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Understanding the preferences of old-age adults for their long-term caregivers can improve person-centred health care and the quality of long-term care (LTC). This study examines Chinese older adults' preferences for long-term caregivers. This is a cross-sectional study. A national representative discrete choice experiment (DCE) surveyed 2031 adults aged 50–70 across 12 provinces in China. Each DCE scenario described five attributes: type of caregivers, place of LTC, contents of LTC, out-of-pocket payments, and quality of life (QoL). Preferences and the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) were derived using mixed-logit and latent class models. Older adults displayed higher preferences for long-term caregivers who improve their QoL, incur lower out-of-pocket payments, and provide medical LTC services at home, with the maximum WTP of $22.832 per month. QoL was rated as the most important LTC factor, followed by the place of LTC and the type of caregivers. When the level of QoL improved from poor to good, respondents would be willing to pay $18.375 per month more (95% confidence interval: 16.858 to 20.137), and the uptake rate increased by 76.47%. There was preference heterogeneity among older people with different sex, education, family size, and knowledge of LTC insurance. QoL was the most important factor in older Chinese adults' preference for caregivers. Home care and medical care from formal caregivers was preferred by older adults. We recommend training family caregivers, raising older people's awareness of LTC insurance, and guiding policymakers in developing people-oriented LTC and a multi-level LTC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to define and delineate specific non-technical competencies for first-line public health responders in Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies in China. A qualitative study was conducted in China involving interviews with key informants in the field of health response to CBRN disasters. One-on-one in-depth interviews were carried out with 20 participants, including expert members of National Medical Response Teams for CBRN disasters, officials at emergency management authorities, and scholars of academic institutions related to CBRN emergency. Interviews were recorded using audio equipment, transcribed, and coded into codable passages as per grounded theory using NVivo software. Themes were identified within the transcriptions by using thematic analysis. A total of 159 codable passages were produced. Eight domains of non-technical core competencies were identified: (1) situation awareness, (2) communication skills, (3) collaboration, (4) resource management, (5) task management, (6) cultural competency, (7) austere environment skills, and (8) physical stamina. The study identified a variety of competencies for on-scene public health responders in CBRN emergencies. The findings of this study could specifically benefit development of strategy and improvement of content of education and training. Further research that involves input from the disaster response community at large is needed for the validation of these competencies. • Non-technical competencies affect performance of health response to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) disasters. • Austere environment skills and physical stamina are priority non-technical competencies for on-site public health responders in CBRN events. • Effective CBRN health emergency training should integrate and synchronize courses based on non-technical/technical competency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media has been changing not only the way people communicate with friends, but also the way providers communicate with consumers. Being as the popular means of information acquisition and facilitating the exploration of various topics and market trends, social media was also playing a key role in the development of online to offline (O2O) commerce. In the current study, bilingual text mining was conducted to analyze the trends of O2O commerce from the perspective of social media. Keywords and their concept linking diagrams were first identified to understand the important O2O trends in different languages. While keywords "China", "Alibaba", "Baidu", "DianPing", "Meituan", "Asia", "ecommerce" and "service" were the most strongly associated English terms with O2O, keywords "Baidu", "Tencent", "headlines", "Sina.com", mode", "ecommerce", "retail" and "platform" were closely related to the Chinese tweets. To further understand the similarities and differences between English tweets and Chinese tweets, we compared the bilingual text mining results according to the categories of company, region, service Apps and operation model. Our study provided important insights from crowd intelligence and revealed trends analysis about the recent O2O development in different language regions. • Study provides insights from crowd intelligence and reveals trend analysis. • Bilingual text mining approach helps understand O2O development trends. • O2O ecommerce in China attracts public attention from different languages regions. • Companies apply approach to develop O2O strategy to enhance competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Parents play a crucial role as protectors and educators of their children, with whom they are in an ideal position to share prevention information. This study aimed to investigate whether Chinese