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A method of displaying a multiview image set prepared by a computer on an electronic display device based on integral photography has been formulated. With the device, accommodation response was measured and the result that the accommodation response linearly changed within and outside the range of depth of focus was obtained. In contrast, in the measurement of the accommodation response using the stereoscopic image, the accommodation response showed a linear change within and outside the depth of focus at the spatial resolution of three cycle per degree (cpd) or less. Therefore, it can be considered that the measurement result of the accommodation response for integral photography with a spatial resolution of 3 cpd or less cannot be used to determine whether it is influenced by the integral photography display method or spatial resolution reduction. From these results, we found that spatial resolution is required to be 3 cpd or more when outside of the range of depth of focus in the measurement of the accommodation response for integral photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a structure for a layered light-field display composed of high-resolution binary layers and a low-resolution, multibit backlight. This structure aims to increase the upper bound of the spatial frequency while also reducing the total number of bits for the display. The increased layer resolution increases the upper bound of the spatial frequency, meaning that the display can reproduce an object with a large amount of pop-out more clearly than can a conventional light-field display. In contrast, limiting the layers’ transmittance to binary (on/off) levels reduces the total number of bits for the display, thus maintaining the high efficiency of light-field representation. The low-resolution backlight, whose pixels can take multibit values, compensates the number of intensity levels, which would otherwise be quite limited with only the binary layers. Through analytical and experimental results, we show that a display based on the proposed structure can reproduce a light field with high quality and high efficiency as a result of combining the high-resolution binary layers and low-resolution backlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensor display is an option in glasses-free three-dimensional (3-D) display technology. An initial solution has to be set to decompose the light-field information to be represented by the system. We have analyzed the impact of the initial guess on the multiplicative update rules in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio, and proposed a method based on depth map estimation from an input light field. Results from simulations were obtained and compared with previous literature. In our sample, the initial values used have a large influence on results and convergence to a local minimum. The quality of the output stabilizes after a certain number of iterations, suggesting that a limit on such numbers should be imposed. We show that the proposed methods outperform the pre-existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of the information age, the rapid development of computer software and hardware and related high-tech equipment has made today's interior design expression and display forms increasingly diversified, providing designers with a broad performance platform. On the basis of clarifying the ideas of the combined application of hand-drawn and computer graphics, we analyze the methods and approach of their combined application and expound on the actual application. It is hoped that the research can provide design ideas and references for the interior design industry and teaching activities. The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program consists of three phases, the first of which is a feasibility study for the innovation. If the innovation is feasible, enter the second stage to finalize the innovative product, and after private and public sector investment, the third phase, commodity promotion and commercialization. The influence of intelligent equipment such as computers and hand-painted boards on the design industry is obvious. With the development of the social economy and the era of technological innovation, a social culture and a value system will be formed. Therefore, the arrival of media technology will also generate perceptions, ways of thinking, and value orientations and will affect our social interaction space, people's main living places, and indoor space. The software module in the computer provides designers with the opportunity to use computer design software to quickly present the designer's ideas on an electronic display screen. Its increasingly convenient design conditions promote the diversity and richness of design software. Combining intelligent multimedia images, with the help of compressed image noise reduction programming, SBIR technology, etc., it has created the development of an interior design. The number of students studying interior design has increased by nearly 60% every year, and the popularity of smart multimedia technology has also reached 78.9%. In the media age, people and interior designers are constantly changing their aesthetic tastes, narrative methods, expression methods, life function needs, and aspirations for a spiritual destination. Good interior design methods do not necessarily produce excellent interior design works, but good interior design works must be guaranteed by a set of practical design techniques and procedures. The article attempts to tap the multiple values of multimedia in indoor space to build a more humanized, humane, and media-inspired indoor space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although autostereoscopic display is considered to be mainstream in the three-dimensional (3-D) display market for the near