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In this paper the characterization of the work of art as a map of intensity, as proposed by Gilles Deleuze in his essay What the children say (gathered in Critique et clinique), will be analyzed. Art’s cartographic aspect is linked to the concept of deterritorialization and the Body without Organs that the philosopher, along with Félix Guattarí, develops in Thousand Plateaus. Thus, the art-cartography represents the becoming-world of the subject that transits the Body-without-organs and the intensive differences that populate the desert of multiplicity. Each way travelled is descripted by an artistic map where the haecceities and the thresholds of flows that pierce through the disorganized bodies are portrayed. The map of intensity would be the cartographic representation of the haul travelled by a subject immersed in a hodologic space, being every line of the map a journey within an intensive space [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the characterization of the work of art as a map of intensity, as proposed by Gilles Deleuze in his essay What the children say (gathered in Critique et clinique), will be analyzed. Art's cartographic aspect is linked to the concept of deterritorialization and the Body without Organs that the philosopher, along with Félix Guattarí, develops in Thousand Plateaus. Thus, the art-cartography represents the becoming-world of the subject that transits the Body-without-organs and the intensive differences that populate the desert of multiplicity. Each way travelled is descripted by an artistic map where the haecceities and the thresholds of flows that pierce through the disorganized bodies are portrayed. The map of intensity would be the cartographic representation of the haul travelled by a subject immersed in a hodologic space, being every line of the map a journey within an intensive space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the carried out experimental investigation on the hydrotransport of mixtures in open channels. The author investigated non settling mixtures composed of pulp of paper and water in an open channel of circular cross section. The object of the investigation was to determine the energy losses due to the flow of water and pulp of paper and to propose a methodology for the design of open channels for mixtures. For the experimental development an assembly of laboratory was built in which a circular channel with variable slope was adapted. As a result it was possible to obtain new equations for the coefficient of friction of Darcy-Weisbach and the coefficient of friction of Manning, which relate these coefficients with the properties of the water, those of the mixture and the slope of the channel. With the equations obtained in the investigation the author it proposed a new methodology for the design of channels that they transport mixtures of water and paper pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the philosophies of the late Heidegger and the young Marx side by side to show how, while differing radically in some important aspects, both philosophies are motivated by similar concerns and are not so different as to preclude a productive dialogue between them. In so far as both thinkers can be said to have thought, taking the word in a Heideggerian sense, the "same", the way both philosophies diverge from each other can be especially illuminating when it comes to offering a clear interpretation of them (a task which is especially important to gain an understanding of Heidegger's philosophy which is often obscure). We'll see how Heidegger's notion of finitude implies a series of criticisms of Marx's philosophy. Finally, I'll pose a question regarding the limits of Heidegger's criticism of Marx, considering that this criticism goes as far as to criticize the idea that all human beings are equal and so implies a rejection of the idea of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socrates' philosophy has a very peculiar character due to the absence of wellestablished doctrines and the unbreakable bond between life and thought. For this reason, Socratic philosophy must be understood along with his street wanderings and the constant revision of any intellectual approach. Starting from this hypothesis, this paper aims to show both the originality of Socratic thought and his notion of philosophy, as well as the enormous influence he exerts on Plato, who subtly employs these wanderings and digressions in his texts to enrich the dialogue, providing depth to the arguments, and forcing the reader to travel that same winding road that is philosophical thought. Thus, both authors show that philosophy is not so much a kind of knowledge as it is an activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to relate two debates about how logic and language influence thought. There is an axis of discussion about whether there exists a plurality of logic or a single logical system as an evaluation criterion for any reasoning context. In linguistics, the debate arising from the strong and weak interpretations of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has centralized the discussion around the degree of influence or determination of language on thought. From different perspectives and theoreticalconceptual frameworks, logic, and linguistics delimit and problematize a field of inquiry and reflection. The article, from a transdisciplinary perspective, intends to account for and postulate communicating vessels between these debates, considering the nuances of each approach. It also seeks to propose its own hypothesis on the problem raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to demonstrate how the recognition and study of women's exile narratives could bring new analytical and reflexive registers to the field of philosophical work on political punishment. In order to do this, first of all, a review of its classical, Greek and Roman origins is made, pointing out that, although