parents' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention could be explained by health behavior change theory and whether parental practice influenced children's CSA prevention skills. Data were collected from 452 families (comprising father, mother, and child) with self-administered questionnaires gathering information on demographics, parental knowledge, attitude, educational practice regarding CSA prevention, and children's CSA prevention knowledge and strategies. Data were analysed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess the relationships between variables. SEM analyses indicated that parents' knowledge had an indirect effect on their educational practice (β = 0.35), mediated by attitude. Parents' educational practice regarding CSA prevention directly influenced children's self-protection skills (β = 0.21, χ2[30] = 60.909, RMSEA = 0.053, IFI = 0.905, CFI = 0.901, TLI = 0.852). The study findings suggest that parents can be effective instructors by enhancing their children's capacities to protect themselves from CSA. Efforts are therefore needed to encourage parents to engage in CSA prevention education with their children and to provide parents with necessary knowledge, communicative techniques, and resources to do so. Highlights • Parental educational practice of CSA prevention directly influenced a child's self-protection skills. • Information about CSA prevention should be passed on to children from a young age and continue to be emphasized through every developmental phase. • Greater and more nuanced efforts are needed to provide parents with necessary knowledge and communicative techniques in interactive and engaging modes, so that parents can be effective protectors and instructors in child sexual abuse prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Based on empirical studies of 5836 children in six provinces of China's Mid-Western regions, this paper contributes to existing knowledge by analyzing the severity, consequences and risk factors of child abuse. There are three major findings. Firstly, significant regional disparities of the severity of child abuse exist in China and non-Han ethnic minority regions have higher reported child abuse rate. Secondly, psychological trauma of child abuse is tremendous and children's psychological wellbeing in all domains is seriously affected when suffering from different forms of abuse. Children in poor ethnic minority regions and younger children experience severe trauma consequences. Thirdly, family relationships including the quality of couple relationships and intergenerational relationships are significant risk factors of child abuse, indicating the necessity of improving relationships for addressing child abuse. Implications of the empirical findings for future policies and actions for alleviating child abuse are summarized in the end. Highlights • Significant regional disparities of the severity of child abuse exist in China and non-Han ethnic minority regions have higher reported child abuse rate. • Children's psychological wellbeing is affected when being abused. • Children in poor ethnic minority regions and younger children experience severe trauma consequences. • Family relationships including the quality of couple relationships and intergenerational relationships are significant risk factors of child abuse, indicating the necessity of improving relationships for addressing child abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined the effects of WeChat-assisted perioperative instructions for parents whose children were to undergo herniorrhaphy.Method: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a day surgery center in China. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (WeChat) group (n = 209) and the control (Leaflet) group (n = 209). The primary outcomes of this study were parents' knowledge regarding hernia and rate of cancellation of children's surgery. The secondary outcomes were the rate of lost-to-follow-up and the rate of complications and adverse events during the seventh postoperative follow-up day.Results: There was a significant difference in the rate of cancelling the surgery and the mean knowledge score between the WeChat group and leaflet groups. The lost-to-follow-up rate was significantly lower in the WeChat group (0.54%) than in the leaflet group (3.66%). The incidence of postoperative complications were higher in the control group.Conclusions: WeChat-assisted perioperative care instructions enhanced parents' knowledge on perioperative instructions and promoted the preparation of their children for day surgery resulting in lower rate of cancelling the surgery.Practice Implications: WeChat has the ability to expand health services outside the hospital confines and could be used as an important low-cost health educational medium in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering both personal and social perspectives, self-identity and reciprocity were analyzed to identify the underlying mechanisms used by opinion leaders to accumulate their social interaction ties in virtual communities. As a key factor in maintaining the operation of virtual communities, knowledge contribution is employed in our route model. An online survey conducted in several different virtual communities, yielded 666 useable responses. The research findings indicate that opinion leaders accumulate their social interaction ties through different routes such as self-identity, knowledge contribution, and reciprocity. We also observe that both knowledge