future, practical quality problems still exist due to various challenges such as the accommodation-vergence conflict and crosstalk. A number of studies have shown that these problems reduce the visual comfort and reliability of the perceived workload. We present two experiments for investigating the effect of parallax distribution, which affects the behavior of the accommodation and vergence responses and crosstalk on visual comfort in autostereoscopic display. We measured the subjective visual scores and perceived depth position for watching under various conditions that include foreground parallax, background parallax, and crosstalk levels. The results show that the viewers' comfort is significantly influenced by parallax distribution that induces a suitable conflict between the accommodation and vergence responses of the human visual system. Moreover, we confirm that crosstalk changes significantly affect visual comfort in parallax barrier autostereoscopic display. Consequently, the results can be used as guidelines to produce or adjust the 3-D image in accordance with the characteristics of parallax barrier autostereoscopic display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an overdrive (OD) technology to precisely compensate for the temperature-dependent response characteristics of liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). The optical responses of LCDs are highly dependent on ambient temperature. After analyzing the optimized OD values, the new OD technology uses simple calculation logic instead of bulky OD lookup tables to obtain OD values of rising transitions over a wide range of ambient temperatures. We also show that it is possible to automatically adjust the optimum OD values depending on the ambient temperature. The results show that the proposed OD technology can improve motion image quality without any motion artifacts regardless of the ambient temperature. We expect that our proposed OD technology will ensure that LCD products have a consistent motion image quality regardless of the ambient temperature without any increase in cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickup method adopting the modified algorithm to generate the elemental image from virtual objects is proposed to obtain the elemental image for real objects. In the proposed method, the number of capturing processes is reduced compared with the conventional multiple capturing method. The pseudoscopic image problem can be resolved by controlling the position and the direction of the imaging device in the proposed pickup system. The telecentric lens system is used to capture the orthographic scenes, which are divided and compounded into the elemental image. The validity of the proposal is proved by the experimental results of the pickup and the reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel aligned liquid crystal on silicon (PA-LCoS) displays have found wide acceptance in applications requiring phase-only modulation. Among LCoS devices, and PA-LCoS as a specific case, digital addressing has become a very common technology. In principle, modern digital technology provides some benefits with respect to analog addressing such as reduced interpixel cross-talk, lower power consumption and supply voltage, gray level scale repeatability, high programmability, and noise robustness. However, there are also some degradating issues, such as flicker, which may be enhanced. We analyze the characteristics of the digital pulse width modulated voltage signals in relation to their effect on the optical modulation capabilities of LCoS displays. We apply calibration techniques developed in our laboratory, basically the classical linear polarimeter extended to take into account the existence of flicker. Various digital sequence formats are discussed, focusing the analysis on the variations in the magnitude of the applied voltages across the LC layer. From this analysis, we obtain how to amplify the retardance dynamic range and how to enhance linearity in the device without enhancing flicker and without diminishing the number of available quantization levels. Electrical configurations intended for phase-only and intensity modulation regimes, useful in diffractive optics, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-dimensional (2-D) weighted roll-off local dimming algorithm that eliminates any visible block artifacts caused by the spatial mismatch between a discontinuous panel image and a continuous backlight is described. The proposed scheme enhances the high gray details by means of a roll-off scheme and removes the block artifacts with bilinear weighting of a pixel-compensated panel image. In addition, the threshold scheme is used to resolve overcompensation problems that lead to visible artifacts around the boundaries of dark local blocks. The image quality and the power consumption are evaluated for 40 test images through both simulation and measurement. Compared to 15.56 and 1.45 of a 2-D roll-off method, the maximum and average color difference values of a proposed scheme are reduced to 7.76 and 0.72 in the simulation. For a prototype 40-in. light emitting diode TV, the average power saving over 40 test images is measured as 60.96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feature detection method for calibrating multiprojector displays that utilizes a chromatic pattern to avoid the disadvantages of black-and-white features is proposed. Theoretical and experimental analyses implied that our hue-based method was robust to four factors: the ambient light, the non-Lambertian reflection of a display wall, the variation of projectors, and the different positions of cameras. Our method resulted in low rates of misdetection or false detection. Experimental results also indicated that our method was effective to detect weak features. A markerless calibration method was proposed to autoestimate the aspect