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Abstract: Presently, there is a growing need for handling automobile shredder residues – ASR or “car fluff”. One of the most promising methods of treatment ASR is pyrolysis. Apart of obvious benefits of pyrolysis: energy and metals recovery, there is serious concern about the residues generated from that process needing to be recycled. Unfortunately, not much work has been reported providing a solution for treatment the wastes after pyrolysis. This work proposes a new system based on a two-staged process. The ASR was primarily treated by microwave pyrolysis and later the liquid and solid products become the feedstock for the high temperature gasification process. The system development is supported within experimental results conducted in a lab-scale, batch-type reactor at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The heating rate, mass loss, gas composition, LHV and gas yield of producer gas vs. residence time are reported for the steam temperature of 1173K. The sample input was 10g and the steam flow rate was 0.65kg/h. The conversion reached 99% for liquids and 45–55% for solids, dependently from the fraction. The H2:CO mol/mol ratio varied from 1.72 solids and 1.4 for liquid, respectively. The average LHV of generated gas was 15.8MJ/Nm3 for liquids and 15MJ/Nm3 for solids fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global Sustainable Development Goals highlight the necessity for affordable and clean energy, designated as SDG7. A sustainable and feasible biorefinery concept is proposed for the carbon-negative utilization of biomass waste for affordable H 2 and battery anode material production. Specifically, an innovative tandem biocarbon + NiAlO + biocarbon catalyst strategy is constructed to realize a complete reforming of biomass pyro-vapors into H 2 +CO (as a mixture). The solid residues from pyrolysis are upgraded into high-quality hard carbon (HCs), demonstrating potential as sodium ion battery (SIBs) anodes. The product, HC-1600-6h, exhibited great electrochemical performance when employed as (SIBs) anodes (full cell: 263 Wh/kg with ICE of 89%). Ultimately, a comprehensive process is designed, simulated, and evaluated. The process yields 75 kg H 2 , 169 kg HCs, and 891 kg captured CO 2 per ton of biomass achieving approx. 100% carbon and hydrogen utilization efficiencies. A life cycle assessment estimates a biomass valorization process with negative-emissions (−0.81 kg CO 2 /kg-biomass, reliant on Sweden wind electricity). A techno-economic assessment forecasts a notably profitable process capable of co-producing affordable H 2 and hard carbon battery anodes. The payback period of the process is projected to fall within two years, assuming reference prices of 13.7 €/kg for HCs and 5 €/kg for H 2. The process contributes to a novel business paradigm for sustainable and commercially viable biorefinery process, achieving carbon-negative valorization of biomass waste into affordable energy and materials. [Display omitted] • Fully valorization of biomass into hydrogen, battery anodes, and negative emission. • Tandem biocarbon + NiAlO + biocarbon catalyst reform pyro-vapors into H 2 -rich syngas. • High-performance SIB anodes with 263 Wh/kg of capacity and 89% of ICE. • A sustainable and profitable biorefinery realizing payback period within two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different integration scenarios are proposed for DRI production using biosyngas. • Mature fluidised bed gasifiers (TRLs 9) are considered for producing biosyngas. • The novel biosyngas DRI route can compete with other existing and emerging routes. • Carbon negative is possible as up to 1.13 t CO 2 per t DRI can be captured and stored. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (CCS) in iron and steel production offers significant potential for CO 2 emission reduction and may even result in carbon-negative steel. With a strong ambition to reach net-zero emissions, some countries, such as Sweden, have recently proposed measures to incentivise bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), which opens a window of opportunities to enable the production of carbon-negative steel. One of the main potential applications of this route is to decarbonise the iron reduction processes that account for 85 % of the total CO 2 emission in the iron and steel plants. In this study, gasification is proposed to convert biomass into biosyngas to reduce iron ore directly. Different cases of integrating the biomass gasifier, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) shaft furnace, and CCS are evaluated through process simulation work. Based on the result of the work, the proposed biosyngas DRI route has comparable energy demand compared to other DRI routes, such as the well-established coal gasification and natural gas DRI route. The proposed process can also capture 0.65–1.13 t of CO 2 per t DRI depending on the integration scenarios, which indicates a promising route to achieving carbon-negative steel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is one of the prevailing negative carbon emission technologies. Ensuring a hydrogen economy is essential to achieving the carbon-neutral goal. In this regard, the present study contributed by proposing a carbon negative process for producing high purity hydrogen from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). This integrated process comprises anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, catalytic reforming, water-gas shift, and pressure swing adsorption technologies. By focusing on Sweden, the proposed process was developed and evaluated through sensitivity analysis, mass and energy balance calculations, techno-economic assessment, and practical feasibility analysis. By employing the optimum operating conditions from the sensitivity analysis, 72.2 kg H 2 and 701.47 kg negative CO 2 equivalent emissions were obtained by treating 1 ton of dry OFMSW. To achieve these results, 6621.4 MJ electricity and 325 kg of steam were utilized during this process. Based on this techno-economic assessment of implementing the proposed process in Stockholm, when the negative CO 2 equivalent emissions are recognized as income, the internal rate of return and the discounted payback period can be obtained as 26% and 4.3 years, respectively. Otherwise, these values will be 13% and 7.2 years. • Treat organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) for Hydrogen production. • Optimum operating condition selected from sensitivity analysis. • 72.2 kg H 2 and 701.47 kg negative emissions are achieved per ton OFMSW. • 25.5 kWh electricity is needed to produce 1 kg of H 2. • The process can be profitable in Stockholm with payback in 4.3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated and modeled the injection of biomass into blast furnaces (BF), in place of pulverized coal (PC) from fossil sources. This is the easiest way to reduce CO 2 emissions, beyond efficiency-improvements. The considered biomass is either pelletized, torrefied or pyrolyzed. It gives us three cases where we have calculated the maximum replacement ratio for each. It was found that charcoal from pyrolysis can fully replace PC, while torrefied material and pelletized wood can replace 22.8% and 20.0% respectively, by weight. Our energy and mass balance model (MASMOD), with metallurgical sub-models for each zone, further indicates that (1) more Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) will be generated resulting in reduced fuel consumption in an integrated plant, (2) lower need of limestone can be expected, (3) lower amount of generated slag as well, and (4) reduced fuel consumption for heating the hot blast is anticipated. Overall, substantial energy savings are possible, which is one of the main findings in this paper. Due to the high usage of PC in Sweden, large amounts of biomass is required if full substitution by charcoal is pursued (6.19 TWh/y). But according to our study, it is likely available in the long term for the blast furnace designated M3 (located in Luleå). Finally, over a year with almost fully used production capacity (2008 used as reference), a 28.1% reduction in on-site emissions is possible by using charcoal. Torrefied material and wood pellets can reduce the emissions by 6.4% and 5.7% respectively. The complete replacement of PC in BF M3 can reduce 17.3% of the total emissions from the Swedish steel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]