contribution and reciprocity have a mediating effect on the relation between opinion leader status and social interaction ties. In addition, knowledge contribution has a mediating effect on the relationship between self-identity and social interaction ties; and on the relationship between reciprocity and social interaction ties. The indications and implications of our findings, as well as the limitations of our study, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer voluntary sharing of e-service knowledge in an online community is of great value to both business and consumers. This study develops and tests a research model integrating two personal attributes (consumer innovativeness and subjective knowledge) and two e-service factors (perceived ease of use and usefulness) in predicting consumer voluntary knowledge sharing in an online community. Data were collected using a web-based survey of 364 airline travelers recruited through an online travel community in China. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to analyze the data. The results reveal that personal factors are stronger drivers of knowledge sharing than e-service factors. This study advances consumer knowledge sharing in online communities, and has implications for enhancing a firm’s e-service strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between fertility, intelligence, and education was examined in China using a large sample sourced from the population-representative China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) dataset. For the 1951–1970 birth cohort, the correlation between fertility and gf was −.10. The strength of recent selection against gf in China substantially increased between the 1960s and the mid-1980s. Later (between 1986 and 2000), the speed of decline in gf due to selection stabilized at about .31 points per decade with a slightly downward trend. The total loss from 1971 to 2000 due to dysgenic fertility is estimated to be .75 points. A negative relationship between educational attainment and fertility was additionally found. Both negative relations were stronger for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first overall analysis of drug abuse cases in Beijing, China. • The number of specimens is large (11,903) and the analysis is comprehensive. • Comparisons have been made with data from other regions around the world. • In addition to common illegal drugs, analysis of the SCs and F-ketamine were added. The overall number of drug abuse cases has been on the rise around the world, causing it a disaster in many countries. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the characteristics of 11,903 drug abuse cases in Beijing, the capital of China, in the perspective of age, gender, nationality, region, season, type of specimens and various drugs, respectively. The case information was collected by the national-level forensic toxicology laboratory, which belongs to the China University of Political Science and Law. It was shown that the overall number of drug abuse cases had increased sharply from 2018 to 2019 and had a decrease of 25% in 2020. The incidence of drug abuse cases involving men was much higher than that of the cases involving women. The adolescents and young adults accounted for the largest share of drug abusers in our study. Haidian, as a national center of scientific and technological innovation with global influence, had the largest percentage of toxic substance-related cases, and the change was more pronounced than other districts during the 3-year-period. Chaoyang was second to Haidian in the number toxic substance-related cases. As a key window of economic, Chaoyang had the highest number of foreigner drug cases. June to August had the highest number of drug abuse cases, while amphetamines, opioids, cannabis and cocaine were the most common toxic substances involved in the cases we detected. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide an overall analysis of drug abuse cases in Beijing, China. The study indicated the presence of a wide number of drug abuse cases in the capital city and confirmed the threat for the public safety and health. Such forensic information can assist the government to devise intelligence-based preventive and repressive measures and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese character structure has often been described as representing a kind of grammar, but the notion of character grammar has hardly been explored. Patterns in character element reduplication are particularly grammar-like, displaying discrete combinatoriality, binarity, phonology-like final prominence, and potentially the need for symbolic rules (X→XX). To test knowledge of these patterns, Chinese readers were asked to judge the acceptability of fake characters varying both in grammaticality (obeying or violating reduplication constraints) and in lexicality (of the reduplicative configurations). While lexical knowledge was important (lexicality improved acceptability and grammatical configurations were accepted more quickly when also lexical), grammatical knowledge was important as well, with grammaticality improving acceptability equally for lexical and nonlexical configurations. Acceptability was also higher for more frequent reduplicative elements, suggesting that the reduplicative configurations were decomposed. Chinese characters present an as-yet untapped resource for exploring fundamental questions about the nature of the human capacity for grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Traditional