ratio of the planar display wall and to autocalibrate multiprojectors. Subpixel accuracy was achieved by applying the detected features in the process of geometry calibration of multiprojector displays with embedded processors and cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve participants were tested on a simple virtual object precision placement task while viewing a stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3-D) display. Inclusion criteria included uncorrected or best corrected vision of 20/20 or better in each eye and stereopsis of at least 40 arc sec using the Titmus stereotest. Additionally, binocular function was assessed, including measurements of distant and near phoria (horizontal and vertical) and distant and near horizontal fusion ranges using standard optometric clinical techniques. Before each of six 30 min experimental sessions, measurements of phoria and fusion ranges were repeated using a Keystone View Telebinocular and an S3-D display, respectively. All participants completed experimental sessions in which the task required the precision placement of a virtual object in depth at the same location as a target object. Subjective discomfort was assessed using the simulator sickness questionnaire. Individual placement accuracy in S3-D trials was significantly correlated with several of the binocular screening outcomes: viewers with larger convergent fusion ranges (measured at near distance), larger total fusion ranges (convergent plus divergent ranges, measured at near distance), and/or lower (better) stereoscopic acuity thresholds were more accurate on the placement task. No screening measures were predictive of subjective discomfort, perhaps due to the low levels of discomfort induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale psychophysical experiments are carried out on two types of mobile displays to evaluate the perceived image quality (IQ). Eight perceptual attributes, i.e., naturalness, colorfulness, brightness, contrast, sharpness, clearness, preference, and overall IQ, are visually assessed via categorical judgment method for various application types of test images, which were manipulated by different methods. Their correlations are deeply discussed, and further factor analysis revealed the two essential components to describe the overall IQ, i.e., the component of image detail aspect and the component of color information aspect. Clearness and naturalness are regarded as two principal factors for natural scene images, whereas clearness and colorfulness were selected as key attributes affecting the overall IQ for other application types of images. Accordingly, based on these selected attributes, two kinds of empirical models are built to predict the overall IQ of mobile displays for different application types of images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integral imaging (II) display is proposed which consists of a display panel and a gradient-aperture pinhole array. The gradient-aperture pinhole array is symmetrical in both horizontal and vertical directions. The leftmost and rightmost pinholes are used to fix the horizontal viewing angle, and the uppermost and nethermost pinholes are used to fix the vertical viewing angle. To increase the optical efficiency, the aperture widths of other pinholes are gradually increased from both sides to the middle in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. A prototype of the proposed II display is developed. Its horizontal viewing angle is equal to that of the conventional one, while its optical efficiency is higher than that of the conventional one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief history of recent developments in electronic stereoscopic displays is given concentrating on products that have succeeded in the market place and hence have had a significant influence on future implementations. The concentration is on plano-stereoscopic (two-view) technology because it is now the dominant display modality in the marketplace. Stereoscopic displays were created for the motion picture industry a century ago, and this technology influenced the development of products for science and industry, which in turn influenced product development for entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microdisplay technologies for near-to-eye applications mostly use a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing chip as backplane for pixel addressing, with extensive post-processing on top of the CMOS chip to deposit organic LED or liquid crystal layers. Here, we examine the possibility of integrating emissive microdisplays within the CMOS chip, with absolutely no post processing needed. This will dramatically reduce the manufacturing cost of microdisplays and may lead to new microdisplay applications. Visible electroluminescence is achieved by biasing pn junctions into avalanche breakdown mode. The most appropriate CMOS pn junction is selected and innovative techniques are applied to increase the light extraction efficiency from the CMOS chip using the metal layers of the CMOS process. An 8 × 64 dot matrix microdisplay was designed and manufactured in a 0.35-μm CMOS technology. The experimental results show that a luminance level of 20 cd/m2 can be reached, which is an adequate luminance value in order to comfortably read data being displayed in relatively dark environments. The electrical power dissipation per pixel being activated is 0.9 mW/pixel. It is also shown that the pixels can be switched at a rate faster than 350 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, as effective demand for high-quality, large-capacity content such as three-dimensional (3D), multiangle, and gigabit-web has increased, a network infrastructure capable of satisfying future broadcast and communication service requirements is required. In this paper, we introduce a convergence service