the exile has varied over the centuries, there are certain constituent elements that are maintained in its contemporary applications. This leads us to observe the way that these constitutive elements of exile are present in a particular way in women's exile narrative writing - especially those of the last civil-military dictatorships of the Latin American Southern Cone. To recognise and include these women's experiential narratives in a highly masculinised textual and analytical corpus allows for new approaches and reflexive projections to the field of philosophical studies on exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve diesel engine conditions, parameters such as fuel load conditions (low, high and partial), which influence the stability and speed of combustion, and the generation of emissions, should be analysed; in addition to the ideal blend of biodiesel and injection time. The effect of the injection when applying biodiesel, can generate increased consumption, with its higher viscosity causes a greater injection delay, alternatives are recommended to solve this and other mishaps. In the case of the compression ratio in the diesel engine is another factor that influences the reduction of emissions when applying biodiesel, as well as engine performance. In this paper we study the result of the dual function when applying biodiesel as pilot fuel and biogas as main fuel; with the latter, the use of bio-diesel can be made more competitive, positioning it as a main fuel or as a pilot fuel for the engine. Finally, the phenomenon of the hit and the emissions generated from biodiesel in the diesel engine are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to describe characteristics and communicational practices of community, alternative, and popular radio stations in San Luis Province, Argentina, between 2010 and 2020, considering the latest regulation in force: LSCA law 26.522, 2009. In San Luis, there are three radio stations that fall under the categories of community, alternative, and popular, according to the law: La Bulla, Masi Radio, and Radio Rebelde, all of them born after the law was sanctioned. The methodology is qualitative, and the analysis is based on empirical research that includes official registries, previous research, academic papers, interviews, and informal conversations with media members. The study analyzes the practices that these radio stations develop to build sustainability, and whether or not they achieve it. Their relationship to other socially relevant actors, such as the State in its three levels, other civil organizations, within a concentrated and centralized media system, is also considered, reflecting those characteristics from the province's political power configuration. Community radios in San Luis suffered the consequences of the national government changes and the paralysis in local communication policies, nevertheless, they are still operative. However, the lack of new community experiences requires further thoughts about how social and political conditions contribute to its marginal position in the communicational system of the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a hydrometallurgical procedure to treat spent Ni-Cd batteries using organic acids as leaching agents. The electrode materials of the batteries were extracted and leached using a combination of acetic, citric, and sulfuric acids and their mixtures in a two-stage selective scheme. This procedure aimed to recover metal-bearing solid products. The leachates were treated by evaporation/crystallization or chemical precipitation to obtain the solid products. These products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, chemical analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy, mineralogical phases by x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. In the first leaching step, 15 % m/m citric acid was used to recover 85±5 wt.% of the cadmium present as a carboxylate salt. In the second leaching stage (5 % m/m acetic acid mixed with 3 % m/m sulfuric acid), 50±3 wt.% of nickel was recovered, in the form of a product consisting of a mixture of hydroxides and salts. The remaining solid from the second leaching stage was a valuable metal product containing nickel (96±4 wt.%). The analysis of the results allowed us to depict a conceptual process flow diagram for the selective leaching of the spent Ni-Cd batteries, and the possible industrial use of the solid products obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a literature review on the multinational's financial performance research evolution, using bibliometric and network analysis, in an attempt to map this knowledge area and identify emerging research trends. Likewise, this paper establishes the research currents that are currently emerging on the subject studied. From 687 records retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus, during the period between 2000 and 2021, a scientific mapping was carried out to identify the most relevant documents, authors, journals, institutions, and countries in the field, in addition, through A network analysis establishes the main groups of documents and the research directions they are assuming. Four main areas that emerge from the literature were identified: Financial performance of the MNE that carry out Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, the impact of the use and transfer of the competitive advantages of the MNE's, relationship of the diversification of MNE countries and finally, advantages of the countries in which the MNE are located, compared to financial performance. This document provides a bibliometric and network analysis, which details knowledge that had not been previously exposed by other reviews on the area, through objective and rigorous analysis based on a quantitative approach. Similarly, the main contribution of this document is to delineate the trends and emerging research topics on the financial performance of