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The article discusses the concept of settler colonialism and its application to events in Israel and Palestine, as well as the Hawaiian Islands. It explores the historical processes by which European and U.S. empires brought nonwhite societies under their control during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The author focuses on the 1893 haole revolution in Hawaii and the subsequent efforts to secure U.S. annexation, highlighting the ways in which marginalized empires like Portugal and Japan contested the situation. The article also examines the Hawaiian Republic's policies and debates regarding nonwhite citizenship and voting rights, ultimately condemning the nineteenth-century U.S. nation state and the local white residents who participated in overthrowing the Hawaiian monarchy. The author suggests the need for serious solutions to address past wrongs, but also acknowledges the complexity of replacing the nation state with a nonstate entity that values equality under the law for all residents. [Extracted from the article]

In the aftermath of the bloody conflict, the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) replaced European empires to become the new superpowers. Arrested development: the Soviet Union in Ghana, Guinea, and Mali, 1955-1968; Cold War liberation: the Soviet Union and the collapse of the Portuguese empire in Africa, 1961-1975 The old, conventional narrative of the Cold War history, as a simplified East-West confrontation driven by Washington, Moscow and their respective allies, has since given way to a new international history of the Cold War. [Extracted from the article]

Francis Xavier (1506–52) was Spanish, but it was the Portuguese who kept his legacy alive in their Asian colonies. Although Xavier died in China, it was Goa—capital of the Portuguese Empire in Asia—that received his mortal remains in 1554, which were believed to be miraculously preserved from blemish. This article concerns the 1952 exposition of the saint's relics, which marked 400 years of Xavier's death and was attended by a record number of pilgrims. Although the exposition was intended to celebrate a saint, the state (Estado Novo) used the occasion to showcase Goa's Europeanised culture for propaganda. With the pressure from newly Independent India to oust the Portuguese from Goa, the Estado Novo refused to cede any part of its overseas territory on the basis of its uniqueness from the neighbouring region. The state used the exposition, and the large gathering of devotees attending it, to make a point that Goa continued to remain an integral part of the Portuguese nation. Ostensibly, the state changed the venue of the exposition from the Basilica of Bom Jesus to Sé Cathedral. Although the basilica had been hosting the periodic exposition from 1859 to 1942, the cathedral was considered to be architecturally a much bigger and richer monument. This shift of the exposition to the cathedral was also aimed at adding a new ritual to the event: a grand procession of Xavier's body from one church to another. Located 1000 feet apart from each other, the procession traversed a public open space between these historical buildings, wherein a record number of devotees could witness/participate this event simultaneously. While the body of Xavier and architecture of Old Goa were relics from the heyday of the empire, the state also wanted to use the faithful, who came in large numbers to celebrate this occasion, as visual evidence to showcase the longevity of Portuguese presence in Goa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the territorial expansion of Portuguese colonization in South America by analyzing the spatial practices of Luso-Brazilian families in the captaincy of São Paulo, Brazil during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. After the 1690s, successive discoveries of mineral wealth lured thousands of colonists to scattered settlements in the interior of the continent, challenging the long-established maritime orientation of the Portuguese empire. Given obstacles posed by distance and lack of infrastructure as well as the near absence of formal institutions, this study asks how the Portuguese extended the occupation into the backlands and what mechanisms enabled the integration of these new pockets of settlement into the rest of the empire. It combines different computational methods, such as text mining, data modeling and analysis, and digital mapping to examine a large corpus of genealogical writings about prominent families of colonial São Paulo, reconstituting patterns of geographic mobility of more than 3,000 individuals. These patterns indicate that mobility was shaped by family ties, which allowed colonists to marshal resources, share geographic knowledge, and forge alliances for travel and exploration. Because kinship was an enduring form of social relationship, it provided lasting linkages that connected distant settlements to the consolidated areas of occupation and gave a sense of spatial cohesion that sustained the empire inland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Relations theories generally hold that increased interaction between units in an international system produces convergence in their forms through military competition, institutional emulation, or normative socialization. In contrast, we argue that diverse international systems can endure despite increasing interaction. The early modern Indian Ocean international system hosted a variety of statist, corporate, and imperial polities. Diversity endured for three reasons. First, powerful foreign and local actors held differing maritime and land-oriented preferences for conquest, which created the potential for coexistence between unlike polities. Second, congruent European and Asian ideas of heteronomy facilitated durable polity diversity. Third, strategies of localization enhanced enmeshment. Convergence on common polity forms failed to occur despite the presence of a statist model during this period. Subsequently, a reconfigured form of diversity under colonial empires succeeded this order. Greater attention to past diverse systems coheres with recent calls to study history to better understand not only contemporary instances of international hierarchy, but also unbundled and shared sovereignty regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing recognition of the role of law in financial and economic development has generated significant disagreement about what determines the structure and content of legal institutions in the first place. Legal traditions and local politics have emerged in the literature as the most likely sources of legal development, but the relationship between these two forces remains largely unexplored. This Article investigates the determinants of legal evolution by examining the development of corporate laws in Brazil since the early nineteenth century. Contrary to standard views, foreign commercial law models were neither forcefully imposed by Portuguese colonizers nor followed automatically due to language or cultural affinity with the French legal tradition. Brazilian lawmakers deliberately picked and chose among the laws of different civil and common law jurisdictions, and substantially altered their essence in order to best fit the interests of incumbent elites. Politics mattered from the outset, while legal family considerations were not a significant constraint to early transplant decisions. This Article also suggests that selective legal transplants and local adaptations were one of the channels through which elites periodically recreated inefficient institutions over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the misunderstandings caused by African transgendered people, including African slaves, in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in Africa from 1550 to 2009. A particular focus is given to the 16th century transgendered African slave and prostitute Antônio/Victória in the Azores. An overview of the relationship between gender and healing rituals in African culture, including the tendency of effeminate men to become healers, is provided. The relationship between the history of colonialism and the attitudes of African leaders, as of 2009, towards homosexuality is discussed. The role that the gestures of transgendered people played in society's perception of their gender is also discussed.

Explores the evolution of the system of thoughts and behaviors of residents from Minas Gerais, a Portuguese colony in Brazil. Historical sources; Articulation of community standards; Contours of popular culture; Discussions on the contours of popular culture.