based on a gigabit network and then propose a technique for delivering gigabit 3D content. Here, the term 3D content delivery technique refers to an overlay-multicast-based distributed service platform that is comprised of a media relay agent and a management server. The service platform is designed to back up both live video and file-based video streaming. Using this platform, we can provide 3D remote education and 3D multiangle services via 3D-based video streaming between a service provider and service consumers dispersed at different locations. To evaluate our 3D content delivery technique, we run a series of trials of gigabit network-based 3D trial services to service subscribers. Then, we conduct a survey to measure user satisfaction with the 3D delivery service and simulated network and service quality. From experimental results, we confirm that this type of distributed service platform can be used as the delivery framework for applications such as realistic 3D-based seminars or 3D video conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a head-mounted display (HMD)-type multifocus display system using a laser-scanning method to provide an accommodation effect for viewers. This accomplishment indicates that providing a monocular depth cue is possible through this multifocus system. In the system, the optical path is changed by a scanning action. To provide an accurate accommodation effect for the viewer, the multifocus display system is designed and manufactured in accordance with the geometric analysis of the systems scanning action. Using a video camera as a substitute for the viewer, correct focus adjustment without the scanning action problem is demonstrated. By analyzing the scanning action and experimental results, we are able to illustrate the formation of a viewpoint in an HMD-type multifocus display system using a laser-scanning method. In addition, we demonstrate that the accommodation effect could be provided independent of the viewing condition of the viewer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a novel twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal display (LCD) having wide viewing angle characteristics through the reduction of the residual liquid crystal phase retardation at oblique angles using an embedded diffusing unit. Compared to a conventional TN panel, this embedded approach provides extended isocontrast contours by more than ±10 degat a contrast ratio of 100:1 along the horizontal direction and a wide region free of grayscale inversion by a factor of 2 along the vertical direction. Moreover, the off-axis image distortions in our novel LCD are improved by 50 compared to those in a film-compensated TN LCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an asymmetric-resolution stereoscopic video codec that can be used for commercially available stereo displays. Currently, most stereo video displays are designed for displaying not only stereo video but also conventional single-view video in order to make them compatible to single-view video services. In these systems, the resolution of each input video for stereo mode is half the input resolution for a single-view mode. We propose a stereoscopic video codec to support both single-view and stereo-view services by encoding full-resolution left images and horizontally downsampled right images. However, it is not possible to employ the conventional disparity estimation between the two views because the resolution of the left image is different from that of the corresponding right image. So we propose a stereoscopic video codec based on a new disparity estimation/compensation method that makes use of all the information of the left reference image without downsampling. We achieved a 0.5- to 0.8-dBcoding gain with the proposed stereoscopic codec, compared with several conventional stereoscopic coding algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technique of securing information display first proposed by Yamamoto, Hayasaki, and Nishida [Opt. Lett. 28, 1564–1566 (2003)] aims at protecting the displayed information by using a decoding mask with a limited viewing zone. Their encoding approaches were inherited from visual cryptography. We study several variants of securing information display for multiple secrets. By exploiting some primitive and informative features of binary images (instead of inheriting from visual cryptography), we design novel schemes to resolve these new problems. Our schemes extend the studies of securing information display and enrich the feasibility and flexibility of their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are replacing analog film in radiology and reducing diagnosis times. Their typical dynamic range, however, can be too low for some applications, and their poor ability to reproduce low-luminance areas represents a critical drawback. The black level of an LCD can be drastically improved by stacking two liquid crystal panels in series. In this way the global transmittance is the pointwise product of the transmittances of the two panels and the theoretical dynamic range is squared. Such a high dynamic range (HDR) display also permits the reproduction of a larger number of gray levels, increasing the bit depth of the device. The two panels, however, are placed at a small distance from each other due to mechanical constraints, and this introduces a parallax error when the display is observed off-axis. A complex, spatially adaptive algorithm is therefore necessary to generate the images used to drive the two panels. We describe the characteristics of a prototype dual-layer HDR display and discuss the issues involved in the image-splitting algorithms. We propose some solutions and analyze their performance, giving a measure of the capabilities and limitations of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the uniform sampling method is quite popular for pointwise