MNE's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rousseau's importance for the postkantian idealism has been poorly researched. Hidden by the Kantian interpretation, the work of the Geneva thinker seems to have no relevant influence. Departing from an interpretative analysis of the literary sources and a comparison of the literary sources, our paper aims to show, using Hölderlin and Hegel's Tubingen and the immediately subsequent works (1791-1795), that Rousseau's influence has a decisive importance to understand the artistic and religious program of our authors. This analysis will allow us to understand that Rousseau is not a philosopher, nor an enlightenment figure, but rather a wise man, the bringer of a practical doctrine whose main principle consisted in supreme human dignity and the idea of freedom interpreted as autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a re-interpretation of the idea of Body in Nietzsche's philosophy to distinguish it from two important perspectives of Nietzsche-studies in Spanish: The first one maintains that the Body is comparable with Nature, and the second one, states that the Body is a cause of subjectivity. Analyzing part of Nietzsche's work after 1885 --published and unpublished-- shows that the idea of the Body works as a methodology that allows Nietzsche to accomplish a new task of his philosophy, such as the task of self-knowledge. In this way, the Body in Nietzsche's philosophy, besides being an innovative and redeemable concept, is a performative tool that establishes new dimensions "in-between" human knowing and bodily experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Business Judgment Rule (BJR) is a rule developed by the case law of the American courts that establishes that judges will respect directors' business decisions, as long as they made an informed decision, in the best interest of the company and without violating the law or breaching their fiduciary duties. This paper reviews the application of the BJR in Colombia and the unsuccessful bills presented on this matter. In addition, it aims to analyze the economic implications of its adoption and, through a qualitative methodology and from a law and economics perspective, demonstrates its significant macroeconomic and microeconomic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will develop a comparative study of labor models that we will categorize as coherent, incoherent and mixed, based on their interpenetration with the postulates of the right to freedom of association derived from ILO Conventions 87 and 98, and the realization of two objects of analysis: the freedom of constitution, size and structural organization of the union and the union interaction based on the solidarity strike. For this purpose, a descriptive and explanatory research is carried out, using a dogmatic methodology -classical of the legal sciences- and the systematic, analytical and factual sub-methods. To this extent, we will conclude which are the main errors of the labor models in the search for the principles and ideals of unionization and some comments on the reasons why certain legal instruments that remain anchored in the nineteenth century survive, at a time when the recognition and protection of the collective subject of labor should be at its peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical fiber has been widely used as a transmission media for data communication networks for many years. However, considering the broad advantages offered by fiber optics, research projects in this area go beyond data transmission; among the topics that can be found in this field are photonic sensors. Some characteristics decisive now in promoting the research of photonic sensors are the unique advantages that they offer, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, its low weight and volume, and long lifetime, among others. This paper presents the design and analysis of a distributed optical sensors network using the largest network topology in the country, called the National Optical Fiber Project (PNFO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach to the intertwining of psychology and communication is presented from two terms, mediation and concept, which are interpreted as categories of affinity. In the general context, semantic diversities can be traced with respect to the terms indicated, this is complexified in the understanding and operationalization of such notions when approached from the areas of knowledge, in this case from the theorization of the communicative and the psychological. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to reflect on the intersections between psychology and communication through the notions of concept and mediation. The methodology for this paper was qualitative (Hernández-Sampieri y Mendoza-Torres, 2018), within the hermeneutic framework, and the corpus is established from the location of discourse delimited in the intertextuality of different authors (Aristotle, 1995; Ausubel, Novak and Hanesian, 1997; Husserl, 1995; Martín-Barbero, 1991; Peirce, 1958; Plato, 1872; Vygotski, 1987 and Wittgenstein, 1999) as referents of the indicated fields of knowledge. This process of argumentation is woven from a theoretical understanding of the individual (subjective) dimension, as well as the social dimension, in order to give clues about the hinge that allows showing the intersection between the named fields of knowledge in relation to the categories: concept and mediation. From this field, connections are established from the textual dynamics, throwing as inferences the role played by language and in particular the sign, as inputs for the understanding of such notions as objects of study in which psychology and communication converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the first pages of Voltaire's Histoire de l'empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, published between 1759 and 1763, he reflects upon the method which should be used when writing a historical work and the characteristics an ideal historian should have. The aim of this paper is to assess to what extent the text follows the methodology Voltaire is proposing. This article attempts to demonstrate that the author himself, occasionally, does not respect his own methodology, jeopardizing the objective of his work. On the other hand, the paper highlights some ideological and epistemological differences between Voltaire and Diderot as regards Russian history, something which may be noteworthy, since their texts are usually studied within the same historiographical categories. In a more general sense, this work sheds some light on the theory of history during the siècle des Lumières. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of a tuned mass damper (TMD) for vibration control of a simply supported metal beam. Considering the mechanical properties of commercial springs and magnetic dampers, and applying the finite element method, the feasibility of couple a TMD that allow to reduce vibrations in the beam was evaluated. This paper describes the beam mechanical properties, as well as the characteristics of the tuned mass damper. These results can be used in construction of dynamic models that promote the experimental study of structures. The equations proposed by Deng Hartog were used to identify adequate stiffness and damping. Finally, it was evaluated the performance of the TMD in vibration control under impact excitation conditions. With the implementation of this device, were obtained reductions of more than 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central thesis of this paper is that slavery is phenomenologically describable as a reduction of the effort to a physical force through the imposition of impossibility as a fountain of self-recognition of the ego in the defeat. The slave is constituted from the defeat of its egoic, personal, and concrete possibilities. I develop this thesis in three moments. First, I explore the effort concept on the phenomenological basis of Husserlian analyses of the constitution into Ideas II. In the second part, I describe how effort--as a concretion of an egoic-embodied will-is reduced to physical force--productive-- in the slavery, though the alienation of the possibilities for de 'I-can'. The correlate of this way of constitution of the own body, in the alienation, is a horizon of possibilities are present for the ego in the canceled, or impossibility way in which the ego recognizes itself as defeated, issue of the third and last part. The description of the defeat manifests the condition of the embodied will as a resistant limit against slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show that the Sophist dialogue can be read as a not-allegorical recreation of the cave's image found in Republic VII. Through a parallel reading of both texts, we will try to prove that this late work systematically recreates not only the successive phases of the said Socratic image, but also parts of its vocabulary, its ontological classifications, its pedagogical interests and even its practical and political commitments. This reading will lead us both to clarify some unclear senses of an image such as the Allegory's (that, being an outline, leaves much unsaid) and to read the Sophist dialogue, whose unity has been questioned, as a whole, while evidencing some dimensions of the dialogue overlooked by the interpreters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of De-facto Director, whose declaration is attributed to judges, is a reality in Colombian corporate law. Without in any way claiming to exhaust the subject matter, this paper pretends to reflect on the orientation and application of current legal regime of de-facto director in a deductive form. To do so, it first analyses the application of the concept; and, then, it studies judgements passed by the Superintendence of Corporations, in exercise of its judicial function, regarding this notion, by extracting the jurisprudential standards built from the case-law, which have facilitated the incorporation of the most advanced stances regarding this topic into our corporate law system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exposes a relation between the accumulation and dispossession process of land in Colombia as a product of war, from a perspective of space. The theoretical frame of this paper assumes that coloniality of power is a complex form of dissociation of the land, one that transforms the experience of serfdom. Via reading thinkers like Marx, Harvey, Castro-Gómez, and Mariátegui, this paper problematizes the experiences of dispossession of land in Colombia and the economy of power that it engenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages in a self-critical reflection on the limits and decolonial potential of the project advanced by the author, entitled 'grammars of listening'. In the first part, the author explores the theoretical context that frames said project, namely, the analysis of the epistemological and ethical challenges that result from the task of listening to testimonies when working on historical memory. This involves a philosophical inquiry into the concept of traumatic violence as a "colonizing" form of violence. The second part of the paper examines the extent to which the project on grammars of listening holds under the scope of a decolonial look, and proposes two possible strategies for a "decolonization of listening," namely, the invention of history and the resistance of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses two state aid investigations of the European Commission that involve prominent clubs in the Spanish football, through the exposure of the factual circumstances that caused them and the substantial elements that are needed to solve them. Thus, paper's goal is comparing the theoretical and practical matters about anticompetitive state aid, through the Spanish football case. After the review of them, the document pulls out different conclusions than the European Commision ones on it's resolution about the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the profile required by a chief risk officer (CRO) in large companies in Colombia, based on knowledge of the traits, skills, aptitudes and knowledge that are necessary to achieve adequate performance, so that it contributes the achievement of objectives. The study is carried out under a qualitative methodology of descriptive scope. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with risk managers of large Colombian companies in different sectors, and experts. In the results found it can be evidenced the importance to the chief risk officer and as well as to develop their profile both in technical aspects and in the soft skills they require. This is due to the fact that from their performance they add value to the company with their expertise and provide a prospective vision on the risk situations to which they may be exposed. This paper contributes to the knowledge about CRO that requires further academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to expose how the ideas of social law circulated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries between Europe and America. To do this, this text shows, with some generalizations for reasons of space, the German, French, Italian, Spanish, American and Latin American case, to make clear how this Atlantic communication of academic ideas and social rules operated. Furthermore, this paper aims to demonstrate that, although there was a global circulation of social ideas in law, it cannot be lost sight of how these ideas were received locally, in such a way that one cannot be studied without the other, an aspect that this article called "glocalization" of social law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years 1834 and1835, Kierkegaard, still a 21-year-old student at the University of Copenhagen, became interested in the mythical character known as the master-thief. He then decided to work on a drama about this character and his struggle against the established order. With this in mind, the paper has two main objectives. First, to offer a complete account of the so-called master-thief project. Kierkegaard's notes on the master-thief have remained in a relative obscurity. This paper aims at exposing this little-known work of the Danish thinker to the Spanish-speaking reader. Second, to analyze the philosophical question raised in the master thief project, that is, the issue about the relationship of the rebel and marginalized individual with the established order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the signing of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the former FARC-EP guerrilla, some Territorial Training and Reincorporation Spaces (ETCR, by its Spanish acronym) were allocated around the country as part of the reincorporation process for ex- combatants, whose development and achievement has had great difficulties in accomplishing what has been agreed in the framework of the peace process (delays, negligence, clear routes of reincorporation, security, political tensions). Based on fieldwork in two ETCRs, one in La Fila and the other in El Oso, in Tolima (Andean region, in the center-west of the country), we spoke with some signatories of the Peace Agreement. During our visit, we recorded at the audiovisual level how these spaces, where members of the Comunes party, national institutions, foreign countries, and neighboring communities converge, are being appropriated and intervened. This paper proposes a perspective on the ETCRs as ghettos of integration and exclusion of ex-combatants. In addition, we highlight how coexistence in spaces has created ways of inhabiting the ETCRs expressed in the adaptations to spaces, orders, and symbols given by peace signatories in the process of reincorporation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of the first phase of a school of audiovisual communication, wich is mediated by information technology. For it, we identified two types of narratives. Firstly, one about the beneficial impacts in the technology access and appropriation, and in values, derivated from collaborative processes carried out by students to strengthen as social collective. Secondly, others that form a first corpus of contents, with wich the school wants to narrate and represent itself as successful case of peace buiding in the region. Our thesis is that such narratives show that the processes of appropriation of information and digital communication technologies strengthen processes of comunity communication and creative citizenships, based on values emerged among collaborative relations and interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical review about resignification of two identitarian, literary, and cultural practices, alabaos and currulaos, faces of the sung word, in the framework of the armed conflict that has disproportionally impacted Afro-Colombian communities. Method: the research follows the perspective of what I call the hermeneutics of return, a critical interpretive perspective on the historical presence of Afro communities in the perspective of decolonization. First, it introduces a discussion regarding the literary character of these Afro-Colombian creations. Then, these cultural practices are contextualized as agencies of Afro ethno-racial and cultural identity. After that, I focus on the recognition of the armed conflict effects in the territories, considering careful reading and listening of some lyrics, particularly three currulao songs of the following groups: Rancho Aparte, Esteban Copete y su Kinteto, Canalón de Timbiquí, and Herencia de Timbiquí. Furthermore, some alabaos from the album Voces de resistencia will be analyzed in terms of the transformations this cultural practice suffered in the middle of the war experiences. This album was interpreted by Las Cantaoras de Pogue and sponsored by ICESI University and the Ford Foundation. In