaustive criteria inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the experiential elements of mind wandering at work and prompt the formation of new research questions addressing this experiential perspective. To do this, we use an episodic framework for mind wandering that is grounded in the subjective work experience and examines mind wandering holistically. Thirty full-time employees participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews exploring the experience of mind wandering at work. Responses were transcribed and then coded using conventional content analysis. Data collection and coding proceeded in an iterative process, as described by Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). This qualitative study provides descriptive evidence for the experiential components of a mind wandering episode (onset, termination cues, and outcomes). Within each of these components, additional themes are identified, discussed, and connected to person- and organization-centric work processes. The thematic organization of daydreaming episodes reveals new aspects of the subjective experience of daydreaming that can be explored further. To aid this, we provide a framework for investigating the inter-relationships between these aspects. The identification of these subjective experiences paves the way for novel research investigating how daydreams, and the accompanying subjective experience, inform momentary work processes. This paper provides a unique subjective experience to understanding mind wandering at work. By directly addressing the phenomenology of mind wandering at work, we encourage a new perspective to the mind wandering phenomena and encourage the development of new research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]