measurement of manufactured parts, we present three novel sampling strategies that emphasize 3D non-uniform inspection capability. They are direct and indirect adaptive sampling and local adjustment sampling. The adaptive sampling strategy is based on a recursive surface subdivision process that applies two different approaches. One uses the direct triangular patch subdivision while the other uses the indirect sectional adaptive approach. The direct adaptive sampling approach can distribute points more closely around edges, corners, and vertices as found on the class of machined products. The indirect adaptive sampling techniques extend optimum 2D sampling methods to 3D applications. The modified 2D adaptive sampling techniques are used sequentially twice; first, the critical cross sections are optimally selected, and then each section is optimally sampled to develop an accurate geometric description using a small number of sampling points. Beyond the practical application value of a technique to inspect curved surface objects, this kind of technique is also of value in understanding the principle of optimum sampling in a 3D sense. The local adjustment sampling strategy uses a set of predefined starting points and then finds the local optimum position of each nodal point. This method approximates the object by moving the points toward object edges and corners. The predefined starting points sets include uniform and non-uniform sampling distribution generated by the direct adaptive sampling approach. The results show that the initial point sets, when preprocessed by the adaptive sampling using triangular patches, are moved the shortest distance to edges and corners for global optimum approximation, again showing this method’s superiority. The performance comparisons of applying uniform sampling and adaptive sampling are made based on the MSE (mean square error) value between the real object surfaces and their approximating surfaces. The adaptive sampling methods exhibit better performance than the uniform sampling methods in reducing the MSE values with fewer sample points. In addition to the performance advantage over uniform sampling, the non-uniform sampling techniques we propose also proved to be integratable with view planning for the inspection of products by different manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viewing angle performance in in-plane switching liquid crystal displays (IPS-LCDs) has been greatly improved, using two technologies. One is optical compensation technology using a biaxial film. The other is a newly developed IPS-Pro cell structure with higher transmission efficiency. These technologies are successfully introduced into the fabrication of 32-in. IPS-LCDs with a minimum contrast ratio over three times that of conventional IPS-LCDs and with color saturation (area ratio to NTSC at CIE1931 xy chromaticity coordinates) of more than 70% at almost all viewing angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For practical holographic video display, it is important to generate holographic fringes as fast as possible. It is also important to display the full-color image with a simple display system. In our previous study, a full-color hologram was realized as a rainbow hologram, which discards the vertical parallax to reduce computation complexity. Its color reproduction, however, is not enough. Since this hologram uses the horizontal slit, proper color reproduction can be obtained only from a narrow viewing area in the vertical direction. In contrast, the image hologram provided a good contrast image, although it had only a single color. Also, the image hologram has full-parallax information. In this work, we investigate the image hologram for fast calculation and the display optics for full-color holograms with full parallax. Since image points are located close to the hologram, the required computation area of the image hologram becomes much smaller than that of the entire hologram. Therefore, vastly improved computational speed is obtained. The full-color hologram is displayed on a holographic video display system, which uses part of the original optics and liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) panels of the conventional video projector to separate and combine color components. From the experimental results, we obtain a full-parallax reconstructed image and better color reproduction compared with the rainbow hologram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full-color electroholographic 3-D display system employing LEDs is presented, and a virtual image reconstruction technique for it is studied. It is shown that the image blur observed in the reconstruction is suppressed to a lower level than in reconstruction employing a metal halide lamp. In addition, direct, independent drives on LEDs through RGB waves make the adjustment of white balance easier, and a wide viewing angle can be attained. Full-color, high-contrast 3-D images are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic noise elimination in 2-D periodic structures is achieved with a liquid crystal display used as a 2-D incoherent reconfigurable source. The method, which is based on the Lau effect, shows that under certain conditions it can be used for correcting, in real time, defects dues to noise in 2-D periodic structures. Experimental verification of the noise elimination is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important component of a projection display system, its illumination system determines the brightness and uniformity of the whole system. This paper presents a simple design for an illumination system, which has a compound parabolic retroreflector to efficiently utilize the light from a lamp. The performances of this ultrahigh-performance system is described with respect to light efficiency, and uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]