conclusion, I pretend, through this article, to visualize the reinvention capacity of communities to transform these cultural practices into memory, sensibilizing, denouncing, and mental healing tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reflection produced after a series of interventions carried out at the sector known as "The Bronx", in the city of Bogotá, financed by the national and district governments. The main aim was, on one hand, to understand the role that some dynamics play in order to prevent crime, and, on the other hand, to design and implement a strategy in local schools that will help to reduce the individual vulnerability of young people in the sector. The work proposals develop social policy guidelines articulating elements of human geography, sociology, and psychology, around proposals such as the Zonas de Orientación Escolar (School Guiding Zones, Indications about the importance of considering the effect that territorial dynamics have on the effectiveness of the design and implementation of social policies, as well as the difficulty of defining indicators that allow comparability with similar experiences, can be found among the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper contends that Plato’s philosophy is essentially a political activity. This imply, however, to distinguish how this political philosophy carries out, its meaning and scope. Many scholars have attributed to Plato the political project, which Socrates develops in the dialogue Republic. Nevertheless, the simile of the cave reveals the impossibility of such a project or, at least, the serious problems that lie behind it. So, I suggest, that is not in the dialogue Republic where it finds Plato’s authentic political philosophy, but in the so-called aporetic dialogues. In these dialogues it does not discuss about a possible city, but it exercises in a lively way a politics builted by Socrates’ dialectic therapy, whose task is unveiling the virtue through the unmasking the faces of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much discussion about the sense of ownership recently. It is a very controversial topic and even minimal consensus seems hard to achieve. In this paper we attempt to assess the prospects of achieving a better understanding of what is meant by ‘sense of body ownership’. In order to do so, we begin by addressing an objection on which the notion itself might depend, coming from the distinction between ‘inflationary’ and ‘deflationary’ accounts of the sense of body ownership. Once the path is clear, we will consider some influential ways of approaching the issue, which propose grounding the sense of ownership in the spatiality of bodily sensations, the affective dimension of bodily experience, and in its spatial dimension, among other things. We expect the results of our discussion will allow us to both identify the strongest candidates for an account of the sense of body ownership and to determine the challenges that must be met by competing explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze the challenge that the Quinean referential indeterminacy thesis poses to a specific set of externalist theories of reference. First, a metasemantic distinction between productive and interpretivist theories is presented, indicating that indeterminacy permeates both. Subsequently, externalist attempts to refute this problem by stressing the substantive role of external objects in the fixation of reference are evaluated, pointing out that the problem persists. Finally, the "internalist" conception of Quinean reference is analyzed, which, in principle, undermines the externalist arguments about reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor occupancy estimation is a process that contributes to maintaining quality standards in areas, and, nowadays, it serves as a reference to identify possible foci of infectious respiratory diseases contagion. This paper presents a tool for indoor occupancy estimation with Simple Mail Transfer Protocol notification, using a Raspberry Pi embedded board. The system is presented as an alternative to conventional occupancy estimation systems by measuring CO2 levels in the area. The method is based on image processing by applying the background subtraction technique using Python programming language. Initially, the area where the system is tested is characterized, and preprocessing, filtering, and thresholding stages are applied, as well of notification via e-mail for SMTP. The developed system is compared with a CO2 measurement system by applying a prioritization matrix comparing factors such as detection time, hit rate, and implementation costs. The proposed method presented better performance in the totality of the comparison parameters, with a prioritization of 87.972%. Basing the system in open-source software tools and high level and low-cost hardware tools allows for the system to be replicated and implemented on a large scale in controlled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of a prototype for humidity and temperature control during coffee drying at the Institución Educativa Agropecuaria La Capilla (Cajibío - Cauca). The prototype was developed using electronic instrumentation and computer aided design. The designed control system allows for the drying process to be carried out automatically. A silo-type mechanical equipment was designed, with a total capacity for a 5 kg load, allowing for a reduction in the drying time as compared to manual drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I problematize the prominence of understanding in Being and Time. In order to demonstrate that the conceptual modification that Nancy does of the relation as "reference" to the relational structure "being-to" is the key element to transform the Heideggerian ontology into an ontology of bodies. To do it, first, I evaluate the implications of the interpretation of language as doxa in the first Heidegger. Then, departing from Nancy, I develop the