and local medicinal knowledge would be useful for finding pharmaceutical resources. Ethnopharmacological methods, especially quantitative analysis could help us to pre-screen herbs in field studies. “Using different plants as the same herb” is common in both traditional and local medicinal systems in China. In terms of medicine safety, it is not best choice, for it would lead to difficulty in controlling the quality, safety and efficacy of herbs. However, from the perspective of finding new resources for pharmaceutical industry, it would be beneficial. The usage of Huang-lian is one of the typical examples of “using different plants as the same herb”. According to the previous Phytochemical and Pharmacological studies, berberine is the common effective compound of most of the species used as Huang-lian. Recently, berberine and other effective compounds of Huang-lian have gained much more attention and will become more popular in both medicinal researches and pharmaceutical industry. In our preliminary field work, we found that dozens of plant species might be used as Huang-lian by local people in Northwest Yunnan, an area well known by its rich biodiversity and culture diversity. These herbs might have potential value for pharmaceutical industry, for example, it could be used as the new resources to extract berberine and other effective compounds. Due to this, it is very necessary to collect, identify, document, and analyze the herbs used as Huang-lian in NW Yunnan. In the present study, we focused on that how to use traditional and local medicinal knowledge to find resources for pharmaceutical industry. Material and methods In the field work, interviews and participative observation were used. In the quantitative analysis of the local knowledge, Informant consensus factor ( Fic ), Use value ( UV ) and Relative frequency of citation ( RFC ) were used. Results and discussion A total of 230 key informants were interviewed and 29 plant species belonging to 8 families and 11 genera used as Huang-lian were collected in the study area. Diarrhoea had the highest value of Fic.xiana had the highest value of UV and RFC . The main effective compounds of most of these species were related to the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. berberine, jatrorrhizin and palmatine, according to the previous phytochemical studies. Conclusion The range of sources of Huang-lian were very wide in NW Yunnan. Treating diarrhoea was the most common use of these species, most of which contained berberine. Based on the results of quantitative analysis, M. duclouxiana may had the greatest potential to future uses, e.g. as a resource for pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, we did not discuss whether the herbs used as Huang-lian could replace the standard Huang-lian in traditional or local medicine or not, and we just wanted to explore how this phenomenon could be used to find new resources for pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's government has the ability to compel Chinese companies and its citizens working in the United States to assist the Chinese government with the broadly defined mission of “safeguarding State security.” As such, new safeguards should be put in place to better protect U.S. national security. These safeguards must ensure that the industries which make up the U.S. critical infrastructure are better protected. By mimicking Chinese trade and investment policies as appropriate and by using existing trade tools and strengthening the Committee on Foreign Investment, the United States may be able to reduce the asymmetric advantages afforded to the Ministry of State Security via the State Security Law of 1993. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suboptimal care for people with dementia in hospital settings has been reported and is attributed to the lack of knowledge and inadequate attitudes in dementia care among health professionals. Educational interventions have been widely used to improve care outcomes; however, Chinese-language instruments used in dementia educational interventions for health professionals are lacking. Objectives: The aims of this study were to select, translate and evaluate instruments used in dementia educational interventions for Chinese health professionals in acute-care hospitals. Design: A cross-sectional study design was used. Participants and setting: A modified stratified random sampling was used to recruit 442 participants from different levels of hospitals in Changsha, China. Methods: Dementia care competence was used as a framework for the selection and evaluation of Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and Dementia Care Attitudes Scale for health professionals in the study. These two scales were translated into Chinese using forward and back translation method. Content validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed. Construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis. Known-group validity was established by comparing scores of Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and Dementia Care Attitudes Scale in two sub-groups. A person-centred care scale was utilised as a gold standard to establish concurrent validity of these two scales. Results: Results demonstrated acceptable content validity, internal consistency, test- retest reliability and concurrent validity. Exploratory factor analysis presented a single-factor structure of the Chinese Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and