notion of sense as transitivity of being, supported by the structure "being-to". In third place, I expose another notion of the world, corresponding to the ontological opening without being aprioristic; which works against the ontological preeminence of the human and emphasizes the fundamentality of being-with. Finally, I explain two consequences of this methodological change: the transformation of the existence as creation, instead of comprehension, and of the community as a singular-plural ontological regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reconstruct the arguments of the first chapter within the third section of the Doctrine of Essence, namely "The Absolute". Its hypothesis is that the critic of metaphysics within this chapter not only champions a relational process-ontology, but also states an implicit distinction between first and second order theories of the Absolute. The first-order theory of the Absolute purports to present a definition of the Absolute without analytic contradictions. The second-order theory of the Absolute not only sets out the nature of the Absolute, but also seeks to include the thought and the theory of the Absolute within the Absolute itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze the role played by ideology in regard to the historical implementation of human rights, questioning whether this implementation has fulfilled an eminently ideological function. The reflection will pass through the vision of two scholars who have held one of the most interesting contemporary philosophical discussions: Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault. At first, the Althusserian theory of ideology will be outlined, in order to defend that human rights have operated as an "ideological apparatus", questioning the individual from an immanently capitalist context. Then, we will verify that Michel Foucault was very critical of the Althusserian approaches. The notion of a transcendental subject will be crucial in such criticism, since in the Foucaultian perspective there are never subjects that are constituted prior to effective dynamics of power. In Foucaultian analysis, ideology will no longer occupy an essential place. The contributions of Slavoj Žižek will also be, by the way, decisive throughout this discussion. Finally, some critical reflections will be drawn to think about the emancipatory possibility of human rights in the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the last century, advances in reproductive biotechnology have reached milestones at the time unimaginable. These techniques have allowed to overcome the barrier of infertility of various etiologies, providing solutions in an area of incalculable value to humanity, such as reproductive capacity and, consequently, the significance of its loss. With all this, there is still a pathology that poses a special challenge, not only biomedical, but bio-legal, because existing alternatives besides few leave no one indifferent. This is uterine pathology as it can cause infertility. Adoption has been pointed out as the only option to have children on the part of those affected by such pathology, in a process that presents itself arduous, since national and international regulations, as well as adoption programs, are long and costly for women and couples interested in it. In addition, it is an option that involves the renunciation of biological and genetic motherhood in order to fulfill the dream of motherhood with its own genes. Uterine transplantation, as an alternative to the future, currently presents challenges and conflicts in various fields: medical-surgical, bioethical and social. The objective of this paper is to analyze from an essentially bioethical and biojuridical perspective, the theoretical options existing for the treatment of uterine infertility, and in particular in relation to living-donor uterus transplantation and the technique called "uterine surrogacy". Emphasizing the importance of conflicting values in the face of uterine transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper carries out a comparative study between the legal questions that surrogate pregnancy raises in Spain and in Brazil. Surrogate motherhood is a reality achieved thanks to the advances in biomedicine and that undoubtedly requires a response from legal science. In the world scene, this technique receives different legal treatments: some countries authorize it without restrictions, others prohibit it, in others it is allowed with restrictions and in others there is a legislative vacuum. The importance of studying the two systems, the Spanish and the Brazilian, lies in confronting totally different realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic wind velocity for civil engineering purpose is determinant for structural design under wind action. Basic wind velocity is obtained from data measurements at meteorological stations supposedly placed in ideal terrain conditions, and it is estimated by different statistical methods. Not all stations accomplish the ideal conditions, therefore, correction of the wind velocity values must be done. The main objective of this paper is to define a roughness correction factor for wind velocity in not ideal conditions, and to compare basic wind velocity obtained with proposed basic wind velocity for the Cuban territory at international studies. Two meteorological stations with different terrain roughness were selected, and the basic wind velocity for each one was obtained by applying the Method of Independent storms (MIS). Roughness was found through the Method of Classifications and the Morphometric Method, with the use of satellite LandSat8 images. Results show that modified basic wind velocities are similar for the two methods. The comparison with international studies proved a good correspondence only with one of the stations, hence it is recommended to extend the study to a greater number of stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a brief historical account of woman in philosophy and of the critique to the patriarchal vision predominant in philosophy. María Zambrano is highlighted as a twentieth-century philosopher as well as her political thought, marking a change of direction in the look at what so far has been highlighted in her work. The content, an introduction and four sections, addresses gender as a cultural construct plenty of masculine and feminine meanings and its relationship to women's role in philosophy. Then, the paper focuses on María Zambrano and her philosophy, looking for understanding her thought, keeping in mind the importance of recognizing her life and work from its historical context. In the conclusions the nuances in the Zambranian philosophy and the multiplicity of readings and interpretations that can be made of it are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 2, 2016, the Congress of Colombia passed the Transnational Corruption Act ("TCA") in an effort to fight international corruption like the Foreign Corruption Practices Act ("FCPA") does in U.S. This paper explains why TCA and FCPA define different legal standards for corporate liability. It also explains how these differences increase economic costs for legal entities doing business in Colombia and U.S. Against this backdrop, this paper suggests the implementation of one universal set of anti-corruption rules. However, based on the unlikeliness of achieving such an international consensus, it also suggests that law enforcement agencies enforce anti-bribery statutes such as the TCA and FCPA under certain rebuttable presumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to propose an innovation ecosystem, in accordance with the characteristics of the dairy chain in the Latin American context. This research is based on a descriptive study through the analysis of literature on research trends in the dairy chain, the analysis of some sources and barriers to innovation, and the identification of the activities, indicators and agents that support the ecosystem proposal. As a result, an innovation ecosystem is presented for the dairy chain that contemplates the interaction between different internal and external organizations, and that facilitates the diffusion and adoption of innovations throughout the chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews some of the most frequent objections against Nozick's version of Lockean Proviso. In particular, it examines two of them: the one that affirms that the stipulation is self-defeating and the one that, on the contrary, maintains that it is insufficient or to weak. Both criticisms are rejected. The first because it ignores Nozick's distinction between not diminishing the opportunities to use a specific good and the opportunities to appropriate it; the second because it erroneously assumes that the baseline of the stipulation is always in the state of nature. Finally, a formulation is offered on the principle of justice in acquisition that includes the stipulation restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central aim of this paper will be to consider the role assigned to the body in contemporary discussions about emotions. I will particularly examine the metaphor of the emotions in the theater of the body, presented by A. Damásio, with the purpose of raising doubts about two dominant models of embodiment of emotions --an externalist or behaviorist and an internal or neurobiological --which remain trapped in several difficulties. So I will reject the general concept of body these models are committed with, and I will suggest an alternative understanding of emotions along the line of a bodily and motor phenomenon. To do that, I will deepen the analysis of the relationship between movement and emotion by considering it under the theoretical framework provided by the Phenomenology of Body developed by M. Merleau-Ponty and his followers. Thus, my alternative proposal will be to take emotions as a bodily performance which can provide us a way to avoid both the dualist and the reductionist standpoint commonly held on emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses ex officio evidence as a tool to achieve the truth in judicial processes, safeguarding material justice, and, as a legal and constitutional duty of the judge, who, as director of the process, and, through sound criticism, must establish in which cases the decree of this test is necessary to remedy decisive doubts towards a decision, doubts that were not resolved by the parties, despite diligent work to bring together the means of proof that support their affirmations or denials. The objective of this article is to reflect on the ex officio test as a legal figure, through which the protection of rights is achieved in an specific case. First, the concept of 'procedural or judicial truth' is briefly described from the doctrine; second, a doctrinal and jurisprudential approach is made on the role of ex officio evidence in the judicial process; and finally, cases resolved by the Constitutional Court are described, in which due process was violated, due to the omission of the unofficial decree of the evidence. The used methodology was mainly based on documentary and jurisprudential review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer law has been evolving at an accelerating pace, with a certain hermeneutic task, not entirely consistent, due to the need to comply with the basic principle of consumer protection. Although the consolidated legal solution leads us to declare the relative nullity of the multi-currency clauses, this research paper aims to reflect on whether the teleological and hermeneutic interpretation to reach the current solution is consistent with our legal order. Therefore, we will expose how the legal grounds of classic contractual law are being undermined, specifically: the doctrine of nullity and the principles of conservation of legal business and contractual integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]