a two-factor structure of the Chinese Dementia Care Attitudes Scale, supporting the conceptual dimensions of the original scales. The Chinese Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and Chinese Dementia Care Attitudes Scale demonstrated known-group validity evidenced by significantly higher scores identified from the sub-group with a longer work experience compared to those in the sub-group with less work experience. Conclusions: The use of dementia care competence as a framework to inform the selection and evaluation of instruments used in dementia educational interventions for health professionals has wide applicability in other areas. The results support that Chinese Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and Chinese Dementia Care Attitudes Scale are reliable and valid instruments for health professionals to use in acute-care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed by the ABC model of attitude, this study employed natural language processing and machine learning techniques to explore the status quo, trends, and features of Weibo users' attitudes toward individuals who are lesbian or gay based on 1,813,218 Weibo retrieved posts that pertained to lesbians and gays from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019. Although the general attitudes, feeling/emotional reactions, and levels of support for the rights of lesbians and gays were identified as relatively positive for Weibo users and became even more so over time, the expressed knowledge of lesbians and gays was relatively inaccurate and the four aspects of attitude varied significantly as a function of individual-level variables (such as gender, age, education, sexual orientation, and verification type). The implications of these findings and suggestions that may improve the public acceptance of lesbians and gays are discussed. • 1,813,218 posts pertaining to lesbians/gays from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, were collected and analyzed. • Weibo users' general attitudes, feelings, and support for the rights of lesbians and gays were relatively positive. • Weibo users are becoming increasingly supportive and accepting of the rights of lesbian and gay people. • The knowledge of Weibo users toward lesbians and gays was relatively inaccurate. • No significant differences were found for education with respect to the Weibo users' knowledge of lesbians and gays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This research examined among Chinese students (1) the distinction between implicit theories (i.e., beliefs about the changeability) of intelligence and school performance, and (2) the unique role of each theory in predicting approach to schoolwork in terms of helplessness. Two studies each spanning six months were conducted. In Study 1, tenth graders (Ns=581 at Time 1, 361 at Time 2) reported on their implicit theories at Time 1, and helplessness at both times. In Study 2, seventh graders (Ns=479 at Time 1, 457 at Time 2) reported on their implicit theories, with helplessness rated by homeroom teachers, at both times. The studies showed that implicit theories of intelligence and school performance were reliably distinguishable among Chinese students, who viewed intelligence as more unchangeable than school performance. The two implicit theories each uniquely predicted helplessness, such that the stronger one’s belief that intelligence or school performance cannot be changed, the more helpless one’s approach to schoolwork six months later, adjusting for initial helplessness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study had two aims: First, to investigate the joint and specific roles of working memory (WM) and intelligence as predictors of school achievement. And second, to replicate and extend earlier findings (Spinath, Spinath, Harlaar, & Plomin, 2006) on the incremental validity of non-cognitive over cognitive abilities in the prediction of school achievement. The present sample consisted of N=179 Chinese primary school children in the fourth grade. All measures including working memory (WM), intelligence and motivational items were assessed in class. Teachers provided test scores for the domains of Chinese and Math. We found that WM was a good predictor of school achievement and comparable in predictive power to intelligence. Together, cognitive ability including both WM and intelligence explained 17.8% and 36.4% of the variance in children''s Chinese and Math scores, respectively. The relative importance of WM and intelligence varied with school domains with greater predictive power of WM for Math while intelligence explained a greater proportion of the variance in Chinese although the magnitude of this difference was only moderate. Domain-specific motivational constructs contributed only marginally to the prediction of school achievement for both Chinese and Math. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• This study validates the effects of a caregiver education program in China. • The innovative program is associated with caregivers' higher perceived knowledge. • Home-based and online services have greater effects than traditional services. • Future modifications can enhance interactive and individualized services. Given the importance of caregivers' knowledge of child development, 14 Chinese provinces initiated caregiver education programs to promote caregivers' knowledge of child development since 2016. Using a survey in Guangdong province in China, this study finds that the frequency of program usage had positive effects on caregivers' knowledge of child development. Particularly, online development evaluations and in-home sessions, which emphasize interaction and individualization, appeared to have more salient effects than traditional services such as educational lectures. In order to carry this momentum forward, the findings suggest that caregiver education programs should strengthen interactive and individualized services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the family Ericaceae, and in particular those in the genus Rhododendron are frequently reported to contain grayanotoxins. Plant products such as honey and herbal medicines made from these plants occasionally contain grayanotoxins, and in turn may lead to intoxication. The balance between the benefits and risk of poisoning from Rhododendrons is of concerns. This study explores the ethnobotanical knowledge of the people in Yunnan, China as regards the consumption of Rhododendron flowers, and gives special focus to their assessment of the benefit-risk balance. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted across 14 county-level local markets in north and central Yunnan province, during which a total of 82 stalls selling Rhododendron flowers were visited and 204 people were interviewed. Voucher specimens were obtained under the guidance of collectors, and details about local practices and knowledge were recorded using semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. The consumption of the corollas of Rhododendron decorum Franch. Flowers (RD f) or Rhododendron pachypodum Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. Flowers (RP f) as a seasonal delicacy is a long-standing tradition in the study area. RD f are widely consumed in northwest and northeast Yunnan, while RP f are more prevalent in the central regions of Yunnan, and there is a high consistency in the knowledge of the process for detoxification or palatability for each species. The main reasons for eating the flowers were listed as health benefits (mostly clear heat), wild collected, tradition and good flavor. All RP f consumers stated that the corolla from this species is not toxic, while 67.4% of the RD f consumers claim that the corolla from RD f is toxic. We compared the two species and analyzed their process intensities, poisoning cases and cautions, market trade forms and existing toxicity studies, which agreed well and consistently that the corolla of RD f deserve more toxicity attention than RP f. Our study provides a window to look into the ways, beyond honey and herbal medicine, by which Rhododendron species have influenced human wellbeing. The local culture can justify eating Rhododendron flowers, and meanwhile, has developed a series of skills to avoid the side effects of eating them, and therefore the study also provides a good case to answer more general questions about the rationality of eating any plant products by assessing the trade-off between benefits and side effects. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uses of medicinal plants have a long history and become one of the important sources of the health cares in Gaomi City, Shandong Province, China. However, limited studies have been done to identify these medicinal plant species and to scientifically document their associated traditional knowledge. Many species used by indigenous people could potentially represent a novel resource of medicine. The study can aid in further investigations of modern pharmacology and planning of the wild species conservation. The study aimed to investigate and record the medicinal plant taxa and their associated traditional knowledge in Gaomi City, China. Field study was conducted from March 2018 to May 2019 with 184 residents of Gaomi City. Traditional medicinal plant specimens were collected from the field with the help of these residents and were identified and authenticated in the Herbarium of the School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University. Ethnobotanical knowledge was collected by semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed by using the informant consensus factor (ICF) method and the number of citations. A total of 181 species belonging to 137 genera and 65 families were collected in Gaomi City. Asteraceae was the predominant family and Fabaceae took the second place. River basins and the southern hills in Gaomi were rich in vegetation. However, the cultivated area of medicinal plants only accounted for 10% of agricultural acreage. The main preparation method was decocting (170, 94.48%) and the most frequent mode of administration was oral (177, 97.97%). The highest numerical ICF value was recorded for treating endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional (ICF: 0.85) conditions. Seven of the medicinal plant species used by the people in Gaomi have not been reported previously in China. Verbena officinalis L. was found in Gaomi City, which is a new distribution record for this species. People in Gaomi hold valuable knowledge about the use of medicinal plants; however, their knowledge has not been comprehensively documented. The therapeutic uses of the documented medicinal plants will provide a basis for further pharmacological and phytochemical investigations. Additionally, the result of this study indicated that the elder people in Gaomi have more traditional knowledge of plant medicines than the younger ones. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Flynn effect has been widely researched in Western and European nations, while it has been comparatively understudied in Asian countries. This study examines possible Flynn effects in China from 1985 to 86 and to 2011–12. Results are reported for an IQ increase among 12year olds on the Full Scale IQ WISC-R (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised) of 6.19 IQ points, a gain on the Performance IQ of 6.55 IQ points, and a gain on the Verbal IQ of 1.91 IQ points. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Children with HFA have impairment in emotional prosody recognition. • Intensity increase did not improve children with HFA's overall emotion recognition. • Children with HFA have difficulty discriminating between emotions differing in valence. • Children with HFA have difficulty discriminating between emotions differing in arousal. This paper investigated the ability of Mandarin-speaking children with high-functioning autism (HFA) to recognize the four categories of emotional prosody, namely, happiness , anger , sadness and fear , in moderate- and high-intensity emotional conditions using auditory discrimination tasks. Thirty-four children with HFA between 5 and 7 years of age and 34 typically developing (TD) controls participated in this study. In moderate-intensity conditions, children with HFA scored lower than TD children in the recognition of the four categories of emotional prosody, indicating an overall impairment. With an increase in the intensity of emotion, children with HFA showed improved accuracy for anger, decreased accuracy for happiness, but no change in accuracy for either sadness or fear. An analysis of error patterns demonstrated that unlike TD children, children with HFA were inclined to mistake happiness for anger, with the two categories differing in valence, and this inclination deepened as the intensity increased. In discriminating between sadness and fear, which have a slight arousal difference, both groups showed difficulty in moderate-intensity conditions. In high-intensity conditions, TD children were inclined to perceive stimuli as exhibiting fear, which demonstrates comparatively high arousal; thus, they were more accurate for fear, while HFA children were not sensitive to increases in arousal, showing no noticeable effect. These findings indicated that children with HFA have a mechanism distinct from that of TD children in emotional prosody recognition, exhibiting various degrees of impairment in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the majority of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occur at patients' homes, implementing high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation by family members is critical in improving patient outcomes. However, the survival rate remains low due to low bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rate and rapid skill deterioration in individuals who complete the training. To evaluate the effectiveness of audio-visual review model and audio-visual-practice review model on cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill retention 12 months after training. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, and three-arm parallel study. A total of 641 family members of patients at high risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest enrolled in the study and 448 participants completed the follow-up. Family members from Beijing, China were recruited. All families underwent initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Their cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill and knowledge were assessed immediately after training. Trainees who were rated "adequate skill and knowledge" were assigned randomly into one of three groups. The control group was given a cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction booklet and a placebo-DVD without any reminders. Both audio-visual and audio-visual-practice groups were reinforced by a telephone reminder every 3 months. The audio-visual-practice group was also asked to simultaneously practice the skills while watching the instructional-DVD. The trainees' cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills and knowledge were re-assessed 12 months after training. The retention rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in both audio-visual-practice (N = 177) and audio-visual (N = 157) groups were higher than that in control group (N = 114) 12 months after training (all P- values < 0.001). The cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill retention rate in audio-visual-practice group was higher than that in audio-visual group (49.7% vs 36.9%, P = 0.019), but no difference was found in intention-to-treat analysis (32.1% vs 27.1%, P = 0.230). Both audio-visual-practice and audio-visual groups had higher correct rates on all skill elements than that in control group (all P- values < 0.05). The cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge scores in both audio-visual-practice and audio-visual groups were higher than that in control group (all P -values < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between audio-visual-practice and audio-visual groups (P = 0.243). Both audio-visual-practice and audio-visual review models demonstrated better long-term retention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills for families of people at higher risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. (Registration number: chiCTR-TRC-12002149) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]